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Wolf P. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as therapeutic targets in bladder cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1124600. [PMID: 36845731 PMCID: PMC9950391 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1124600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Evasion from apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) contribute to this hallmark by suppressing the induction of cell death. IAPs were found to be overexpressed in cancerous tissues and to contribute to therapeutic resistance. The present review focuses on the IAP members cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, Survivin and Livin and their importance as potential therapeutic targets in bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany,*Correspondence: Philipp Wolf,
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2
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Jinesh GG, Brohl AS. Classical epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and alternative cell death process-driven blebbishield metastatic-witch (BMW) pathways to cancer metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:296. [PMID: 35999218 PMCID: PMC9399134 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a pivotal event that accelerates the prognosis of cancer patients towards mortality. Therapies that aim to induce cell death in metastatic cells require a more detailed understanding of the metastasis for better mitigation. Towards this goal, we discuss the details of two distinct but overlapping pathways of metastasis: a classical reversible epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (hybrid-EMT)-driven transport pathway and an alternative cell death process-driven blebbishield metastatic-witch (BMW) transport pathway involving reversible cell death process. The knowledge about the EMT and BMW pathways is important for the therapy of metastatic cancers as these pathways confer drug resistance coupled to immune evasion/suppression. We initially discuss the EMT pathway and compare it with the BMW pathway in the contexts of coordinated oncogenic, metabolic, immunologic, and cell biological events that drive metastasis. In particular, we discuss how the cell death environment involving apoptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and NETosis in BMW or EMT pathways recruits immune cells, fuses with it, migrates, permeabilizes vasculature, and settles at distant sites to establish metastasis. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic targets that are common to both EMT and BMW pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Molecular Oncology, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA. .,Sarcoma Department, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA.
| | - Andrew S Brohl
- Department of Molecular Oncology, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA. .,Sarcoma Department, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA.
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3
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Townsend PA, Kozhevnikova MV, Cexus ONF, Zamyatnin AA, Soond SM. BH3-mimetics: recent developments in cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:355. [PMID: 34753495 PMCID: PMC8576916 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The hopeful outcomes from 30 years of research in BH3-mimetics have indeed served a number of solid paradigms for targeting intermediates from the apoptosis pathway in a variety of diseased states. Not only have such rational approaches in drug design yielded several key therapeutics, such outputs have also offered insights into the integrated mechanistic aspects of basic and clinical research at the genetics level for the future. In no other area of medical research have the effects of such work been felt, than in cancer research, through targeting the BAX-Bcl-2 protein-protein interactions. With these promising outputs in mind, several mimetics, and their potential therapeutic applications, have also been developed for several other pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and tissue fibrosis, thus highlighting the universal importance of the intrinsic arm of the apoptosis pathway and its input to general tissue homeostasis. Considering such recent developments, and in a field that has generated so much scientific interest, we take stock of how the broadening area of BH3-mimetics has developed and diversified, with a focus on their uses in single and combined cancer treatment regimens and recently explored therapeutic delivery methods that may aid the development of future therapeutics of this nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Townsend
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
- University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Maria V Kozhevnikova
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrey A Zamyatnin
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russian Federation
| | - Surinder M Soond
- University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.
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4
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IAP and HDAC inhibitors interact synergistically in myeloma cells through noncanonical NF-κB- and caspase-8-dependent mechanisms. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3776-3788. [PMID: 34464977 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between the inhibitor of apoptosis protein antagonist LCL161 and the histone deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat (LBH589) were examined in human multiple myeloma (MM) cells. LCL161 and panobinostat interacted synergistically to induce apoptosis in diverse MM cell lines, including those resistant to bortezomib (PS-R). Similar interactions were observed with other histone deacetylase inhibitors (MS-275) or inhibitors of apoptosis protein antagonists (birinapant). These events were associated with downregulation of the noncanonical (but not the canonical) NF-κB pathway and activation of the extrinsic, caspase-8-related apoptotic cascade. Coexposure of MM cells to LCL161/LBH589 induced TRAF3 upregulation and led to TRAF2 and NIK downregulation, diminished expression of BCL-XL, and induction of γH2A.X. Ectopic expression of TRAF2, NIK, or BCL-XL, or short hairpin RNA TRAF3 knock-down, significantly reduced LCL161/LBH589 lethality, as did ectopic expression of dominant-negative FADD. Stromal/microenvironmental factors failed to diminish LCL161/LBH589-induced cell death. The LCL161/LBH589 regimen significantly increased cell killing in primary CD138+ cells (N = 31) and was particularly effective in diminishing the primitive progenitor cell-enriched CD138-/19+/20+/27+ population (N = 23) but was nontoxic to normal CD34+ cells. Finally, combined LCL161/LBH589 treatment significantly increased survival compared with single-agent treatment in an immunocompetent 5TGM1 murine MM model. Together, these findings argue that LCL161 interacts synergistically with LBH589 in MM cells through a process involving inactivation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, upregulation of TRAF3, and downregulation of TRAF2/BCL-XL. Notably, this regimen overcomes various forms of resistance, is active against primary MM cells, and displays significant in vivo activity. This strategy warrants further consideration in MM.
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5
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Godwin I, Anto NP, Bava SV, Babu MS, Jinesh GG. Targeting K-Ras and apoptosis-driven cellular transformation in cancer. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:80. [PMID: 33854056 PMCID: PMC8047025 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00457-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular transformation is a major event that helps cells to evade apoptosis, genomic instability checkpoints, and immune surveillance to initiate tumorigenesis and to promote progression by cancer stem cell expansion. However, the key molecular players that govern cellular transformation and ways to target cellular transformation for therapy are poorly understood to date. Here we draw key evidences from the literature on K-Ras-driven cellular transformation in the context of apoptosis to shed light on the key players that are required for cellular transformation and explain how aiming p53 could be useful to target cellular transformation. The defects in key apoptosis regulators such as p53, Bax, and Bak lead to apoptosis evasion, cellular transformation, and genomic instability to further lead to stemness, tumorigenesis, and metastasis via c-Myc-dependent transcription. Therefore enabling key apoptotic checkpoints in combination with K-Ras inhibitors will be a promising therapeutic target in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Godwin
- Saveetha Medical College, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Nikhil Ponnoor Anto
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Smitha V Bava
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calicut, Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - Mani Shankar Babu
- Department of Botany, University College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 034, India
| | - Goodwin G Jinesh
- Departments of Molecular Oncology, and Sarcoma, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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6
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Miao X, Deng Z, Wang S, Weng H, Zhang X, Li H, Xie H, Zhang J, Zhong Y, Zhang B, Li Q, Xie M. IAP-1 promoted cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma via inhibition of caspase-3-mediated apoptosis. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:640-667. [PMID: 33791146 PMCID: PMC7994165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent/metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is known for having a poor prognosis due to its unfavorable response to chemoradiotherapy. However, the specific processes involved remain poorly understood. This study focused on the cisplatin-resistance mechanism in NPC to help understand the occurrence of advanced NPC and aims to explore the potential therapeutic target for cisplatin-resistant NPC. Two cisplatin-resistant NPC cell lines, HNE-1/DDP and CNE-2/DDP, were established and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between parental and cisplatin-resistance cell lines, filtering from high-throughput sequencing results, were analyzed. Next, the effects of IAP-1 on cisplatin-resistant nasopharyngeal cancer cell proliferation, apoptosis, drug resistance and associated cell signaling were evaluated in vitro and in vitro. From our bioinformatic results, more than 15,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found between parental and resistant cell lines. Nine related DEGs were found in the classic platinum resistance pathway, three of which (ATM, IAP-1, and IAP-2) also appeared in the top five differentially expressed pathways, with elevated IAP-1 showing the highest fold change. Further studies revealed that high IAP-1 expression can lead to an increased cisplatin inhibitory concentration and apoptosis inhibition. IAP-1 silencing can induce upregulation of the caspase-3 and enhance the antiproliferation and proapoptotic effects of cisplatin. Clinical data also showed that IAP-1 overexpression was associated with a worse survival status. In summary, in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that IAP-1 plays a vital role in cisplatin resistance by regulating caspase induced apoptosis and serve as a potential novel therapeutic target and a prognostic indicator for advanced NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwan Miao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zeyi Deng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Huanhuan Weng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Xinting Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Hailiang Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhuhai People’s HospitalZhuhai 519000, China
| | - Huifen Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhuhai People’s HospitalZhuhai 519000, China
| | - Bohui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhuhai People’s HospitalZhuhai 519000, China
| | - Quanming Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhuhai People’s HospitalZhuhai 519000, China
| | - Minqiang Xie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou 510282, China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhuhai People’s HospitalZhuhai 519000, China
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7
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Yoshino H, Enokida H, Osako Y, Nohata N, Yonemori M, Sugita S, Kuroshima K, Tsuruda M, Tatarano S, Nakagawa M. Characterization of PHGDH expression in bladder cancer: potential targeting therapy with gemcitabine/cisplatin and the contribution of promoter DNA hypomethylation. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:2190-2202. [PMID: 32386122 PMCID: PMC7463350 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
d‐3‐Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) conducts an important step in the synthesis of serine. Importantly, the PHGDH gene is often amplified in certain cancers. Our previous studies revealed that PHGDH gene amplification was associated with poor overall survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and that metabolic reprogramming of serine synthesis through PHGDH recruitment allowed ccRCC cells to survive in unfavorable environments. There have been no investigations of the role of PHGDH expression in bladder cancer (BC). In this investigation, we examined the clinical importance of PHDGH in BC. Furthermore, we asked whether PHGDH expression could be exploited for BC therapy. Finally, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms that modulated the expression of PHGDH. Using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we found that patients with high‐grade BC had significantly higher PHGDH expression levels than did those with low‐grade BC. In addition, patients with high PHGDH expression did not survive as long as those with low expression. PHGDH downregulation by si‐RNAs or an inhibitor in BC cell lines significantly inhibited proliferative ability and induced apoptosis. Furthermore, combined treatment using a PHGDH inhibitor and gemcitabine/cisplatin achieved synergistic tumor suppression compared to use of a single agent both in vitro as well as in vivo. Mechanistic analyses of PHGDH regulation showed that PHGDH expression might be associated with DNA copy number and hypomethylation in BC. These findings suggest novel therapeutic strategies could be used in BC. Finally, our data enhance our understanding of the role of PHGDH in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Yoshino
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Enokida
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoichi Osako
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Masaya Yonemori
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sugita
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroshima
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tsuruda
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shuichi Tatarano
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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8
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Key necroptotic proteins are required for Smac mimetic-mediated sensitization of cholangiocarcinoma cells to TNF-α and chemotherapeutic gemcitabine-induced necroptosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227454. [PMID: 31914150 PMCID: PMC6948742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a malignant tumor originating in the biliary tract, is well known to be associated with adverse clinical outcomes and high mortality rates due to the lack of effective therapy. Evasion of apoptosis is considered a key contributor to therapeutic success and chemotherapy resistance in CCA, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies. In this study, we demonstrated that the induction of necroptosis, a novel regulated form of necrosis, could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic approach for CCA patients. The RNA sequencing data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were analyzed and revealed that both receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), two essential mediators of necroptosis, were upregulated in CCA tissues when compared with the levels in normal bile ducts. We demonstrated in a panel of CCA cell lines that RIPK3 was differentially expressed in CCA cell lines, while MLKL was more highly expressed in CCA cell lines than in nontumor cholangiocytes. We therefore showed that treatment with both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Smac mimetic, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) antagonist, induced RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis in CCA cells when caspases were blocked. The necroptotic induction in a panel of CCA cells was correlated with RIPK3 expression. Intriguingly, we demonstrated that Smac mimetic sensitized CCA cells to a low dose of standard chemotherapy, gemcitabine, and induced necroptosis in an RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent manner upon caspase inhibition but not in nontumor cholangiocytes. We further demonstrated that Smac mimetic and gemcitabine synergistically induced an increase in TNF-α mRNA levels and that Smac mimetic reversed gemcitabine-induced cell cycle arrest, leading to cell killing. Collectively, our present study demonstrated that TNF-α and gemcitabine induced RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis upon IAP depletion and caspase inhibition; therefore, our findings have pivotal implications for designing a novel necroptosis-based therapeutic strategy for CCA patients.
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9
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Chen Q, Zhang H. Smac combined with DDP can inhibit drug resistance of ovarian cancer through regulation of Survivin expression. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:1-6. [PMID: 29562492 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological malignancies, presenting a major threat to women's life and health. It is essential to study the mechanisms of drug resistance to chemotherapy to identify ways to enhance drug-sensitivity. In recent years, many studies have shown that Smac/DIABLO is closely related to tumor drug resistance. Smac/DIABLO expression is markedly different between drug-resistant and chemo sensitive tumor cells. Up-regulation of Smac/DIABLO has been shown to increase tumor cell chemotherapy sensitivity. We found that Smac, combined with DDP greatly inhibited proliferation of subcutaneous xenografts of ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3/DDP without side effects. Mechanistic studies showed that Smac can inhibit the expression of Survivin, promote cell apoptosis of drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells and reverse the drug resistance.
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10
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Jinesh GG, Kamat AM. The Blebbishield Emergency Program Overrides Chromosomal Instability and Phagocytosis Checkpoints in Cancer Stem Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6144-6156. [PMID: 28855211 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Genomic instability and immune evasion are hallmarks of cancer. Apoptotic cancer stem cells can evade cell death by undergoing cellular transformation by constructing "blebbishields" from apoptotic bodies. In this study, we report a novel linkage between genomic instability and phagocytosis evasion that is coordinated by the blebbishield emergency program. Blebbishield emergency program evaded genomic instability checkpoint, expressed genomic instability-associated genes at distinct phases of cellular transformation, exhibited chromosomal instability, and promoted increase in nuclear size. Blebbishields fused with immune cells to evade phagocytosis, and the resultant hybrid cells exhibited increased migration, tumorigenesis, metastasis, red blood cell recruitment to tumors, and induced hepatosplenomegaly with signatures of genomic instability, blebbishield emergency program, and phagocytosis evasion to offer poor prognosis. Overall, our data demonstrate that the blebbishield emergency program drives evasion of chromosomal instability and phagocytosis checkpoints by apoptotic cancer stem cells. Cancer Res; 77(22); 6144-56. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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11
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Flaig TW, Kamat AM, Hansel D, Ingersoll MA, Barton Grossman H, Mendelsohn C, DeGraff D, Liao JC, Taylor JA. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual Albert Institute for Bladder Cancer Research Symposium. Bladder Cancer 2017; 3:211-223. [PMID: 28824949 PMCID: PMC5545918 DOI: 10.3233/blc-170111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Third Annual Albert Institute Bladder Symposium was held on September 8–10th, 2016, in Denver Colorado. Participants discussed several critical topics in the field of bladder cancer: 1) Best practices for tissue analysis and use to optimize correlative studies, 2) Modeling bladder cancer to facilitate understanding and innovation, 3) Targeted therapies for bladder cancer, 4) Tumor phylogeny in bladder cancer, 5) New Innovations in bladder cancer diagnostics. Our understanding of and approach to treating urothelial carcinoma is undergoing rapid advancement. Preclinical models of bladder cancer have been leveraged to increase our basic and mechanistic understanding of the disease. With the approval of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma, the treatment approach for these patients has quickly changed. In this light, molecularly-defined subtypes of bladder cancer and appropriate pre-clinical models are now essential to the further advancement and appropriate application of these therapeutic improvements. The optimal collection and processing of clinical urothelial carcinoma tissues samples will also be critical in the development of predictive biomarkers for therapeutic selection. Technological advances in other areas including optimal imaging technologies and micro/nanotechnologies are being applied to bladder cancer, especially in the localized setting, and hold the potential for translational impact in the treatment of bladder cancer patients. Taken together, advances in several basic science and clinical areas are now converging in bladder cancer. These developments hold the promise of shaping and improving the clinical care of those with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Flaig
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University ofCalifornia San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Cathy Mendelsohn
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David DeGraff
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Joseph C Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- University of Kansas, Department of Urology, Kansas City, KS, USA
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12
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Taoka R, Jinesh GG, Xue W, Safe S, Kamat AM. CF 3DODA-Me induces apoptosis, degrades Sp1, and blocks the transformation phase of the blebbishield emergency program. Apoptosis 2017; 22:719-729. [PMID: 28283889 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are capable of undergoing cellular transformation after commencement of apoptosis through the blebbishield emergency program in a VEGF-VEGFR2-dependent manner. Development of therapeutics targeting the blebbishield emergency program would thus be important in cancer therapy. Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) orchestrates the transcription of both VEGF and VEGFR2; hence, Sp1 could act as a therapeutic target. Here, we demonstrate that CF3DODA-Me induced apoptosis, degraded Sp1, inhibited the expression of multiple drivers of the blebbishield emergency program such as VEGFR2, p70S6K, and N-Myc through activation of caspase-3, inhibited reactive oxygen species; and inhibited K-Ras activation to abolish transformation from blebbishields as well as transformation in soft agar. These findings confirm CF3DODA-Me as a potential therapeutic candidate that can induce apoptosis and block transformation from blebbishields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikiya Taoka
- Department of Urology, Unit 1373, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, Unit 1373, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Wenrui Xue
- Department of Urology, Unit 1373, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, Unit 1373, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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13
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Jinesh GG, Kamat AM. Blebbishields and mitotic cells exhibit robust macropinocytosis. Biofactors 2017; 43:181-186. [PMID: 27671897 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells can survive and undergo transformation after apoptosis by initiating robust endocytosis. Endocytosis in-turn drives formation of serpentine filopodia, which promote construction of blebbishields from apoptotic bodies. However, the status and role of macropinocytosis in blebbishields is not known. Here, we show by scanning electron microscopy and by macropinocytosis assays that blebbishields exhibit robust macropinocytosis. Inhibiting dynamin-mediated endocytosis does not affect macropinocytosis in blebbishields or in mitotic cells. In addition, inhibiting macropinocytosis did not inhibit construction of blebbishields from apoptotic bodies. Thus, although apoptotic cancer stem cells exhibit robust macropinocytosis, macropinocytosis is not essential to generate blebbishields, although it may play other roles in blebbishield biology. © 2016 BioFactors, 43(2):181-186, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goodwin G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashish M Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: recommendations from the IBCG. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:244-255. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhu HQ, Ma JB, Song X, Gao HJ, Ma CQ, Chang H, Li HG, Liu FF, Lu J, Zhou X. Metformin potentiates the anticancer activities of gemcitabine and cisplatin against cholangiocarcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3488-3496. [PMID: 27779693 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin, an oral biguanide drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, has displayed anticancer activities in several types of cancer cells. The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is the standard chemotherapy regimen for cholangiocarcinoma, but its benefit is limited. The present study aimed to investigate whether metformin could enhance the activities of gemcitabine and cisplatin against cholangiocarcinoma, and the underlying mechanisms. Metformin inhibited the proliferation of human cholangiocarcinoma RBE and HCCC-9810 cells and induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase by increasing the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways. Metformin upregulated the expression of p21Waf1 and p27kip1, and downregulated the expression of cyclin D1, a key protein required for cell cycle progression. The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of human cholangiocarcinoma cells by inducing the phosphorylation of AMPK, downregulating cyclin D1, and activating caspase-3. Administration of metformin enhanced the efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin to suppress the growth of cholangiocarcinoma tumors established in experimental models by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis through their effects on AMPK, cyclin D1 and caspase-3. Given that metformin has been used to treat type 2 diabetes patients for over half a century due to its superior safety profile, the results presented here indicate that metformin may be a potent agent for enhancing the efficacy of gemcitabine and cisplatin in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ben Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xie Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Heng-Jun Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Qun Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Guang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Feng Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
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16
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Min DJ, He S, Green JE. Birinapant (TL32711) Improves Responses to GEM/AZD7762 Combination Therapy in Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Anticancer Res 2016; 36:2649-2657. [PMID: 27272773 PMCID: PMC6953430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer currently lacking targeted therapies. Our previous work demonstrated a therapeutic synergism with gemcitabine (GEM) and the CHK1 inhibitor (AZD7762) combination treatment in a TNBC cell line. We hypothesized that the response to this combination therapy would differ among heterogeneous TNBC patients and that addition of a SMAC mimetic (TL32711) could improve efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Therapeutic responses to GEM, GEM/AZD7762, and GEM/AZD7762/TL32711 combinations were investigated by XTT assays and western blotting of cell cycle and apoptosis-related proteins in ten TNBC cell lines. RESULTS TNBC cell lines harboring low levels of endogenous CHK1, cIAP1 and cIAP2 were responsive to GEM alone, whereas cell lines demonstrating a minimal increase in phospho-S345 CHK1 after treatment were responsive to GEM/AZD7762 or GEM/AZD7762/TL32711 combination. CONCLUSION The response of TNBC cells to particular therapies varies and will require development of predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joon Min
- Transgenic Oncogenesis and Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Siping He
- Transgenic Oncogenesis and Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey E Green
- Transgenic Oncogenesis and Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.
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17
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Jinesh GG, Molina JR, Huang L, Laing NM, Mills GB, Bar-Eli M, Kamat AM. Mitochondrial oligomers boost glycolysis in cancer stem cells to facilitate blebbishield-mediated transformation after apoptosis. Cell Death Discov 2016; 2:16003. [PMID: 27551498 PMCID: PMC4979437 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis culminates in secondary necrosis due to lack of ATP. Cancer stem cells form spheres after apoptosis by evoking the blebbishield emergency program. Hence, determining how blebbishields avoid secondary necrosis is crucial. Here we demonstrate that N-Myc and VEGFR2 control transformation from blebbishields, during which oligomers of K-Ras, p27, BAD, Bax, and Bak boost glycolysis to avoid secondary necrosis. Non-apoptotic cancer cells also utilize oligomers to boost glycolysis, which differentiates the glycolytic function of oligomers from their apoptotic action. Smac mimetic in combination with TNF-α or TRAIL but not in combination with FasL abrogates transformation from blebbishields by inducing secondary necrosis. Thus blebbishield-mediated transformation is dependent on glycolysis, and Smac mimetics represent potential candidates to abrogate the blebbishield emergency program.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Jinesh
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - J R Molina
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - G B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - M Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - A M Kamat
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
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18
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Smac mimetic with TNF-α targets Pim-1 isoforms and reactive oxygen species production to abrogate transformation from blebbishields. Biochem J 2015; 473:99-107. [PMID: 26508734 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are capable of sphere formation (transformation) through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glycolysis shift. Transformation is linked to tumorigenesis and therapy resistance, hence targeting regulators of ROS and glycolysis is important for cancer therapeutic candidates. Here, we demonstrate that Smac mimetic AZ58 in combination with tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was able to inhibit the production of ROS, inhibit glycolysis through Pim-1 kinase-mediated Ser-112 phosphorylation of BAD, and increase depolarization of mitochondria. We also identified mitochondrial isoforms of Pim-1 kinase that were targeted for degradation by AZ58 in combination with TNF-α or AZ58 in combination with Fas ligand (FasL) plus cycloheximide (CHX) through caspase-3 to block transformation. Our study demonstrates that Smac mimetic in combination with TNF-α is an ideal candidate to target Pim-1 expression, inhibit ROS production and to block transformation from blebbishields.
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