1
|
Therapeutic targeting of ATR in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4297. [PMID: 35879366 PMCID: PMC9314382 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in multi-modal treatment approaches, clinical outcomes of patients suffering from PAX3-FOXO1 fusion oncogene-expressing alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) remain dismal. Here we show that PAX3-FOXO1-expressing ARMS cells are sensitive to pharmacological ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related protein (ATR) inhibition. Expression of PAX3-FOXO1 in muscle progenitor cells is not only sufficient to increase sensitivity to ATR inhibition, but PAX3-FOXO1-expressing rhabdomyosarcoma cells also exhibit increased sensitivity to structurally diverse inhibitors of ATR. Mechanistically, ATR inhibition leads to replication stress exacerbation, decreased BRCA1 phosphorylation and reduced homologous recombination-mediated DNA repair pathway activity. Consequently, ATR inhibitor treatment increases sensitivity of ARMS cells to PARP1 inhibition in vitro, and combined treatment with ATR and PARP1 inhibitors induces complete regression of primary patient-derived ARMS xenografts in vivo. Lastly, a genome-wide CRISPR activation screen (CRISPRa) in combination with transcriptional analyses of ATR inhibitor resistant ARMS cells identifies the RAS-MAPK pathway and its targets, the FOS gene family, as inducers of resistance to ATR inhibition. Our findings provide a rationale for upcoming biomarker-driven clinical trials of ATR inhibitors in patients suffering from ARMS.
Collapse
|
2
|
Miyake T, McDermott JC. Nucleolar localization of c-Jun. FEBS J 2021; 289:748-765. [PMID: 34499807 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoli are well defined for their function in ribosome biogenesis, but only a small fraction of the nucleolar proteome has been characterized. Here, we report that the proto-oncogene, c-Jun, is targeted to the nucleolus. Using live cell imaging in myogenic cells, we document that the c-Jun basic domain contains a unique, evolutionarily conserved motif that determines nucleolar targeting. Fos family Jun dimer partners, such as Fra2, while nuclear, do not co-localize with c-Jun in the nucleolus. A point mutation in c-Jun that mimics Fra2 (M260E) in its Nucleolar Localization sequence (NoLS) results in loss of c-Jun nucleolar targeting while still preserving nuclear localization. Fra2 can sequester c-Jun in the nucleoplasm, indicating that the stoichiometric ratio of heterodimeric partners regulates c-Jun nucleolar targeting. Finally, nucleolar localization of c-Jun modulates nucleolar architecture and ribosomal RNA accumulation. These studies highlight a novel role for Jun family proteins in the nucleolus, having potential implications for a diverse array of AP-1-regulated cellular processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Miyake
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John C McDermott
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Research in Biomolecular Interactions (CRBI), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry (CRMS), York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Albers E, Avram A, Sbroggio M, Fernandez-Capetillo O, Lopez-Contreras AJ. Supraphysiological protection from replication stress does not extend mammalian lifespan. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:5612-5624. [PMID: 32253367 PMCID: PMC7185120 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Replication Stress (RS) is a type of DNA damage generated at the replication fork, characterized by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) accumulation, and which can be caused by a variety of factors. Previous studies have reported elevated RS levels in aged cells. In addition, mouse models with a deficient RS response show accelerated aging. However, the relevance of endogenous or physiological RS, compared to other sources of genomic instability, for the normal onset of aging is unknown. We have performed long term survival studies of transgenic mice with extra copies of the Chk1 and/or Rrm2 genes, which we previously showed extend the lifespan of a progeroid ATR-hypomorphic model suffering from high levels of RS. In contrast to their effect in the context of progeria, the lifespan of Chk1, Rrm2 and Chk1/Rrm2 transgenic mice was similar to WT littermates in physiological settings. Most mice studied died due to tumors -mainly lymphomas- irrespective of their genetic background. Interestingly, a higher but not statistically significant percentage of transgenic mice developed tumors compared to WT mice. Our results indicate that supraphysiological protection from RS does not extend lifespan, indicating that RS may not be a relevant source of genomic instability on the onset of normal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliene Albers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexandra Avram
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mauro Sbroggio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andres J Lopez-Contreras
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for Chromosome Stability and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kelleher FC, Kroes J, Lewin J. Targeting the centrosome and polo-like kinase 4 in osteosarcoma. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:493-499. [PMID: 30508038 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been historically uncertain if extra centrosomes are a cause or consequence of tumorigenesis. Experiments have recently established that overexpression of polo-like kinase 4 (PLK4) promotes centrosome amplification with consequential promotion of cellular aneuploidy. Furthermore, centrosome amplification drives spontaneous tumorigenesis in mice. Tissues lacking normal functional p53 tolerate extra centrosomes, whereas p53 proficient tissues initiate proliferative arrest in this circumstance. Extra centrosomes trigger activation of the multi-protein PIDDosome complex, with Caspase-2 effecting cleavage of the p53-negative regulator mouse double minute 2, consequent stabilization of p53 and p21-dependent arrest of the cell cycle. The co-occurrence of cellular aneuploidy, complex chromosomal rearrangements and p53 dysfunction is a striking feature of some osteosarcomas. It is postulated that small-molecule PLK4 inhibitors such as CFI-400945, which are in development, may have utility in osteosarcoma given these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fergal C Kelleher
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeska Kroes
- Department of Medical Oncology, St. James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jeremy Lewin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu M, Li L, Hamaker M, Small D, Duffield AS. FLT3-ITD cooperates with Rac1 to modulate the sensitivity of leukemic cells to chemotherapeutic agents via regulation of DNA repair pathways. Haematologica 2019; 104:2418-2428. [PMID: 30975911 PMCID: PMC6959181 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.208843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic neoplasm, and patients with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutation of the FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) receptor gene have a poor prognosis. FLT3-ITD interacts with DOCK2, a G effector protein that activates Rac1/2. Previously, we showed that knockdown of DOCK2 leads to decreased survival of FLT3-ITD leukemic cells. We further investigated the mechanisms by which Rac1/DOCK2 activity affects cell survival and chemotherapeutic response in FLT3-ITD leukemic cells. Exogenous expression of FLT3-ITD led to increased Rac1 activity, reactive oxygen species, phosphorylated STAT5, DNA damage response factors and cytarabine resistance. Conversely, DOCK2 knockdown resulted in a decrease in these factors. Consistent with the reduction in DNA damage response factors, FLT3-ITD cells with DOCK2 knockdown exhibited significantly increased sensitivity to DNA damage response inhibitors. Moreover, in a mouse model of FLT3-ITD AML, animals treated with the CHK1 inhibitor MK8776 + cytarabine survived longer than those treated with cytarabine alone. These findings suggest that FLT3-ITD and Rac1 activity cooperatively modulate DNA repair activity, the addition of DNA damage response inhibitors to conventional chemotherapy may be useful in the treatment of FLT3-ITD AML, and inhibition of the Rac signaling pathways via DOCK2 may provide a novel and promising therapeutic target for FLT3-ITD AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Li
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Donald Small
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The chemical treatment of cancer started with the realization that DNA damaging agents such as mustard gas present notable antitumoural properties. Consequently, early drug development focused on genotoxic chemicals, some of which are still widely used in the clinic. However, the efficacy of such therapies is often limited by the side effects of these drugs on healthy cells. A refinement to this approach is to use compounds that can exploit the presence of DNA damage in cancer cells. Given that replication stress (RS) is a major source of genomic instability in cancer, targeting the RS-response kinase ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR) has emerged as a promising alternative. With ATR inhibitors now entering clinical trials, we here revisit the biology behind this strategy and discuss potential biomarkers that could be used for a better selection of patients who respond to therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lecona
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nieto-Soler M, Morgado-Palacin I, Lafarga V, Lecona E, Murga M, Callen E, Azorin D, Alonso J, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Nussenzweig A, Fernandez-Capetillo O. Efficacy of ATR inhibitors as single agents in Ewing sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58759-58767. [PMID: 27577084 PMCID: PMC5312273 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ewing sarcomas (ES) are pediatric bone tumors that arise from a driver translocation, most frequently EWS/FLI1. Current ES treatment involves DNA damaging agents, yet the basis for the sensitivity to these therapies remains unknown. Oncogene-induced replication stress (RS) is a known source of endogenous DNA damage in cancer, which is suppressed by ATR and CHK1 kinases. We here show that ES suffer from high endogenous levels of RS, rendering them particularly dependent on the ATR pathway. Accordingly, two independent ATR inhibitors show in vitro toxicity in ES cell lines as well as in vivo efficacy in ES xenografts as single agents. Expression of EWS/FLI1 or EWS/ERG oncogenic translocations sensitizes non-ES cells to ATR inhibitors. Our data shed light onto the sensitivity of ES to genotoxic agents, and identify ATR inhibitors as a potential therapy for Ewing Sarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieto-Soler
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Morgado-Palacin
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Lafarga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Lecona
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Callen
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Azorin
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Niño Jesus, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Pediatric Solid Tumor Laboratory, Institute of Rare Disease Research, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres J Lopez-Contreras
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andre Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Genome Integrity, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye D, Liang W, Dai L, Yao Y. Moderate Fluid Shear Stress Could Regulate the Cytoskeleton of Nucleus Pulposus and Surrounding Inflammatory Mediators by Activating the FAK-MEK5-ERK5-cFos-AP1 Signaling Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:9405738. [PMID: 30008976 PMCID: PMC6020454 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9405738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We first applied moderate fluid shear stress to nucleus pulposus cells. The correlation of AP-1 with type II collagen, proteoglycan, Cytokeratin 8 protein, MAP-1, MAP-2, and MAP-4 and the correlation of AP-1 with IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1, MCP-1, and NO were detected. Our results document that moderate fluid shear stress could activate the FAK-MEK5-ERK5-cFos-AP1 signaling pathway. AP1 could downregulate the construct factors of cytoskeleton such as type II collagen, proteoglycan, Cytokeratin 8 protein, MAP-1, MAP-2, and MAP-4 in nucleus pulposus cell after the fluid shear stress was loaded. AP1 could upregulate the inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1, MCP-1, and NO in nucleus pulposus cell after the fluid shear stress was loaded. Taken together, our data suggested that moderate fluid shear stress may play an important role in the cytoskeleton of nucleus pulposus and surrounding inflammatory mediators by activating the FAK-MEK5-ERK5-cFos-AP1 signaling pathway, thereby affecting cell degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongping Ye
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Weiguo Liang
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Libing Dai
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| | - Yicun Yao
- Guangzhou City Red Cross Hospital, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Muñoz S, Méndez J. DNA replication stress: from molecular mechanisms to human disease. Chromosoma 2016; 126:1-15. [PMID: 26797216 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-016-0573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The genome of proliferating cells must be precisely duplicated in each cell division cycle. Chromosomal replication entails risks such as the possibility of introducing breaks and/or mutations in the genome. Hence, DNA replication requires the coordinated action of multiple proteins and regulatory factors, whose deregulation causes severe developmental diseases and predisposes to cancer. In recent years, the concept of "replicative stress" (RS) has attracted much attention as it impinges directly on genomic stability and offers a promising new avenue to design anticancer therapies. In this review, we summarize recent progress in three areas: (1) endogenous and exogenous factors that contribute to RS, (2) molecular mechanisms that mediate the cellular responses to RS, and (3) the large list of diseases that are directly or indirectly linked to RS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Muñoz
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Méndez
- DNA Replication Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Limiting replication stress during somatic cell reprogramming reduces genomic instability in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8036. [PMID: 26292731 PMCID: PMC4560784 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from adult somatic cells is one of the most remarkable discoveries in recent decades. However, several works have reported evidence of genomic instability in iPSC, raising concerns on their biomedical use. The reasons behind the genomic instability observed in iPSC remain mostly unknown. Here we show that, similar to the phenomenon of oncogene-induced replication stress, the expression of reprogramming factors induces replication stress. Increasing the levels of the checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) reduces reprogramming-induced replication stress and increases the efficiency of iPSC generation. Similarly, nucleoside supplementation during reprogramming reduces the load of DNA damage and genomic rearrangements on iPSC. Our data reveal that lowering replication stress during reprogramming, genetically or chemically, provides a simple strategy to reduce genomic instability on mouse and human iPSC. The expression of reprogramming factors can induce replication stress in induced pluripotent stem cells. In this study, to reduce such genomic instability, Ruiz et al. increase CHK1 kinase levels and nucleoside supplementation during reprogramming.
Collapse
|
11
|
Lecona E, Fernández-Capetillo O. Replication stress and cancer: it takes two to tango. Exp Cell Res 2014; 329:26-34. [PMID: 25257608 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Problems arising during DNA replication require the activation of the ATR-CHK1 pathway to ensure the stabilization and repair of the forks, and to prevent the entry into mitosis with unreplicated genomes. Whereas the pathway is essential at the cellular level, limiting its activity is particularly detrimental for some cancer cells. Here we review the links between replication stress (RS) and cancer, which provide a rationale for the use of ATR and Chk1 inhibitors in chemotherapy. First, we describe how the activation of oncogene-induced RS promotes genome rearrangements and chromosome instability, both of which could potentially fuel carcinogenesis. Next, we review the various pathways that contribute to the suppression of RS, and how mutations in these components lead to increased cancer incidence and/or accelerated ageing. Finally, we summarize the evidence showing that tumors with high levels of RS are dependent on a proficient RS-response, and therefore vulnerable to ATR or Chk1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lecona
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Fernández-Capetillo
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), C/ Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|