1
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Yakati V, Shevde LA, Rao SS. Matrix stiffness influences response to chemo and targeted therapy in brain metastatic breast cancer cells. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:3882-3895. [PMID: 38912649 DOI: 10.1039/d4bm00342j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy accounting for 12.5% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases across the globe. Breast cancer cells are known to metastasize to distant organs (i.e., brain), wherein they can exhibit a dormant phenotype for extended time periods. These dormant cancer cells exhibit reduced proliferation and therapeutic resistance. However, the mechanisms by which dormant cancer cells exhibit resistance to therapy, in the context of brain metastatic breast cancer (BMBC), is not well understood. Herein, we utilized hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels with varying stiffnesses to study drug responsiveness in dormant vs. proliferative BMBC cells. It was found that cells cultured on soft HA hydrogels (∼0.4 kPa) that showed a non-proliferative (dormant) phenotype exhibited resistance to Paclitaxel or Lapatinib. In contrast, cells cultured on stiff HA hydrogels (∼4.5 kPa) that showed a proliferative phenotype exhibited responsiveness to Paclitaxel or Lapatinib. Moreover, dormancy-associated resistance was found to be due to upregulation of the serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) gene which was mediated, in part, by the p38 signaling pathway. Accordingly, SGK1 inhibition resulted in a dormant-to-proliferative switch and response to therapy. Overall, our study demonstrates that matrix stiffness influences dormancy-associated therapy response mediated, in part, via the p38/SGK1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venu Yakati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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2
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Wilczyński JR, Nowak M. Cancer Immunoediting: Elimination, Equilibrium, and Immune Escape in Solid Tumors. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2022; 113:1-57. [PMID: 35165859 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-91311-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emphasizing the dynamic processes between cancer and host immune system, the initially discovered concept of cancer immunosurveillance has been replaced by the current concept of cancer immunoediting consisting of three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Solid tumors composed of both cancer and host stromal cells are an example how the three phases of cancer immunoediting functionally evolve and how tumor shaped by the host immune system gets finally resistant phenotype. The elimination, equilibrium, and escape have been described in this chapter in details, including the role of immune surveillance, cancer dormancy, disruption of the antigen-presenting machinery, tumor-infiltrating immune cells, resistance to apoptosis, as well as the function of tumor stroma, microvesicles, exosomes, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery and Gynecologic Oncology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Marek Nowak
- Department of Operative Gynecology and Gynecologic Oncology, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital-Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Operative and Endoscopic Gynecology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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3
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Ribociclib Induces Broad Chemotherapy Resistance and EGFR Dependency in ESR1 Wildtype and Mutant Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246314. [PMID: 34944934 PMCID: PMC8699146 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While endocrine therapy is highly effective for the treatment of oestrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer, a significant number of patients will eventually experience disease progression and develop treatment-resistant, metastatic cancer. The majority of resistant tumours remain dependent on ERα-action, with activating ESR1 gene mutations occurring in 15-40% of advanced cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover novel effective therapies that can eradicate cancer cells with aberrant ERα and to understand the cellular response underlying their action. Here, we evaluate the response of MCF7-derived, CRISPR-Cas9-generated cell lines expressing mutant ERα (Y537S) to a large number of drugs. We report sensitivity to numerous clinically approved inhibitors, including CDK4/6 inhibitor ribociclib, which is a standard-of-care therapy in the treatment of metastatic ERα-positive breast cancer and currently under evaluation in the neoadjuvant setting. Ribociclib treatment induces senescence in both wildtype and mutant ERα breast cancer models and leads to a broad-range drug tolerance. Strikingly, viability of cells undergoing ribociclib-induced cellular senescence is maintained via engagement of EGFR signalling, which may be therapeutically exploited in both wildtype and mutant ERα-positive breast cancer. Our study highlights a wide-spread reduction in sensitivity to anti-cancer drugs accompanied with an acquired vulnerability to EGFR inhibitors following CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment.
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4
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Hosseini A, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H, Mirzaei HR. Role of the bone marrow microenvironment in drug resistance of hematological malignances. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2290-2305. [PMID: 34514979 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210910124319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The unique features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) govern the biological properties of many cancers, including hematological malignancies. TME factors can trigger invasion, and protect against drug cytotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis and activating specific signaling pathways (e.g. NF-ΚB). TME remodeling is facilitated due to the high self-renewal ability of the bone marrow. Progressing tumor cells can alter some extracellular matrix (ECM) components which act as a barrier to drug penetration in the TME. The initial progression of the cell cycle is controlled by the MAPK pathway (Raf/MEK/ERK) and Hippo pathway, while the final phase is regulated by the PI3K/Akt /mTOR and WNT pathways. In this review we summarize the main signaling pathways involved in drug resistance (DR) and some mechanisms by which DR can occur in the bone marrow. The relationship between autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and cellular signaling pathways in DR and apoptosis are covered in relation to the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hosseini
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028. South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan. Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran. Iran
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5
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MAGI1 inhibits the AMOTL2/p38 stress pathway and prevents luminal breast tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5752. [PMID: 33707576 PMCID: PMC7952706 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations to cell polarization or to intercellular junctions are often associated with epithelial cancer progression, including breast cancers (BCa). We show here that the loss of the junctional scaffold protein MAGI1 is associated with bad prognosis in luminal BCa, and promotes tumorigenesis. E-cadherin and the actin binding scaffold AMOTL2 accumulate in MAGI1 deficient cells which are subjected to increased stiffness. These alterations are associated with low YAP activity, the terminal Hippo-pathway effector, but with an elevated ROCK and p38 Stress Activated Protein Kinase activities. Blocking ROCK prevented p38 activation, suggesting that MAGI1 limits p38 activity in part through releasing actin strength. Importantly, the increased tumorigenicity of MAGI1 deficient cells is rescued in the absence of AMOTL2 or after inhibition of p38, demonstrating that MAGI1 acts as a tumor-suppressor in luminal BCa by inhibiting an AMOTL2/p38 stress pathway.
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6
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Parker AL, Cox TR. The Role of the ECM in Lung Cancer Dormancy and Outgrowth. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1766. [PMID: 33014869 PMCID: PMC7516130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of tumor cells to local and distant sites presents a significant challenge in the clinical management of many solid tumors. These cells may remain dormant for months or years before overt metastases are re-awakened. The components of the extracellular matrix, their posttranslational modifications and their associated factors provide mechanical, physical and chemical cues to these disseminated tumor cells. These cues regulate the proliferative and survival capacity of these cells and lay the foundation for their engraftment and colonization. Crosstalk between tumor cells, stromal and immune cells within primary and secondary sites is fundamental to extracellular matrix remodeling that feeds back to regulate tumor cell dormancy and outgrowth. This review will examine the role of the extracellular matrix and its associated factors in establishing a fertile soil from which individual tumor cells and micrometastases establish primary and secondary tumors. We will focus on the role of the lung extracellular matrix in providing the architectural support for local metastases in lung cancer, and distant metastases in many solid tumors. This review will define how the matrix and matrix associated components are collectively regulated by lung epithelial cells, fibroblasts and resident immune cells to orchestrate tumor dormancy and outgrowth in the lung. Recent advances in targeting these lung-resident tumor cell subpopulations to prevent metastatic disease will be discussed. The development of novel matrix-targeted strategies have the potential to significantly reduce the burden of metastatic disease in lung and other solid tumors and significantly improve patient outcome in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia L Parker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
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7
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Baron M, Tagore M, Hunter MV, Kim IS, Moncada R, Yan Y, Campbell NR, White RM, Yanai I. The Stress-Like Cancer Cell State Is a Consistent Component of Tumorigenesis. Cell Syst 2020; 11:536-546.e7. [PMID: 32910905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling of tumors has revealed a stress-like state among the cancer cells with the concerted expression of genes such as fos, jun, and heat-shock proteins, though this has been controversial given possible dissociation-effects associated with single-cell RNA sequencing. Here, we validate the existence of this state using a combination of zebrafish melanoma modeling, spatial transcriptomics, and human samples. We found that the stress-like subpopulation of cancer cells is present from the early stages of tumorigenesis. Comparing with previously reported single-cell RNA sequencing datasets from diverse cancer types, including triple-negative breast cancer, oligodendroglioma, and pancreatic adenocarcinoma, indicated the conservation of this state during tumorigenesis. We also provide evidence that this state has higher tumor-seeding capabilities and that its induction leads to increased growth under both MEK and BRAF inhibitors. Collectively, our study supports the stress-like cells as a cancer cell state expressing a coherent set of genes and exhibiting drug-resistance properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Baron
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohita Tagore
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miranda V Hunter
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabella S Kim
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Reuben Moncada
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yun Yan
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathaniel R Campbell
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Cancer Biology & Genetics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Itai Yanai
- Institute for Computational Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Gooding AJ, Schiemann WP. Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Programs and Cancer Stem Cell Phenotypes: Mediators of Breast Cancer Therapy Resistance. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 18:1257-1270. [PMID: 32503922 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs play essential functions in normal morphogenesis and organogenesis, including that occurring during mammary gland development and glandular regeneration. Historically, EMT programs were believed to reflect a loss of epithelial gene expression signatures and morphologies that give way to those associated with mesenchymal cells and their enhanced migratory and invasive behaviors. However, accumulating evidence now paints EMT programs as representing a spectrum of phenotypic behaviors that also serve to enhance cell survival, immune tolerance, and perhaps even metastatic dormancy. Equally important, the activation of EMT programs in transformed mammary epithelial cells not only enhances their acquisition of invasive and metastatic behaviors, but also expands their generation of chemoresistant breast cancer stem cells (BCSC). Importantly, the net effect of these events results in the appearance of recurrent metastatic lesions that remain refractory to the armamentarium of chemotherapies and targeted therapeutic agents deployed against advanced stage breast cancers. Here we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of EMT programs in human breast cancers and how these events impact their "stemness" and acquisition of chemoresistant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Gooding
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.
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9
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Bone secreted factors induce cellular quiescence in prostate cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18635. [PMID: 31819067 PMCID: PMC6901558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) undergo a dormant state in the distant metastatic site(s) before becoming overt metastatic diseases. In prostate cancer (PCa), bone metastasis can occur years after prostatectomy, suggesting that bone may provide dormancy-inducing factors. To search for these factors, we prepared conditioned media (CM) from calvariae. Using live-cell imaging, we found that Calvarial-CM treatment increased cellular quiescence in C4-2B4 PCa cells. Mass spectrometry analysis of Calvarial-CM identified 132 secreted factors. Western blot and ELISA analyses confirmed the presence of several factors, including DKK3, BMP1, neogenin and vasorin in the Calvarial-CM. qRT-PCR analysis of total calvariae versus isolated osteoblasts showed that DKK3, BMP1, vasorin and neogenin are mainly expressed by osteoblasts, while MIA, LECT1, NGAL and PEDF are expressed by other calvarial cells. Recombinant human DKK3, BMP1, vasorin, neogenin, MIA and NGAL treatment increased cellular quiescence in both C4-2b and C4-2B4 PCa cells. Mechanistically, DKK3, vasorin and neogenin, but not BMP1, increased dormancy through activating the p38MAPK signaling pathway. Consistently, DKK3, vasorin and neogenin failed to induce dormancy in cells expressing dominant-negative p38αMAPK while BMP1 remained active, suggesting that BMP1 uses an alternative dormancy signaling pathway. Thus, bone secretes multiple dormancy-inducing factors that employ distinct signaling pathways to induce DTC dormancy in bone.
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10
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Guo F, Yuan D, Zhang J, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhu L, Zhang J, Pan Y, Shao C. Silencing of ARL14 Gene Induces Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to a Dormant State. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:238. [PMID: 31750299 PMCID: PMC6843082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a growing number of ADP ribosylation factor (ARF) family members has been suggested to be critical in tumorigenesis. However, the effects of most ARF members on lung adenocarcinoma pathogenesis are still not well disclosed yet. In this study, ARF-like GTPase 14 (ARL14) was screened as an important prognostic factor of lung adenocarcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and validated by our in vitro experiments. It was found that silencing of ARL14 gene inhibited cell proliferation and the abilities of cell migration and invasion, and it also attenuated radiation damage of lung adenocarcinoma cells but had no effect on the proliferation of normal lung cells. Notably, ARL14 siRNA blocked the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 signaling pathway and induced cell cycle arrest in G0 phase, ultimately leading to cell dormancy. Moreover, ARL14 siRNA enhanced the expression of cell death activator DFFA-like effector (CIDEC) that had opposite roles in cell proliferation and migration to ALR14. Collectively, our results suggest that ARL14 has an important role in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma through CIDEC/ERK/p38 signaling pathway, and thus it could be applied as a new candidate of prognosis indicator and/or therapeutic target of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dexiao Yuan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Seidi K, Manjili MH, Jahanban-Esfahlan A, Javaheri T, Zare P. Tumor Cell Dormancy: Threat or Opportunity in the Fight against Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081207. [PMID: 31430951 PMCID: PMC6721805 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor dormancy, a clinically undetectable state of cancer, makes a major contribution to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR), minimum residual disease (MRD), tumor outgrowth, cancer relapse, and metastasis. Despite its high incidence, the whole picture of dormancy-regulated molecular programs is far from clear. That is, it is unknown when and which dormant cells will resume proliferation causing late relapse, and which will remain asymptomatic and harmless to their hosts. Thus, identification of dormancy-related culprits and understanding their roles can help predict cancer prognosis and may increase the probability of timely therapeutic intervention for the desired outcome. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the dormancy-dictated molecular mechanisms, including angiogenic switch, immune escape, cancer stem cells, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, metabolic reprogramming, miRNAs, epigenetic modifications, and stress-induced p38 signaling pathways. Further, we analyze the possibility of leveraging these dormancy-related molecular cues to outmaneuver cancer and discuss the implications of such approaches in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran
| | - Khaled Seidi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 9841, Iran
| | - Masoud H Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of Medicine, Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | | | - Tahereh Javaheri
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peyman Zare
- Faculty of Medicine, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Binó L, Veselá I, Papežíková I, Procházková J, Vašíček O, Štefková K, Kučera J, Hanáčková M, Kubala L, Pacherník J. The depletion of p38alpha kinase upregulates NADPH oxidase 2/NOX2/gp91 expression and the production of superoxide in mouse embryonic stem cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:18-26. [PMID: 31176685 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
P38alpha kinase plays an important role in the regulation of both cell stress response and cell fate. In this study, we report that p38alpha kinase-deficient embryonic stem cells exhibit a higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in contrast to their wild-type counterpart. Analysis of the expressions of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and dual oxidases, crucial enzymes involved in intracellular ROS formation, shows NOX2/gp91phox is over-expressed in p38alpha deficient cells. The particular increase in superoxide formation was confirmed by the specific detection of hydroethidine derivate 2-hydroxyethidium. ROS formation decreased when the level of NOX2 was silenced by siRNA in p38alpha deficient cells. These data suggest the importance of p38alpha kinase in the regulation of ROS metabolism in embryonic stem cells and the significance of the observed phenomena of cancer cell-like phenotypes, which is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Binó
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Veselá
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Iva Papežíková
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiřina Procházková
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Štefková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Kučera
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Markéta Hanáčková
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Department of Free Radical Pathophysiology, Institute of Biophysics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Pacherník
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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13
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Rao SS, Kondapaneni RV, Narkhede AA. Bioengineered models to study tumor dormancy. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:3. [PMID: 30647771 PMCID: PMC6327399 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of cancer metastasis is the defining event in cancer progression when the disease is considered lethal. The ability of metastatic cancer cells to stay dormant for extended time periods and reawaken at later stages leading to disease recurrence makes treatment of metastatic disease extremely challenging. The tumor microenvironment plays a critical role in deciding the ultimate fate of tumor cells, yet the mechanisms by which this occurs, including dormancy, is not well understood. This mini-review discusses bioengineered models inspired from tissue engineering strategies that mimic key aspects of the tumor microenvironment to study tumor dormancy. These models include biomaterial based three dimensional models, microfluidic based models, as well as bioreactor based models that incorporate relevant microenvironmental components such as extracellular matrix molecules, niche cells, or their combination to study microenvironmental regulation of tumor dormancy. Such biomimetic models provide suitable platforms to investigate the dormant niche, including cues that drive the dormant to proliferative transition in cancer cells. In addition, the potential of such model systems to advance research in the field of tumor dormancy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S. Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
| | - Raghu Vamsi Kondapaneni
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
| | - Akshay A. Narkhede
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0203 USA
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14
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Pradhan S, Sperduto JL, Farino CJ, Slater JH. Engineered In Vitro Models of Tumor Dormancy and Reactivation. J Biol Eng 2018; 12:37. [PMID: 30603045 PMCID: PMC6307145 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-018-0120-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic recurrence is a major hurdle to overcome for successful control of cancer-associated death. Residual tumor cells in the primary site, or disseminated tumor cells in secondary sites, can lie in a dormant state for long time periods, years to decades, before being reactivated into a proliferative growth state. The microenvironmental signals and biological mechanisms that mediate the fate of disseminated cancer cells with respect to cell death, single cell dormancy, tumor mass dormancy and metastatic growth, as well as the factors that induce reactivation, are discussed in this review. Emphasis is placed on engineered, in vitro, biomaterial-based approaches to model tumor dormancy and subsequent reactivation, with a focus on the roles of extracellular matrix, secondary cell types, biochemical signaling and drug treatment. A brief perspective of molecular targets and treatment approaches for dormant tumors is also presented. Advances in tissue-engineered platforms to induce, model, and monitor tumor dormancy and reactivation may provide much needed insight into the regulation of these processes and serve as drug discovery and testing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE 19716 USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716 USA
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15
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Bense RD, Qiu SQ, de Vries EGE, Schröder CP, Fehrmann RSN. Considering the biology of late recurrences in selecting patients for extended endocrine therapy in breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 70:118-126. [PMID: 30149225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Extended endocrine therapy can reduce recurrences occurring more than 5 years after diagnosis (late recurrences) in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. Given the side effects of endocrine therapy, optimal patient selection for extended treatment is crucial. Enhanced understanding of late recurrence biology could optimize patient selection in this setting. We therefore summarized the current knowledge of late recurrence biology, clinical trials on extended endocrine therapy, and tools for predicting late recurrence and benefit from treatment extension. Extending 5 years of tamoxifen therapy with 5 years of tamoxifen or an aromatase inhibitor (AI) reduces late recurrence risk by 2-5%, but results of extending AI-based therapy are inconsistent. Although several clinicopathological parameters and multigene assays are prognostic for late recurrence, selection tools predicting benefit from extended endocrine therapy are sparse. Therefore, we additionally performed a pooled analysis using 2231 mRNA profiles of patients with ER-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was applied on genes ranked according to their association with early and late recurrence risk. Higher expression of estrogen-responsive genes was associated with a high recurrence risk beyond 5 years after diagnosis when patients had received no systemic therapy. Although 5 years of endocrine therapy reduced this risk, this effect disappeared after treatment cessation. This suggests that late recurrences of tumors with high expression of estrogen-responsive genes are likely ER-driven. Long-term intervention in this pathway by means of extended endocrine therapy might reduce late recurrences in patients with tumors showing high expression of estrogen-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico D Bense
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Si-Qi Qiu
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Elisabeth G E de Vries
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien P Schröder
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf S N Fehrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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16
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Goddard ET, Bozic I, Riddell SR, Ghajar CM. Dormant tumour cells, their niches and the influence of immunity. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1240-1249. [PMID: 30361702 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite increased focus on the clinical relevance of dormant metastatic disease, our understanding of dormant niches, mechanisms underlying emergence from dormancy, and the immune system's role in this phenomenon, remains in its infancy. Here, we discuss key work that has shaped our current understanding of these topics. Because tumour dormancy provides a unique therapeutic window to prevent metastatic disease, we discuss on-going clinical trials and weigh the potential for immunotherapy to eradicate dormant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica T Goddard
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ivana Bozic
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cyrus M Ghajar
- Public Health Sciences Division/Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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17
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Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. Circulating tumor cells and their advances to promote cancer metastasis and relapse, with focus on glioblastoma multiforme. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:166-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Böttcher MA, Held-Feindt J, Synowitz M, Lucius R, Traulsen A, Hattermann K. Modeling treatment-dependent glioma growth including a dormant tumor cell subpopulation. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:376. [PMID: 29614985 PMCID: PMC5883287 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors comprise a variety of specialized cell phenotypes adapted to different ecological niches that massively influence the tumor growth and its response to treatment. Methods In the background of glioblastoma multiforme, a highly malignant brain tumor, we consider a rapid proliferating phenotype that appears susceptible to treatment, and a dormant phenotype which lacks this pronounced proliferative ability and is not affected by standard therapeutic strategies. To gain insight in the dynamically changing proportions of different tumor cell phenotypes under different treatment conditions, we develop a mathematical model and underline our assumptions with experimental data. Results We show that both cell phenotypes contribute to the distinct composition of the tumor, especially in cycling low and high dose treatment, and therefore may influence the tumor growth in a phenotype specific way. Conclusion Our model of the dynamic proportions of dormant and rapidly growing glioblastoma cells in different therapy settings suggests that phenotypically different cells should be considered to plan dose and duration of treatment schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin A Böttcher
- Department Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
| | - Janka Held-Feindt
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Synowitz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein UKSH, Campus Kiel, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Department of Anatomy, University of Kiel, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Arne Traulsen
- Department Evolutionary Theory, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306, Plön, Germany
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19
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Yu-Lee LY, Yu G, Lee YC, Lin SC, Pan J, Pan T, Yu KJ, Liu B, Creighton CJ, Rodriguez-Canales J, Villalobos PA, Wistuba II, de Nadal E, Posas F, Gallick GE, Lin SH. Osteoblast-Secreted Factors Mediate Dormancy of Metastatic Prostate Cancer in the Bone via Activation of the TGFβRIII-p38MAPK-pS249/T252RB Pathway. Cancer Res 2018. [PMID: 29514796 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone metastasis from prostate cancer can occur years after prostatectomy, due to reactivation of dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTC) in the bone, yet the mechanism by which DTCs are initially induced into a dormant state in the bone remains to be elucidated. We show here that the bone microenvironment confers dormancy to C4-2B4 prostate cancer cells, as they become dormant when injected into mouse femurs but not under the skin. Live-cell imaging of dormant cells at the single-cell level revealed that conditioned medium from differentiated, but not undifferentiated, osteoblasts induced C4-2B4 cellular quiescence, suggesting that differentiated osteoblasts present locally around the tumor cells in the bone conferred dormancy to prostate cancer cells. Gene array analyses identified GDF10 and TGFβ2 among osteoblast-secreted proteins that induced quiescence of C4-2B4, C4-2b, and PC3-mm2, but not 22RV1 or BPH-1 cells, indicating prostate cancer tumor cells differ in their dormancy response. TGFβ2 and GDF10 induced dormancy through TGFβRIII to activate phospho-p38MAPK, which phosphorylates retinoblastoma (RB) at the novel N-terminal S249/T252 sites to block prostate cancer cell proliferation. Consistently, expression of dominant-negative p38MAPK in C4-2b and C4-2B4 prostate cancer cell lines abolished tumor cell dormancy both in vitro and in vivo Lower TGFβRIII expression in patients with prostate cancer correlated with increased metastatic potential and decreased survival rates. Together, our results identify a dormancy mechanism by which DTCs are induced into a dormant state through TGFβRIII-p38MAPK-pS249/pT252-RB signaling and offer a rationale for developing strategies to prevent prostate cancer recurrence in the bone.Significance: These findings provide mechanistic insights into the dormancy of metastatic prostate cancer in the bone and offer a rationale for developing strategies to prevent prostate cancer recurrence in the bone. Cancer Res; 78(11); 2911-24. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Yu-Lee
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Guoyu Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yu-Chen Lee
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Song-Chang Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jing Pan
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Tianhong Pan
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kai-Jie Yu
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bin Liu
- Center for Cancer Genetics and Genomics and Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chad J Creighton
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pamela A Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eulalia de Nadal
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Posas
- Departament de Ciencies Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gary E Gallick
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sue-Hwa Lin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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20
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Shiozawa Y, Berry JE, Eber MR, Jung Y, Yumoto K, Cackowski FC, Yoon HJ, Parsana P, Mehra R, Wang J, McGee S, Lee E, Nagrath S, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. The marrow niche controls the cancer stem cell phenotype of disseminated prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41217-41232. [PMID: 27172799 PMCID: PMC5173053 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of cancer stem cells (CSCs) serves as the basis of metastasis. Recently, we demonstrated that circulating prostate cancer targets the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) ‘niche’ in marrow during dissemination. Once in the niche, disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) may remain dormant for extended periods. As the major function of the HSC niche is to maintain stem cell functions, we hypothesized that the niche regulates CSC activities of DTCs. Here we show that DTCs recovered from marrow were significantly enriched for a CSC phenotype. Critically, the conversion of DTCs to CSCs is regulated by niche-derived GAS6 through the Mer/mTOR; molecules previously shown to regulate dormancy. The data demonstrate that the niche plays a significant role in maintaining tumor-initiating prostate cancer in marrow and suggests a functional relationship between CSCs and dormancy. Understanding how the marrow niche regulates the conversion of DTCs to CSCs is critical for the development of therapeutics specifically targeting skeletal bone metastasis and dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Shiozawa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Janice E Berry
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew R Eber
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Frank C Cackowski
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hyeun Joong Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Princy Parsana
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rohit Mehra
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Samantha McGee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Eunsohl Lee
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sunitha Nagrath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Russell S Taichman
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Chen YC, Gowda R, Newswanger RK, Leibich P, Fell B, Rosenberg G, Robertson GP. Targeting cholesterol transport in circulating melanoma cells to inhibit metastasis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:541-552. [PMID: 28685959 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent breakthroughs in targeted- and immune-based therapies, rapid development of drug resistance remains a hurdle for the long-term treatment of patients with melanoma. Targeting metastatically spreading circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may provide an additional approach to manage melanoma. This study investigates whether targeting cholesterol transport in melanoma CTCs can retard metastasis development. Nanolipolee-007, the liposomal form of leelamine, reduced melanoma metastasis in both a novel in vitro flow system mimicking the circulating system and in experimental as well as spontaneous animal metastasis models, irrespective of the BRAF mutational status of the CTCs. Leelamine led to cholesterol trapping in lysosomes, which subsequently shut down receptor-mediated endocytosis, endosome trafficking, and inhibited the major oncogenic signaling cascades important for survival such as the AKT pathway. As pAKT is important in CTC survival, inhibition by targeting cholesterol metabolism led to apoptosis, suggesting this approach might be particularly effective for those CTCs having high levels of pAKT to aid survival in the circulation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chi Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Raymond K Newswanger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Applied Biomedical Engineering, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Patrick Leibich
- Department of Surgery, Division of Applied Biomedical Engineering, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Barry Fell
- Thermoplastic Products Corporation, Hummelstown, PA, USA
| | - Gerson Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Applied Biomedical Engineering, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Dermatology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Hershey Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,Penn State Melanoma Therapeutics Program, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.,The Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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22
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Mapping bone marrow niches of disseminated tumor cells. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1125-1132. [PMID: 29027156 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer cells may disseminate early, before tumor diagnosis. Disseminated tumor cells, or DTCs, reside in the bone marrow, and may persist for years or even decades. Some of these cells may be re-activated to resume aggressive growth, and eventually become overt bone metastases. Recent studies have begun to shed light on this complicated process and revealed multiple steps and intermediate states of colonizing DTCs. However, how cancer-host interactions evolve during this process needs to be further understood. Most of our current knowledge of the bone microenvironment is obtained through studies looking for the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. Although this long-standing question has not yet been resolved, our search for the HSC niche has resulted in a detailed map of various cell types in the bone marrow. Furthermore, various techniques used to find the HSC niche may also be adapted for finding the cancer cell niche. In this article, we will review the recent progress in both the DTC and HSC areas with a focus on their potential microenvironment niches. We will also discuss how to apply what we have learned from HSC studies to map DTCs in the bone context. We hope to stimulate thoughts and ideas to further elucidate the bone colonization process, and develop potential therapeutic interventions.
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23
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Boral D, Vishnoi M, Liu HN, Yin W, Sprouse ML, Scamardo A, Hong DS, Tan TZ, Thiery JP, Chang JC, Marchetti D. Molecular characterization of breast cancer CTCs associated with brain metastasis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:196. [PMID: 28775303 PMCID: PMC5543046 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The enumeration of EpCAM-positive circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has allowed estimation of overall metastatic burden in breast cancer patients. However, a thorough understanding of CTCs associated with breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is necessary for early identification and evaluation of treatment response to BCBM. Here we report that BCBM CTCs is enriched in a distinct sub-population of cells identifiable by their biomarker expression and mutational content. Deriving from a comprehensive analysis of CTC transcriptomes, we discovered a unique "circulating tumor cell gene signature" that is distinct from primary breast cancer tissues. Further dissection of the circulating tumor cell gene signature identified signaling pathways associated with BCBM CTCs that may have roles in potentiating BCBM. This study proposes CTC biomarkers and signaling pathways implicated in BCBM that may be used either as a screening tool for brain micro-metastasis detection or for making rational treatment decisions and monitoring therapeutic response in patients with BCBM.Characterization of CTCs derived from breast cancer patients with brain metastasis (BCBM) may allow for early diagnosis of brain metastasis and/or help for treatment choice and its efficacy. In this study, the authors identify a unique signature, based on patient-derived CTCs transcriptomes, for BCBM- CTCs that is different from primary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Boral
- Biomarker Research Program Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Monika Vishnoi
- Biomarker Research Program Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Haowen N Liu
- Biomarker Research Program Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Wei Yin
- Biomarker Research Program Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Marc L Sprouse
- Biomarker Research Program Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Scamardo
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Tuan Z Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Jean P Thiery
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Dario Marchetti
- Biomarker Research Program Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA.
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston,, 77030, TX, USA.
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24
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Li X, Kang Y, Roife D, Lee Y, Pratt M, Perez MR, Dai B, Koay EJ, Fleming JB. Prolonged exposure to extracellular lumican restrains pancreatic adenocarcinoma growth. Oncogene 2017; 36:5432-5438. [PMID: 28534517 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that pancreatic stellate cells within pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) stroma secrete lumican and its presence is associated with prolonged survival of patients with localized PDAC. Here, we observed that extracellular lumican decreases PDAC tumour cell growth in xenograft and syngeneic orthotopic animal models, and induces growth inhibition of low-passage human PDAC cells in a species-specific manner. PDAC cells grown in variant culture conditions and exposed to extracellular lumican display typical characterizations of cancer cell in a quiescent state, such as growth inhibition, apoptosis, G0/G1 arrest and chemoresistance. Importantly, extracellular lumican is associated with diminished ERK1/2 phosphorylation and increased p38 phosphorylation within PDAC cells. We further demonstrated that extracellular lumican physically binds with EGFR to trigger EGFR internalization and downregulation of EGFR and its downstream signal molecule ERK. Lumican enhances casitas B-lineage lymphoma expression, which stabilized the TGFβ Type II receptor sensitizing PDAC cells to TGFβ-mediated activation of p38 and SMAD signals. These provide a mechanism for the shift in signalling and phenotypic changes we observed after prolonged exposure to lumican. Together, our findings demonstrate that stromal lumican restrains PDAC cell growth through mediating cell entry into a quiescent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Y Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - D Roife
- Department of General Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Y Lee
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Pratt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M R Perez
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - B Dai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - E J Koay
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J B Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Abstract
Tumor dormancy is one of the stages in tumor development without clinical symptoms. Tumor dormant cells may appear in early stages of tumor development, as well as in micrometastasis and minimal residual disease. The mechanism for the switch of dormant cells between quiescent and proliferative stages is still largely unknown. Potential mechanisms that may account for the transition between dormant tumor cells and proliferative cells include angiogenesis, immune response, cellular factors, and signaling pathways. The clinical and therapeutic importance of dormant cells requires further studies to provide therapeutic strategies for inhibition of metastasis and tumor recurrence.
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26
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Kozlova NI, Morozevich GE, Ushakova NA, Gevorkian NM, Berman AE. Differences between integrin α5β1 and EGRF receptor in signal pathways controlling proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7/Dox human breast carcinoma cells. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750816030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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27
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Dillekås H, Demicheli R, Ardoino I, Jensen SAH, Biganzoli E, Straume O. The recurrence pattern following delayed breast reconstruction after mastectomy for breast cancer suggests a systemic effect of surgery on occult dormant micrometastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 158:169-178. [PMID: 27306422 PMCID: PMC4937089 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the recurrence dynamics in breast cancer patients after delayed reconstruction. We hypothesized that surgical reconstruction might stimulate dormant micrometastases and reduce time to recurrence. All mastectomy breast cancer patients with delayed surgical reconstruction at Haukeland University Hospital, between 1977 and 2007, n = 312, were studied. Our control group consisted of 1341 breast cancer patients without reconstruction. For each case, all patients in the control group with identical T and N stages and age ±2 years were considered. A paired control was randomly selected from this group. 10 years after primary surgery, 39 of the cases had relapsed, compared to 52 of the matched controls. The reconstructed group was analyzed for relapse dynamics after mastectomy; the first peak in relapses was similarly timed, but smaller than for the controls, while the second peak was similar in time and size. Second, the relapse pattern was analyzed with reconstruction as the starting point. A peak in recurrences was found after 18 months, and a lower peak at the 5th-6th year. The height of the peak correlated with the extent of surgery and initial T and N stages. Timing of the peak was not affected, neither was the cumulative effect. The relapse pattern, when time origin is placed both at mastectomy and at reconstruction, is bimodal with a peak position at the same time points, at 2 years and at 5-6 years. The timing of the transition from dormant micrometastases into clinically detectable macrometastases might be explained by an enhancing effect of surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Dillekås
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5012, Bergen, Norway
| | - Romano Demicheli
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ardoino
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Svein A H Jensen
- Department of Plastic- and Reconstructive Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elia Biganzoli
- Scientific Directorate, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Oddbjørn Straume
- Department of Oncology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021, Bergen, Norway.
- Centre of Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, 5012, Bergen, Norway.
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Kozlova N, Morozevich G, Ushakova N, Gevorkian N, Berman A. Implication of integrin alpha5beta1 signal pathways in proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7/Dox human breast carcinoma cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 62:272-8. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In MCF-7/Dox human breast carcinoma cells, down-regulation of integrin alpha5beta1 and inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) markedly reduced rates of cell proliferation. Mitotic cycle analysis showed that alpha5beta1 down-regulation resulted in cell cycle arrest at the S phase, followed by a significant increase in the population of apoptotic cells (subG1 population). Inhibition of EGFR activity also caused cell cycle arrest at the S-phase but without any increase in the subG1 population. Down-regulation of alpha5beta1 and EGFR inhibition resulted in a significant decrease of cell content of the active (phosphorylated) forms of FAK and Erk protein kinases. The data obtained suggest that alpha5beta1 integrin is implicated in cell growth control via inhibition of apoptotic cell death and through EGFR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.I. Kozlova
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - A.E. Berman
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Evans EB, Lin SY. New insights into tumor dormancy: Targeting DNA repair pathways. World J Clin Oncol 2015; 6:80-88. [PMID: 26468441 PMCID: PMC4600194 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v6.i5.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, major strides have advanced the techniques for early detection and treatment of cancer. However, metastatic tumor growth still accounts for the majority of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In fact, breast cancers are notorious for relapsing years or decades after the initial clinical treatment, and this relapse can vary according to the type of breast cancer. In estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, late tumor relapses frequently occur whereas relapses in estrogen receptor-negative cancers or triple negative tumors arise early resulting in a higher mortality risk. One of the main causes of metastasis is tumor dormancy in which cancer cells remain concealed, asymptomatic, and untraceable over a prolonged period of time. Under certain conditions, dormant cells can re-enter into the cell cycle and resume proliferation leading to recurrence. However, the molecular and cellular regulators underlying this transition remain poorly understood. To date, three mechanisms have been identified to trigger tumor dormancy including cellular, angiogenic, and immunologic dormancies. In addition, recent studies have suggested that DNA repair mechanisms may contribute to the survival of dormant cancer cells. In this article, we summarize the recent experimental and clinical evidence governing cancer dormancy. In addition, we will discuss the role of DNA repair mechanisms in promoting the survival of dormant cells. This information provides mechanistic insight to explain why recurrence occurs, and strategies that may enhance therapeutic approaches to prevent disease recurrence.
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Prijić S, Ugrina I, Labar B, Nemet D, Batinić J, Zadro R, Ries S, Gjadrov-Kuvedžić K, Davidović S, Batinić D. Prognostic significance of constitutive phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:2281-8. [DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.990012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kangwan N, Park JM, Kim EH, Hahm KB. Chemoquiescence for ideal cancer treatment and prevention: where are we now? J Cancer Prev 2014; 19:89-6. [PMID: 25337576 PMCID: PMC4204166 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2014.19.2.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a state of reversible cell cycle arrest and is associated with a low metabolic state featured with decreased glycolysis, reduced translation rates, and activation of autophagy, fundamentally to provide nutrients for cell survival similar as seen in hybernation. As signal for quiescence, inactivating the target of rapamycin kinase and resulting reduced cell growth and biosynthesis are essential, but cellular quiescence is not always associated with reduced metabolism since it is also possible to achieve a state of cellular quiescence in which glucose uptake, glycolysis and flux through central carbon metabolism are not reduced. However, in cancer cells, overcoming intrinsic and acquired resistance of cancer stem or cancer dormancy cells to current clinical treatments can be reversed with the acquisition of chemoquiesence. The development of new drug combinations or strategy to treat the highly aggressive and metastatic cancers including relapsed leukaemias, melanoma and head and neck, brain, lung, breast, ovary, prostate, pancreas as well as gastrointestinal cancers which remain incurable in the clinic in spite of aggressive therapies, can be accelerated with the introduction of chemoquiescence agent, for which cancer stem cells or tumor dormancy should be eradicated or removed. Recently potential applications of metformin or chloroquine as well as the potential drugs under investigation such as proton pump inhibitor, sonic hedgehog inhibitor, and Akt inhibitor, are actively investigated in this field of chemoquiescence to achieve cancer cure far beyond those of chemoprevention. In this review article, the evolving concept of chemoquiescence or cancer dormancy will be introduced accompanied by a description of novel target drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Napapan Kangwan
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Min Park
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Grossi V, Peserico A, Tezil T, Simone C. p38α MAPK pathway: A key factor in colorectal cancer therapy and chemoresistance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9744-9758. [PMID: 25110412 PMCID: PMC4123363 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies in the world. Although surgical resection combined with adjuvant therapy is effective at the early stages of the disease, resistance to conventional therapies is frequently observed in advanced stages, where treatments become ineffective. Resistance to cisplatin, irinotecan and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy has been shown to involve mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and recent studies identified p38α MAPK as a mediator of resistance to various agents in CRC patients. Studies published in the last decade showed a dual role for the p38α pathway in mammals. Its role as a negative regulator of proliferation has been reported in both normal (including cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, fibroblasts, hematopoietic and lung cells) and cancer cells (colon, prostate, breast, lung tumor cells). This function is mediated by the negative regulation of cell cycle progression and the transduction of some apoptotic stimuli. However, despite its anti-proliferative and tumor suppressor activity in some tissues, the p38α pathway may also acquire an oncogenic role involving cancer related-processes such as cell metabolism, invasion, inflammation and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about the predominant role of the p38α MAPK pathway in CRC development and chemoresistance. In our view, this might help establish the therapeutic potential of the targeted manipulation of this pathway in clinical settings.
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Differences in metastatic patterns in relation to time between primary surgery and first relapse from breast cancer suggest synchronized growth of dormant micrometastases. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 146:627-36. [PMID: 25038878 PMCID: PMC4112046 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3057-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A significant variation in the metastatic pattern among breast cancer patients exists. Clinical observations suggest that these differences are related to time to recurrence (TTR), thus suggesting a common systemic growth signal at the time of surgery. Our goal was to identify a marker for synchronized growth of micrometastases. To quantify the metastatic pattern at first relapse, 180 patients with metastatic breast cancer were studied. Standard deviation (SD) of lesions size and lesion number was calculated and served as a marker for variation. Patients with low SD (multiple/similar sized lesions) were assumed to have synchronized growth, whereas patients with high SD were assumed to have unsynchronized growth. Patients were grouped according to TTR; early (< 3 years-) or late (> 3 years- after surgery). In patients not receiving systemic adjuvant treatment, median SD was significantly lower in the early group (2.5 mm) compared with 6.4 mm in the late group (p = 0.005). In node negative patients, median SD was significantly lower in the early group (3.0 mm) when compared with the late group (5.7 mm, p = 0.02). An additional drop in SD was observed immediately after end of adjuvant endocrine therapy. Our results identify SD as a marker of synchronized metastatic growth in breast cancer. A metastatic phenotype characterized by multiple similar sized metastases, suggesting synchronized onset of growth of micrometastases was predominantly found in patients recurring early after surgery and was counteracted by adjuvant treatment. Systemic growth signals caused by surgery might be antagonized during the time window following surgery.
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Yumoto K, Berry JE, Taichman RS, Shiozawa Y. A novel method for monitoring tumor proliferation in vivo using fluorescent dye DiD. Cytometry A 2014; 85:548-55. [PMID: 24700602 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring single cell proliferation in vivo is difficult, but optimizing this technique is essential in order to expand our knowledge of the regulation of tumor proliferation. In this study, we used a lipophilic fluorescent dye, DiD, that rapidly and stably integrates into the phospholipid cell membrane. We cultured DiD-stained prostate cancer cell lines for 10 days and isolated cells by flow cytometry based on expression levels of DiD. We found that a decrease in DiD intensity was correlated to the reduction of EdU, where the DiD-high population proliferated more slowly than the DiD-low population and the DiD-low population exhibited a higher mitotic index. We also found that DiD was detected after 3 weeks of implantation in an in vivo setting. Importantly, DiD dye did not have any effect on normal cell growth, whereas a gold standard fluorescent dye for measuring cell proliferation, CFSE, slowed cell proliferation. Although further study is indicated, DiD can be useful for identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor proliferation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yumoto
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109
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Lin WC, Rajbhandari N, Wagner KU. Cancer cell dormancy in novel mouse models for reversible pancreatic cancer: a lingering challenge in the development of targeted therapies. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2138-43. [PMID: 24670819 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the identification of key molecular pathways that play pivotal roles in the initiation and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Among the common genetic and epigenetic changes, oncogenic mutations in Kras and upregulation of the c-Myc oncogene are frequent events in PDAC. Using genetically defined in vivo models, several studies have recently demonstrated that expression of mutant Kras and c-Myc is equally important for the initiation and maintenance of pancreatic cancer. The targeted downregulation of a single oncogene resulted in cancer cell death at primary and metastatic sites. These findings are very encouraging and provide a strong rationale for the development of targeted therapies against these oncogenic drivers. Despite what seemed to be a complete response to the ablation of the oncogene, a few dormant cancer cells remained present, and it was demonstrated that they are a cellular reservoir for a swift relapse of pancreatic cancer following oncogene reactivation. This review summarizes the basic principles of cancer dormancy and the applicability of the novel genetic models for reversible metastatic PDAC to elucidate the role of cancer stem cells as well as biologic and molecular mechanisms that mediate the survival of dormant tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chi Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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Quail DF, Joyce JA. Microenvironmental regulation of tumor progression and metastasis. Nat Med 2014; 19:1423-37. [PMID: 24202395 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5177] [Impact Index Per Article: 517.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancers develop in complex tissue environments, which they depend on for sustained growth, invasion and metastasis. Unlike tumor cells, stromal cell types within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are genetically stable and thus represent an attractive therapeutic target with reduced risk of resistance and tumor recurrence. However, specifically disrupting the pro-tumorigenic TME is a challenging undertaking, as the TME has diverse capacities to induce both beneficial and adverse consequences for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, many studies have shown that the microenvironment is capable of normalizing tumor cells, suggesting that re-education of stromal cells, rather than targeted ablation per se, may be an effective strategy for treating cancer. Here we discuss the paradoxical roles of the TME during specific stages of cancer progression and metastasis, as well as recent therapeutic attempts to re-educate stromal cells within the TME to have anti-tumorigenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela F Quail
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
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Marlow R, Honeth G, Lombardi S, Cariati M, Hessey S, Pipili A, Mariotti V, Buchupalli B, Foster K, Bonnet D, Grigoriadis A, Rameshwar P, Purushotham A, Tutt A, Dontu G. A Novel Model of Dormancy for Bone Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6886-99. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Sawada S, Yamashita N, Suehisa H, Yamashita M. Risk Factors for Recurrence After Lung Cancer Resection as Estimated Using the Survival Tree Method. Chest 2013; 144:1238-1244. [DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-3034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Osisami M, Keller ET. Mechanisms of Metastatic Tumor Dormancy. J Clin Med 2013; 2:136-50. [PMID: 26237067 PMCID: PMC4470233 DOI: 10.3390/jcm2030136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis can occur years after an apparent cure due to a phenomenon known as metastatic tumor dormancy; in which tumor masses or individual tumor cells are growth restricted for extended periods of time. This period of dormancy is induced and maintained by several mechanisms, including: (1) Tumor microenvironment factors such as cytokine expression, immunosurveillance and angiogenesis; (2) Metastasis suppressor gene activity; and (3) Cancer therapeutics. Disseminated tumor cells (DTC) are the key cells that result in dormant tumors. However, many challenges exist towards isolating DTCs for mechanistic studies. The main DTC that may represent the dormant cell is the cancer stem cells (CSC) as they have a slow proliferation rate. In addition to limited knowledge regarding induction of tumor dormancy, there are large gaps in knowledge regarding how tumors escape from dormancy. Emerging research into cancer stem cells, immunotherapy, and metastasis suppressor genes, may lead to new approaches for targeted anti-metastatic therapy to prevent dormancy escape. Overall, an enhanced understanding of tumor dormancy is critical for better targeting and treatment of patients to prevent cancer recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Osisami
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5111 CCGC1500 E. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, USA.
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical School, 5111 CCGC1500 E. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0940, USA.
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Sosa MS, Bragado P, Debnath J, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. Regulation of tumor cell dormancy by tissue microenvironments and autophagy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 734:73-89. [PMID: 23143976 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of metastasis is the major cause of death in cancer patients. In certain instances, this occurs shortly after primary tumor detection and treatment, indicating these lesions were already expanding at the moment of diagnosis or initiated exponential growth shortly after. However, in many types of cancer, patients succumb to metastatic disease years and sometimes decades after being treated for a primary tumor. This has led to the notion that in these patients residual disease may remain in a dormant state. Tumor cell dormancy is a poorly understood phase of cancer progression and only recently have its underlying molecular mechanisms started to be revealed. Important questions that remain to be elucidated include not only which mechanisms prevent residual disease from proliferating but also which mechanisms critically maintain the long-term survival of these disseminated residual cells. Herein, we review recent evidence in support of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms driving dormancy. We also explore how therapy may cause the onset of dormancy in the surviving fraction of cells after treatment and how autophagy may be a mechanism that maintains the residual cells that are viable for prolonged periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Sosa
- Department of Medicine and Otolaryngology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Banys M, Hartkopf AD, Krawczyk N, Kaiser T, Meier-Stiegen F, Fehm T, Neubauer H. Dormancy in breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2012; 4:183-91. [PMID: 24367205 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s26431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor dormancy describes a prolonged quiescent state in which tumor cells are present, but disease progression is not yet clinically apparent. Breast cancer is especially known for long asymptomatic periods, up to 25 years, with no evidence of the disease, followed by a relapse. Factors that determine the cell's decision to enter a dormant state and that control its duration remain unclear. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in understanding how tumor cells circulating in the blood interact and extravasate into secondary sites and which factors might determine whether these cells survive, remain dormant, or become macrometastases. The mechanisms of tumor cell dormancy are still not clear. Two different hypotheses are currently discussed: tumor cells persist either by completely withdrawing from the cell cycle or by continuing to proliferate at a slow rate that is counterbalanced by cell death. Because dormant disseminated tumor cells may be the founders of metastasis, one hypothesis is that dormant tumor cells, or at least a fraction of them, share stem cell-like characteristics that may be responsible for their long half-lives and their suggested resistance to standard chemotherapy. Therefore, knowledge of the biology of tumor cell dormancy may be the basis from which to develop innovative targeted therapies to control or eliminate this tumor cell fraction. In this review, we discuss biological mechanisms and clinical implications of tumor dormancy in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Banys
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Marienkrankenhaus Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas D Hartkopf
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Natalia Krawczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kaiser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Mordant P, Loriot Y, Lahon B, Castier Y, Lesèche G, Soria JC, Massard C, Deutsch E. Minimal residual disease in solid neoplasia: New frontier or red-herring? Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:101-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hua Y, Gorshkov K, Yang Y, Wang W, Zhang N, Hughes DPM. Slow down to stay alive: HER4 protects against cellular stress and confers chemoresistance in neuroblastoma. Cancer 2012; 118:5140-54. [PMID: 22415601 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroblastoma (NBL) is a common pediatric solid tumor, and outcomes for patients with advanced neuroblastoma remain poor despite extremely aggressive treatment. Chemotherapy resistance at relapse contributes heavily to treatment failure. The poor survival of patients with high-risk NBL prompted this investigation into novel treatment options with the objective of gaining a better understanding of resistance mechanisms. On the basis of previous work and on data from publicly available studies, the authors hypothesized that human epidermal growth factor receptor 4 (Her4) contributes to resistance. METHODS Her4 expression was reduced with small-hairpin RNA (shRNA) to over express intracellular HER4, and the authors tested its impact on tumor cell survival under various culture conditions. The resulting changes in gene expression after HER4 knockdown were measured by using a messenger RNA (mRNA) array. RESULTS HER4 expression was up-regulated in tumor spheres compared with the expression in monolayer culture. With HER4 knockdown, NBL cells became less resistant to anoikis and serum starvation. Moreover, HER4 knockdown increased the chemosensitivity of NBL cells to cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and activated ifosfamide. In mRNA array analysis, HER4 knockdown predominately altered genes related to cell cycle regulation. In NBL spheres compared with monolayers, cell proliferation was decreased, and cyclin D expression was reduced. HER4 knockdown reversed cyclin D suppression. Overexpressed intracellular HER4 slowed the cell cycle and induced chemoresistance. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicated that HER4 protects NBL cells from multiple exogenous apoptotic stimuli, including anoikis, nutrient deficiency, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. The intracellular fragment of HER4 was sufficient to confer this phenotype. HER4 functions as a cell cycle suppressor, maintaining resistance to cellular stress. The current findings indicate that HER4 overexpression may be associated with refractory disease, and HER4 may be an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Hua
- Department of Pediatrics Research, Children's Cancer Hospital, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Gao D, Bambang IF, Putti TC, Lee YK, Richardson DR, Zhang D. ERp29 induces breast cancer cell growth arrest and survival through modulation of activation of p38 and upregulation of ER stress protein p58IPK. J Transl Med 2012; 92:200-13. [PMID: 22064321 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum protein 29 (ERp29) is an ER luminal protein that has a role in protein unfolding and secretion, but its role in cancer is unclear. Recently, we reported that overexpression of ERp29 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and prevented tumorigenesis in highly proliferative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Here, we show that ERp29-induced cancer cell growth arrest is modulated by the interplay between the concomitant phosphorylation of p38 and upregulation of the inhibitor of the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase, p58(IPK). In this cell model, ERp29 overexpression significantly downregulates modulators of cell proliferation, namely urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, β(1)-integrin and epidermal growth factor receptor. Furthermore, ERp29 significantly (P<0.001) increases phosphorylation of p38 (p-p38) and reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 secretion. The role of ERp29 in upregulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p15 and p21) and in downregulating cyclin D(2) is demonstrated in slowly proliferating ERp29-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells, whereas the opposite response was observed in ERp29-knockdown MCF-7 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of p-p38 downregulates p15 and p21 and inhibits eIF2α phosphorylation, indicating a role for p-p38 in this process. Furthermore, p58(IPK) expression was increased in ERp29-overexpressing MDA-MB-231 cells and highly decreased in ERp29-knockdown MCF-7 cells. This upregulation of p58(IPK) by ERp29 suppresses the activation of p-p38/p-PERK/p-eIF2α by repressing eIF2α phosphorylation. In fact, reduction of p58(IPK) expression by RNA interference stimulated eIF2α phosphorylation. The repression of eIF2α phosphorylation by p58(IPK) prevents ERp29-transfected cells from undergoing ER-dependent apoptosis driven by the activation of ATF4/CHOP/caspase-3. Hence, the interplay between p38 phosphorylation and p58(IPK) upregulation has key roles in modulating ERp29-induced cell-growth arrest and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
The mechanisms driving dormancy of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) remain largely unknown. Here, we discuss experimental evidence and theoretical frameworks that support three potential scenarios contributing to tumor cell dormancy. The first scenario proposes that DTCs from invasive cancers activate stress signals in response to the dissemination process and/or a growth suppressive target organ microenvironment inducing dormancy. The second scenario asks whether therapy and/or micro-environmental stress conditions (e.g. hypoxia) acting on primary tumor cells carrying specific gene signatures prime new DTCs to enter dormancy in a matching target organ microenvironment that can also control the timing of DTC dormancy. The third and final scenario proposes that early dissemination contributes a population of DTCs that are unfit for immediate expansion and survive mostly in an arrested state well after primary tumor surgery, until genetic and/or epigenetic mechanisms activate their proliferation. We propose that DTC dormancy is ultimately a survival strategy that when targeted will eradicate dormant DTCs preventing metastasis. For these non-mutually exclusive scenarios we review experimental and clinical evidence in their support.
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46
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Sunaga N, Shames DS, Girard L, Peyton M, Larsen JE, Imai H, Soh J, Sato M, Yanagitani N, Kaira K, Xie Y, Gazdar AF, Mori M, Minna JD. Knockdown of oncogenic KRAS in non-small cell lung cancers suppresses tumor growth and sensitizes tumor cells to targeted therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:336-46. [PMID: 21306997 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS is found in more than 25% of lung adenocarcinomas, the major histologic subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and is an important target for drug development. To this end, we generated four NSCLC lines with stable knockdown selective for oncogenic KRAS. As expected, stable knockdown of oncogenic KRAS led to inhibition of in vitro and in vivo tumor growth in the KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells, but not in NSCLC cells that have wild-type KRAS (but mutant NRAS). Surprisingly, we did not see large-scale induction of cell death and the growth inhibitory effect was not complete. To further understand the ability of NSCLCs to grow despite selective removal of mutant KRAS expression, we conducted microarray expression profiling of NSCLC cell lines with or without mutant KRAS knockdown and isogenic human bronchial epithelial cell lines with and without oncogenic KRAS. We found that although the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is significantly downregulated after mutant KRAS knockdown, these NSCLCs showed increased levels of phospho-STAT3 and phospho-epidermal growth factor receptor, and variable changes in phospho-Akt. In addition, mutant KRAS knockdown sensitized the NSCLCs to p38 and EGFR inhibitors. Our findings suggest that targeting oncogenic KRAS by itself will not be sufficient treatment, but may offer possibilities of combining anti-KRAS strategies with other targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Sunaga
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Cancer Center, Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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47
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Sosa MS, Avivar-Valderas A, Bragado P, Wen HC, Aguirre-Ghiso JA. ERK1/2 and p38α/β signaling in tumor cell quiescence: opportunities to control dormant residual disease. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5850-7. [PMID: 21673068 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic minimal residual disease after primary tumor treatment can remain asymptomatic for decades. This is thought to be due to the presence of dormant disseminated tumor cells (DTC) or micrometastases in different organs. DTCs lodged in brain, lungs, livers, and/or bone are a major clinical problem because they are the founders of metastasis, which ultimately kill cancer patients. The problem is further aggravated by our lack of understanding of DTC biology. In consequence, there are almost no rational therapies to prevent dormant DTCs from surviving and expanding. Several cancers, including melanoma as well as breast, prostate, and colorectal carcinomas, undergo dormant periods before metastatic recurrences develop. Here we review our experience in studying the cross-talk between ERK1/2 and p38α/β signaling in models of early cancer progression, dissemination, and DTC dormancy. We also provide some potential translational and clinical applications of these findings and describe how some currently used therapies might be useful to control dormant disease. Finally, we draw caution on the use of p38 inhibitors currently in clinical trials for different diseases as these may accelerate metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Soledad Sosa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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48
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An evolutionary explanation for the perturbation of the dynamics of metastatic tumors induced by surgery and acute inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:945-70. [PMID: 24212648 PMCID: PMC3756398 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery has contributed to unveil a tumor behavior that is difficult to reconcile with the models of tumorigenesis based on gradualism. The postsurgical patterns of progression include unexpected features such as distant interactions and variable rhythms. The underlying evidence can be summarized as follows: (1) the resection of the primary tumor is able to accelerate the evolution of micrometastasis in early stages, and (2) the outcome is transiently opposed in advanced tumors. The objective of this paper is to give some insight into tumorigenesis and surgery-related effects, by applying the concepts of the evolutionary theory in those tumor behaviors that gompertzian and tissular-centered models are unable to explain. According to this view, tumors are the consequence of natural selection operating at the somatic level, which is the basic mechanism of tumorigenesis, notwithstanding the complementary role of the intrinsic constrictions of complex networks. A tumor is a complicated phenomenon that entails growth, evolution and development simultaneously. So, an evo-devo perspective can explain how and why tumor subclones are able to translate competition from a metabolic level into neoangiogenesis and the immune response. The paper proposes that distant interactions are an extension of the ecological events at the local level. This notion explains the evolutionary basis for tumor dormancy, and warns against the teleological view of tumorigenesis as a process directed towards the maximization of a concrete trait such as aggressiveness.
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Speirs CK, Hwang M, Kim S, Li W, Chang S, Varki V, Mitchell L, Schleicher S, Lu B. Harnessing the cell death pathway for targeted cancer treatment. Am J Cancer Res 2010; 1:43-61. [PMID: 21969218 PMCID: PMC3180107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Genotoxic agents have long targeted apoptotic cell death as a primary means of treating cancer. However, the presence of cellular defects in many cancers has contributed to an acquired resistance to apoptotic cell death, lowering the effectiveness of chemo- and radiotherapies. The mechanisms by which cells achieve this resistance to treatment are still being investigated, but an alternative approach is the study of cell death pathways that are mechanistically distinct from apoptosis. These pathways, including autophagy and necrosis, have arisen as attractive targets for cancer therapy. This review will discuss apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in the context of tumorigenesis and drug resistance, as well as provide an up-to-date preclinical and clinical review of inhibitors targeting these cell death pathways for multiple cancer types. The goal of these studies is to identify molecular targets that will enhance the efficacy and specificity of current cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Speirs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Nashville Tennessee, USA
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50
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Abstract
According to a "canonical" view, reactive oxygen species (ROS) positively contribute, in different ways, to carcinogenesis and to malignant progression of tumor cells: they drive genomic damage and genetic instability, transduce, as signaling intermediates, mitogenic and survival inputs by growth factor receptors and adhesion molecules, promote cell motility and shape the tumor microenvironment by inducing inflammation/repair and angiogenesis. Chemopreventive and tumor-inhibitory effects of endogenous, diet-derived or supplemented antioxidants largely support this notion. However, emerging lines of evidence indicates that tumor cells also need to defend themselves from oxidative damage in order to survive and successfully spread at distance. This "heresy" has recently received important impulse from studies on the role of antioxidant capacity in cancer stem cells self-renewal and resistance to therapy; additionally, the transforming activity of some oncogenes has been unexpectedly linked to their capacity to maintain elevated intracellular levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), the principal redox buffer. These studies underline the importance of cellular antioxidant capacity in metastasis, as the result of a complex cell program involving enhanced motility and a profound change in energy metabolism. The glycolytic switch (Warburg effect) observed in malignant tissues is triggered by mitochondrial oxidative damage and/or activation of redox-sensitive transcription factors, and results in an increase of cell resistance to oxidants. On the other hand, cytoskeleton rearrangement underlying cell motile and tumor-aggressive behavior use ROS as intermediates and are therefore facilitated by oxidative stress. Along this line of speculation, we suggest that metastasis represents an integrated strategy for cancer cells to avoid oxidative damage and escape excess ROS in the primary tumor site, explaning why redox signaling pathways are often up-regulated in malignancy and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista Pani
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
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