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Masyuk TV, Masyuk AI, LaRusso NF. Polycystic Liver Disease: Advances in Understanding and Treatment. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:251-269. [PMID: 34724412 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-042320-121247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of cholangiocyte-derived fluid-filled hepatic cysts. PLD is the most common manifestation of autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney diseases and rarely occurs as autosomal dominant PLD. The mechanisms of PLD are a sequence of the primary (mutations in PLD-causative genes), secondary (initiation of cyst formation), and tertiary (progression of hepatic cystogenesis) interconnected molecular and cellular events in cholangiocytes. Nonsurgical, surgical, and limited pharmacological treatment options are currently available for clinical management of PLD. Substantial evidence suggests that pharmacological targeting of the signaling pathways and intracellular processes involved in the progression of hepatic cystogenesis is beneficial for PLD. Many of these targets have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms of PLD and clinical and preclinical treatment strategies. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA;
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA;
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA;
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Masyuk T, Masyuk A, Trussoni C, Howard B, Ding J, Huang B, LaRusso N. Autophagy-mediated reduction of miR-345 contributes to hepatic cystogenesis in polycystic liver disease. JHEP Rep 2021; 3:100345. [PMID: 34568801 PMCID: PMC8449272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is characterised by increased autophagy and reduced miRNA levels in cholangiocytes. Given that autophagy has been implicated in miRNA regulation, we tested the hypothesis that increased autophagy accounts for miRNA reduction in PLD cholangiocytes (PLDCs) and accelerated hepatic cystogenesis. Methods We assessed miRNA levels in cultured normal human cholangiocytes (NHCs), PLDCs, and isolated PLDC autophagosomes by miRNA-sequencing (miRNA-seq), and miRNA targets by mRNA-seq. Levels of miR-345 and miR-345-targeted proteins in livers of animals and humans with PLD, in NHCs and PLDCs, and in PLDCs transfected with pre-miR-345 were assessed by in situ hybridisation (ISH), quantitative PCR, western blotting, and fluorescence confocal microscopy. We also assessed cell proliferation and cyst growth in vitro, and hepatic cystogenesis in vivo. Results In total, 81% of miRNAs were decreased in PLDCs, with levels of 10 miRNAs reduced by more than 10 times; miR-345 was the most-reduced miRNA. In silico analysis and luciferase reporter assays showed that miR-345 targets included cell-cycle and cell-proliferation-related genes [i.e. cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), E2F2, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)]; levels of 4 studied miR-345 targets were increased in PLDCs at both the mRNA and protein levels. Transfection of PLDCs with pre-miR-345 increased miR-345 and decreased the expression of miR-345-targeted proteins, cell proliferation, and cyst growth in vitro. MiR-345 accumulated in autophagosomes in PLDCs but not NHCs. Inhibition of autophagy increased miR-345 levels, decreased the expression of miR-345-targeted proteins, and reduced hepatic cystogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Autophagy-mediated reduction of miR-345 in PLDCs (i.e. miRNAutophagy) accelerates hepatic cystogenesis. Inhibition of autophagy restores miR-345 levels, decreases cyst growth, and is beneficial for PLD. Lay summary Polycystic liver disease (PLD) is an incurable genetic disorder characterised by the progressive growth of hepatic cysts. We found that hepatic cystogenesis is increased when the levels of miR-345 in PLD cholangiocytes (PLDCs) are reduced by autophagy. Restoration of miR-345 in PLDCs via inhibition of autophagy decreases hepatic cystogenesis and thus, is beneficial for PLD. The miRNA profile is altered in PLD. MiR-345 is the most-reduced miRNA in PLDCs. The reduction of miR-345 increases PLDC proliferation and hepatic cystogenesis. MiR-345 in PLDCs is regulated by autophagy, termed ‘miRNAutophagy’. Restoration of miR-345 in PLDC is beneficial for PLD.
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Key Words
- ADPKD, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
- ADPLD, autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease
- AGO2, Argonaute 2
- ALG8, alpha-1,3-glucosyltransferase
- ALG9, alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase
- ARPKD, autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
- CDC25A, cell division cycle 25A
- CDK6, cyclin-dependent kinase 6
- Cell cycle-related proteins
- Cholangiocyte proliferation
- Cholangiocytes
- DNAJB11, DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member B11
- DZIP1L, DAZ interacting zinc finger protein 1 like
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GANAB, glucosidase II alpha subunit
- GO, Gene Ontology
- Genetic liver diseases
- HCQ, hydroxychloroquine
- ISH, in situ hybridisation
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- LRP5, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5
- NHC, normal human cholangiocyte
- NRC, normal rat cholangiocyte
- PCK, polycystic kidney
- PCKC, polycystic kidney rat cholangiocyte
- PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PKD1/2, polycystic kidney disease 1/2
- PKHD1, polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1
- PLD treatment
- PLD, polycystic liver disease
- PLDC, polycystic liver disease cholangiocyte
- PRKCSH, protein kinase C substrate 80K-H
- RPM, reads per million
- SEC61B, SEC61 translocon subunit beta
- SEC63, SEC63 homolog, protein translocation regulator
- WT, wild type
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- miRISC, RNA-induced silencing complex
- miRNA-seq, miRNA-sequencing
- snRNA, small nuclear RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anatoliy Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christy Trussoni
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brynn Howard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jingyi Ding
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bing Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Corresponding author. Address: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, MN 55905, USA. Tel: +1 507 284 1006; Fax: +1 507 284 0762.
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Ge MX, Shao RG, He HW. Advances in understanding the regulatory mechanism of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 164:152-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Masyuk TV, Masyuk AI, LaRusso NF. Therapeutic Targets in Polycystic Liver Disease. Curr Drug Targets 2018; 18:950-957. [PMID: 25915482 DOI: 10.2174/1389450116666150427161743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PLD) are a group of genetic disorders initiated by mutations in several PLD-related genes and characterized by the presence of multiple cholangiocyte-derived hepatic cysts that progressively replace liver tissue. PLD co-exists with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD) and Autosomal Recessive PKD as well as occurs alone (i.e., Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Liver Disease [ADPLD]). PLD associated with ADPKD and ARPKD belong to a group of disorders known as cholangiociliopathies since many disease-causative and disease-related proteins are expressed in primary cilia of cholangiocytes. Aberrant expression of these proteins in primary cilia affects their structures and functions promoting cystogenesis. Current medical therapies for PLD include symptomatic management and surgical interventions. To date, the only available drug treatment for PLD patients that halt disease progression and improve quality of life are somatostatin analogs. However, the modest clinical benefits, need for long-term maintenance therapy, and the high cost of treatment justify the necessity for more effective treatment options. Substantial evidence suggests that experimental manipulations with components of the signaling pathways that influence cyst development (e.g., cAMP, intracellular calcium, receptor tyrosine kinase, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) channel, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), histone deacetylase (HDAC6), Cdc25A phosphatase, miRNAs and metalloproteinases) attenuate growth of hepatic cysts. Many of these targets have been evaluated in pre-clinical trials suggesting their value as potential new therapies. This review outlines the current clinical and preclinical treatment strategies for PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Anatoliy I Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Nicholas F LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street, SW Rochester, Minnesota, MN 55905, United States
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MicroRNAs and extracellular vesicles in cholangiopathies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1293-1307. [PMID: 28711597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Hall C, Ehrlich L, Meng F, Invernizzi P, Bernuzzi F, Lairmore TC, Alpini G, Glaser S. Inhibition of microRNA-24 increases liver fibrosis by enhanced menin expression in Mdr2 -/- mice. J Surg Res 2017; 217:160-169. [PMID: 28602220 PMCID: PMC5760243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver transplantation remains the primary treatment for primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Mdr2-/- mice provide a reliable in vivo model of PSC and develop characteristic biliary inflammation and fibrosis. We tested the hypothesis that the tumor suppressor protein menin is implicated in the progression of liver fibrosis and that menin expression can be regulated in the liver via microRNA-24 (miR-24). MATERIALS AND METHODS Menin expression was measured in human PSC and Mdr2-/- mice. Twelve-week-old FVB/NJ wild-type (WT) and Mdr2-/- mice were treated with miR-24 Vivo-Morpholino to knockdown miR-24 expression levels. Liver fibrosis was evaluated by Sirius Red staining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for genes associated with liver fibrosis, such as fibronectin 1, collagen type 1 alpha 1, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin. Studies were also performed in vitro using immortalized murine cholangiocyte lines treated with miR-24 hairpin inhibitor and mimic. RESULTS Menin gene expression was increased in Mdr2-/- mice and late-stage human PSC samples. Treatment of FVB/NJ WT and Mdr2-/- mice with miR-24 Vivo-Morpholino increased menin expression, which correlated with increased expression of fibrosis genes. In vitro, inhibition of miR-24 also significantly increased the expression of fibrosis genes. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of miR-24 increases menin and TGF-β1 expression, subsequently increasing hepatic fibrosis in FVB/NJ WT and Mdr2-/- mice. Modulation of the menin/miR-24 axis may provide novel targeted therapies to slow the progression of hepatic fibrosis into cirrhosis in PSC patients by altering TGF-β1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Hall
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Laurent Ehrlich
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas
| | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernuzzi
- Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Terry C Lairmore
- Department of Surgery, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Temple, Texas; Baylor Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Baylor Scott & White, Temple, Texas; Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas.
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MicroRNAs in the Cholangiopathies: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1688-712. [PMID: 26343736 PMCID: PMC4600153 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4091688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cholangiopathies are a group of liver diseases resulting from different etiologies but with the cholangiocyte as the primary target. As a group, the cholangiopathies result in significant morbidity and mortality and represent one of the main indications for liver transplant in both children and adults. Contributing to this situation is the absence of a thorough understanding of their pathogenesis and a lack of adequate diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that modify gene expression post-transcriptionally. They have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including the cholangiopathies. Thus, in this review we provide an overview of the literature on miRNAs in the cholangiopathies and discuss future research directions.
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Liu F, He Y, Shu R, Wang S. MicroRNA-1297 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and apoptosis by targeting EZH2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:4972-4980. [PMID: 26191190 PMCID: PMC4503062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we suggested the level of miR-1297 was downreguled in the human hepatocellular carcinoma compared to the normal cells. We demonstrate ectopic expression of miR-1297 could significantly suppress hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation and enhance the cell apoptosis. In vitro reporter assay suggested EZH2 is a direct target gene of miR-1297. Furthermore, knockdown of EZH2 have the same effect with miR-1297 overeexpression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. These findings provide evidence that miR-1297 plays a key role in inhibition of the hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation, and enhancing cell apoptosis through targeting EZH2, and strongly suggest that ex ogenous miR-1297 may have therapeutic value in treating hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Yukai He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
| | - Ronghua Shu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong UniversityJi’nan 250000, Shandong, China
| | - Sikui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Liaocheng People’s HospitalLiaocheng 252000, Shandong, China
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Gradilone SA, O’Hara SP, Masyuk TV, Pisarello MJL, LaRusso NF. MicroRNAs and benign biliary tract diseases. Semin Liver Dis 2015; 35:26-35. [PMID: 25632932 PMCID: PMC4413449 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1397346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree, represent only a small portion of the total liver cell population (3-5%), but they are responsible for the secretion of up to 40% of total daily bile volume. In addition, cholangiocytes are the target of a diverse group of liver diseases affecting the biliary tract, the cholangiopathies; for most of these conditions, the pathological mechanisms are unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Thus, it is not surprising that altered miRNA profiles underlie the dysregulation of several proteins involved in the pathobiology of the cholangiopathies, as well as showing promise as diagnostic and prognostic tools. Here the authors review recent work relevant to the role of miRNAs in the etiopathogenesis of several of the cholangiopathies (i.e., fibroinflammatory cholangiopathies and polycystic liver diseases), discuss their value as prognostic and diagnostic tools, and provide suggestions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A. Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Steven P. O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tetyana V. Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria Jose Lorenzo Pisarello
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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O’Hara SP, Gradilone SA, Masyuk TV, Tabibian JH, LaRusso NF. MicroRNAs in Cholangiopathies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 2:133-142. [PMID: 25097819 PMCID: PMC4119442 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-014-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiocytes, the cells lining bile ducts, comprise a small fraction of the total cellular component of the liver, yet perform the essential role of bile modification and transport of biliary and blood constituents. Cholangiopathies are a diverse group of biliary disorders with the cholangiocyte as the target cell; the etiopathogenesis of most cholangiopathies remains obscure. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. These small RNAs may not only be involved in the etiopathogenesis of disease, but are showing promise as diagnostic and prognostic tools. In this brief review, we summarize recent work regarding the role of microRNAs in the etiopathogenesis of several cholangiopathies, and discuss their utility as prognostic and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P. O’Hara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Sergio A. Gradilone
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Tetyana V. Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - James H. Tabibian
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and the Mayo Clinic Center for Cell Signaling in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Bertero T, Bourget-Ponzio I, Puissant A, Loubat A, Mari B, Meneguzzi G, Auberger P, Barbry P, Ponzio G, Rezzonico R. Tumor suppressor function of miR-483-3p on squamous cell carcinomas due to its pro-apoptotic properties. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2183-93. [PMID: 24067364 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequent alteration of miRNA expression in many cancers, together with our recent reports showing a robust accumulation of miR-483-3p at the final stage of skin wound healing, and targeting of CDC25A leading to an arrest of keratinocyte proliferation, led us to hypothesize that miR-483-3p could also be endowed with antitumoral properties. We tested that hypothesis by documenting the in vitro and in vivo impacts of miR-483-3p in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells. miR-483-3p sensitized SCC cells to serum deprivation- and drug-induced apoptosis, thus exerting potent tumor suppressor activities. Its pro-apoptotic activity was mediated by a direct targeting of several anti-apoptotic genes, such as API5, BIRC5, and RAN. Interestingly, an in vivo delivery of miR-483-3p into subcutaneous SCC xenografts significantly hampered tumor growth. This effect was explained by an inhibition of cell proliferation and an increase of apoptosis. This argues for its further use as an adjuvant in the many instances of cancers characterized by a downregulation of miR-483-3p.
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Munoz-Garrido P, Fernandez-Barrena MG, Hijona E, Carracedo M, Marín JJG, Bujanda L, Banales JM. MicroRNAs in biliary diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6189-6196. [PMID: 23180938 PMCID: PMC3501766 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i43.6189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies are a group of diseases primarily or secondarily affecting bile duct cells, and result in cholangiocyte proliferation, regression, and/or transformation. Their etiopathogenesis may be associated with a broad variety of causes of different nature, which includes genetic, neoplastic, immune-associated, infectious, vascular, and drug-induced alterations, or being idiopathic. miRNAs, small non-coding endogenous RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression, have been associated with pathophysiological processes in different organs and cell types, and are postulated as potential targets for diagnosis and therapy. In the current manuscript, knowledge regarding the role of miRNAs in the development and/or progression of cholangiopathies has been reviewed and the most relevant findings in this promising field of hepatology have been highlighted.
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Zhang C, Chi YL, Wang PY, Wang YQ, Zhang YX, Deng J, Lv CJ, Xie SY. miR-511 and miR-1297 inhibit human lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation by targeting oncogene TRIB2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46090. [PMID: 23071539 PMCID: PMC3465292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate genes and contribute to many kinds of human diseases, including cancer. Two miRNAs, miR-511 and miR-1297, were investigated for a possible role in adenocarcinoma based on predicted binding sites for the TRIB2 oncogene by microRNA analysis software, and the pcDNA-GFP-TRIB2-3'UTR vector was constructed to investigate the interaction between TRIB2 and miR-511/1297 in the adenocarcinoma cell line A549. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression was estimated by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry after A549 cells were co-transfected with miR-511 (or miR-1297) and pcDNA-GFP-TRIB2-3'UTR vector. The expression of GFP in the miR-511- and miR-1297-treated cells was significantly downregulated in contrast with the negative-control (NC) miRNA-treated cells. The decreased expression of TRIB2 was further detected after miR-511 (or miR-1297) treatment by western blotting. The MTT test showed inhibition of A549 cell proliferation and Annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining showed increased apoptosis in the miR-511- and miR-1297-treated cells compared to the NC cultures. A transcription factor downstream of TRIB2, the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα), was expression at higher levels after miR-511 (or miR-1297) decreasing TRIB2 expression. Our results illustrate that miR-511 and miR-1297 act as tumor suppressor genes, which could suppress A549 cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo by suppressing TRIB2 and further increasing C/EBPα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology in Binzhou Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, P.R.China
| | - Yong Liang Chi
- Shandong China Traditional Medical Affiliated Hospital, Ji Nan, P.R.China
| | - Ping Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology in Binzhou Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, P.R.China
| | - Ya Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology in Binzhou Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, P.R.China
| | - Yan Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology in Binzhou Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, P.R.China
| | - Jingti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan, P.R.China
| | - Chang Jun Lv
- The Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical University, BinZhou, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (CL); (SX)
| | - Shu Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tumour Molecular Biology in Binzhou Medical University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Binzhou Medical University, YanTai, ShanDong, P.R.China
- The Affiliated Hospital to Binzhou Medical University, BinZhou, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (CL); (SX)
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Caroli's Disease: Current Knowledge of Its Biliary Pathogenesis Obtained from an Orthologous Rat Model. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:107945. [PMID: 22007315 PMCID: PMC3168917 DOI: 10.1155/2012/107945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Caroli's disease belongs to a group of hepatic fibropolycystic diseases and is a hepatic manifestation of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). It is a congenital disorder characterized by segmental saccular dilatations of the large intrahepatic bile duct and is frequently associated with congenital hepatic fibrosis (CHF). The most viable theory explaining its pathogenesis suggests that it is related to ductal plate malformation. The development of the polycystic kidney (PCK) rat, an orthologous rodent model of Caroli's disease with CHF as well as ARPKD, has allowed the molecular pathogenesis of the disease and the therapeutic options for its treatment to be examined. The relevance of the findings of studies using PCK rats and/or the cholangiocyte cell line derived from them to the pathogenesis of human Caroli's disease is currently being analyzed. Fibrocystin/polyductin, the gene product responsible for ARPKD, is normally localized to primary cilia, and defects in the fibrocystin from primary cilia are observed in PCK cholangiocytes. Ciliopathies involving PCK cholangiocytes (cholangiociliopathies) appear to be associated with decreased intracellular calcium levels and increased cAMP concentrations, causing cholangiocyte hyperproliferation, abnormal cell matrix interactions, and altered fluid secretion, which ultimately result in bile duct dilatation. This article reviews the current knowledge about the pathogenesis of Caroli's disease with CHF, particularly focusing on studies of the mechanism responsible for the biliary dysgenesis observed in PCK rats.
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Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common genetic disorder in which extensive epithelial-lined cysts develop in the kidneys. In previous studies, abnormalities of polycystin protein and its interacting proteins, as well as primary cilia, have been suggested to play critical roles in the development of renal cysts. However, although several therapeutic targets for PKD have been suggested, no early diagnosis or effective treatments are currently available. Current developments are active for treatment of PKD including inhibitors or antagonists of PPAR-γ, TNF-α, CDK and VEGF. These drugs are potential therapeutic targets in PKD, and need to be determined about pathological functions in human PKD. It has recently been reported that the alteration of epigenetic regulation, as well as gene mutations, may affect the pathogenesis of PKD. In this review, we will discuss recent approaches to PKD therapy. It provides important information regarding potential targets for PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Park
- Department of Biological Science, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 140-742, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The present review summarizes the existing knowledge on polycystic liver disease (PCLD) and highlights the progress made in medical treatment for this condition in the past year. RECENT FINDINGS PCLD is associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal dominant PCLD. Signaling pathways of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are aberrantly regulated in polycystic livers and promote hepatic cystogenesis. Somatostatin analogues reduce intracellular cAMP, and this might prevent fluid accumulation in hepatic cysts. Several clinical trials published over the last year now show that somatostatin analogues when given for 6-12 months in patients with ADPKD and PCLD decrease total liver volume, attenuate polycystic kidney volume, and improve perception of health. In two recent studies mTOR inhibitors failed to halt the progression of ADPKD. It is still too early to recommend to start somatostatin analogues in PCLD and definitive answers should come from future clinical trials. SUMMARY Somatostatin analogues are promising new medical drug options in the treatment of PCLD. However, more needs to be elucidated with regard to molecular mechanisms in hepatic cystogenesis, the uncertainty who will respond to therapy and long-term outcomes.
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Masyuk AI, Huang BQ, Ward CJ, Gradilone SA, Banales JM, Masyuk TV, Radtke B, Splinter PL, LaRusso NF. Biliary exosomes influence cholangiocyte regulatory mechanisms and proliferation through interaction with primary cilia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G990-9. [PMID: 20634433 PMCID: PMC2957333 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00093.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that are thought to participate in intercellular communication. Recent work from our laboratory suggests that, in normal and cystic liver, exosome-like vesicles accumulate in the lumen of intrahepatic bile ducts, presumably interacting with cholangiocyte cilia. However, direct evidence for exosome-ciliary interaction is limited and the physiological relevance of such interaction remains unknown. Thus, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that biliary exosomes are involved in intercellular communication by interacting with cholangiocyte cilia and inducing intracellular signaling and functional responses. Exosomes were isolated from rat bile by differential ultracentrifugation and characterized by scanning, transmission, and immunoelectron microscopy. The exosome-ciliary interaction and its effects on ERK1/2 signaling, expression of the microRNA, miR-15A, and cholangiocyte proliferation were studied on ciliated and deciliated cultured normal rat cholangiocytes. Our results show that bile contains vesicles identified as exosomes by their size, characteristic "saucer-shaped" morphology, and specific markers, CD63 and Tsg101. When NRCs were exposed to isolated biliary exosomes, the exosomes attached to cilia, inducing a decrease of the phosphorylated-to-total ERK1/2 ratio, an increase of miR-15A expression, and a decrease of cholangiocyte proliferation. All these effects of biliary exosomes were abolished by the pharmacological removal of cholangiocyte cilia. Our findings suggest that bile contains exosomes functioning as signaling nanovesicles and influencing intracellular regulatory mechanisms and cholangiocyte proliferation through interaction with primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoliy I. Masyuk
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
| | - Bing Q. Huang
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
| | - Christopher J. Ward
- 2Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Sergio A. Gradilone
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and ,3Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, School of Medicine and Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada (CIMA) of the University of Navarra and CIBERehd, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Tatyana V. Masyuk
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
| | - Brynn Radtke
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
| | - Patrick L. Splinter
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- 1Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and
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Onori P, Franchitto A, Mancinelli R, Carpino G, Alvaro D, Francis H, Alpini G, Gaudio E. Polycystic liver diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2010; 42:261-71. [PMID: 20138815 PMCID: PMC2894157 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PCLDs) are genetic disorders with heterogeneous etiologies and a range of phenotypic presentations. PCLD exhibits both autosomal or recessive dominant pattern of inheritance and is characterized by the progressive development of multiple cysts, isolated or associated with polycystic kidney disease, that appear more extensive in women. Cholangiocytes have primary cilia, functionally important organelles (act as mechanosensors) that are involved in both normal developmental and pathological processes. The absence of polycystin-1, 2, and fibrocystin/polyductin, normally localized to primary cilia, represent a potential mechanism leading to cyst formation, associated with increased cell proliferation and apoptosis, enhanced fluid secretion, abnormal cell-matrix interactions, and alterations in cell polarity. Proliferative and secretive activities of cystic epithelium can be regulated by estrogens either directly or by synergizing growth factors including nerve growth factor, IGF1, FSH and VEGF. The abnormalities of primary cilia and the sensitivity to proliferative effects of estrogens and different growth factors in PCLD cystic epithelium provide the morpho-functional basis for future treatment targets, based on the possible modulation of the formation and progression of hepatic cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Onori
- Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A. Franchitto
- Dept Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - R. Mancinelli
- Dept Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - G. Carpino
- Dept Health Science, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Italy
| | - D. Alvaro
- Gastroenterology, Polo Pontino, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - H. Francis
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA
| | - G. Alpini
- Research, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, USA, Scott & White Digestive Disease Research Center, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, USA
| | - E. Gaudio
- Dept Human Anatomy, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy, Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 0649918060; fax: +39 0649918062. (E. Gaudio)
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Yamamoto K, Takenaka K, Matsumata T, Shimada M, Itasaka H, Shirabe K, Sugimachi K. Right hepatic lobectomy in elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [PMID: 9164528 DOI: 10.4236/ojim.2012.23024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The outcome of hepatectomy in elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma have been reported, however neither the morphological nor functional hepatic regeneration in elderly patients have been fully investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty-six patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, who underwent a right hepatic lobectomy over an 8-year period, were classified into three groups according to their age; group 1 (n = 7), more than 70 years of age; group 2 (n = 40), patients from 50 to 69 years of age and group 3 (n = 9), under 50 years of age. There were no significant differences regarding backgrounds or intra-operative parameters among the three groups. The perioperative hepatic function, postoperative complications and the regeneration rate of the remnant left lobe at 1 month after operation were compared. RESULTS No differences were found in the regeneration rate, however, the levels of the hepaplastin test and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase at 7 days after hepatectomy in group 1 (31.3%, 8.8 U) were significantly lower than those in groups 2 and 3 (37.4%, 18.4 U; 47.9%, 29.4 U, respectively). The incidence of hospital death due to hepatic failure in group 1 (42.9%) was also significantly higher than that of group 2 (5.0%) or group 3 (0%). CONCLUSION The decline of postoperative protein synthesis regardless of the voluminal regeneration is a characteristic of the elderly. This phenomenon might thus be an important promoter of postoperative hepatic failure which remains unpredictable using any type of examination. Therefore, at this time, a major hepatectomy is not recommended as a viable treatment alternative in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery II, Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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