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Dong R, Meng X, Chang H, Lei Y, Hu Y, Yan Y, Song G. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through Inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Spermatogonia. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:4065-4077. [PMID: 38079059 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03984-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) can result in the reduction of sperm numbers, but the mechanisms have not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TiO2 NPs on cell cycle and apoptosis in spermatogonia and to explore the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in this process. The mouse spermatogonia cell line (GC-1) was treated with TiO2 NPs at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 μg/mL) for 24 h to detect cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and key proteins related to cell cycle and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. The agonist (IGF-1) and inhibitor (LY294002) of PI3K were used to verify the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in cell cycle and apoptosis. TiO2 NPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and resulted in apoptosis. TiO2 NPs downregulated the levels of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, including CDK4, CDK2, Cyclin D1 and Cyclin E1, while upregulated the levels of p21 and p53 proteins. Furthermore, TiO2 NPs inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by decreasing the levels of p-PI3K, p-AKT and p-mTOR. IGF-1 reversed the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis caused by TiO2 NPs. However, LY294002 aggravated the G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis resulting from TiO2 NPs. Collectively, TiO2 NPs induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and apoptosis through inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which could be the main reason for the reduction in sperm numbers caused by TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyun Dong
- Department of Preventive Medicine / the Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojia Meng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Chang
- Department of Preventive Medicine / the Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuzhu Lei
- Department of Preventive Medicine / the Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yunhua Hu
- Department of Preventive Medicine / the Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yizhong Yan
- Department of Preventive Medicine / the Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guanling Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine / the Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832000, Xinjiang, China.
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Misiakiewicz K, Kolasa A, Kondarewicz A, Marchlewicz M, Wiszniewska B. Expression of the c-Kit receptor in germ cells of the seminiferous epithelium in rats with hormonal imbalance. Reprod Biol 2013; 13:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhang S, Zeng Y, Qu J, Luo Y, Wang X, Li W. Endogenous EGF maintains Sertoli germ cell anchoring junction integrity and is required for early recovery from acute testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury. Reproduction 2013; 145:177-89. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Administration of exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) improves testicular injury after acute ischemia–reperfusion (IR) stress, but the molecular basis is poorly understood. The role of endogenous EGF in testicular recovery and the underlying intracellular signaling pathways involved were herein investigated. In mice, testicular IR injury significantly enhanced the expression level of endogenousEgfat the very beginning of reperfusion. Expression of EGF receptor (Egfr(ErbB1)) was accordingly upregulated 3 h after reperfusion. Deprivation of majority of circulated EGF by sialoadenectomy aggravated testicular detriment (especially in pachytene spermatocytes), enhanced germ cell apoptosis, and thereafter resulted in impaired meiotic differentiation after IR insult. Mechanistically, endogenous EGF signaling appeared to be indispensable for the proper maintenance of Sertoli germ cells anchoring junction dynamics during the early testicular recovery. We also provided thein vitroevidences in a well-established rat Sertoli germ cell co-cultures model that the pro-survival effect of endogenous EGF on germ cells in response to testicular IR insult is mediated, at least in part, via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/pAkt pathway. Collectively, our results suggest that the augment of endogenous EGF during the early testicular recovery may act on top of an endocrinous cascade orchestrating the intimate interactions between Sertoli cells and germ cells and may operate as indispensable defensive mechanism in response to testicular IR stress. Future studies in this field would shed light on this complicated pathogenesis.
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Méndez J. Cyclin E goes nuts: a cell cycle regulator affects male fertility. Cell Cycle 2011; 9:4782. [PMID: 21248485 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.24.14060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Vogiatzi P, Mason PJ. Research highlights on a notable retrovirus and a popular guardian gene. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4786. [PMID: 21248483 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.24.14166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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