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Sun BL, Wang LH, Yang T, Sun JY, Mao LL, Yang MF, Yuan H, Colvin RA, Yang XY. Lymphatic drainage system of the brain: A novel target for intervention of neurological diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:118-143. [PMID: 28903061 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The belief that the vertebrate brain functions normally without classical lymphatic drainage vessels has been held for many decades. On the contrary, new findings show that functional lymphatic drainage does exist in the brain. The brain lymphatic drainage system is composed of basement membrane-based perivascular pathway, a brain-wide glymphatic pathway, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage routes including sinus-associated meningeal lymphatic vessels and olfactory/cervical lymphatic routes. The brain lymphatic systems function physiological as a route of drainage for interstitial fluid (ISF) from brain parenchyma to nearby lymph nodes. Brain lymphatic drainage helps maintain water and ion balance of the ISF, waste clearance, and reabsorption of macromolecular solutes. A second physiological function includes communication with the immune system modulating immune surveillance and responses of the brain. These physiological functions are influenced by aging, genetic phenotypes, sleep-wake cycle, and body posture. The impairment and dysfunction of the brain lymphatic system has crucial roles in age-related changes of brain function and the pathogenesis of neurovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory diseases, as well as brain injury and tumors. In this review, we summarize the key component elements (regions, cells, and water transporters) of the brain lymphatic system and their regulators as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of neurologic diseases and their resulting complications. Finally, we highlight the clinical importance of ependymal route-based targeted gene therapy and intranasal drug administration in the brain by taking advantage of the unique role played by brain lymphatic pathways in the regulation of CSF flow and ISF/CSF exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
| | - Li-Hua Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, China
| | - Tuo Yang
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jing-Yi Sun
- Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Gangwon 220-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Lei-Lei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Ming-Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Hui Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Robert A Colvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Neuroscience Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cerebral Microcirculation in Universities of Shandong (Taishan Medical University), Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271000, China.
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Proft J, Weiss N. Rectifying rectifier channels in Huntington disease. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e29410. [PMID: 25191533 PMCID: PMC4153761 DOI: 10.4161/cib.29410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal abnormalities in neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington disease, Alzheimer disease or Parkinson disease have been the primary focus of decades of research. However, increasing evidences indicate that glial cells and more specifically astrocytes could be as important players as their big brother. It is now particularly evident in Huntington disease where astrocytal potassium channels have emerged as a likely key factor in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Proft
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Weiss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
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Proft J, Weiss N. T-type Ca(2+) channels: New players in the aging brain. Commun Integr Biol 2014; 7:e28424. [PMID: 24748914 PMCID: PMC3990594 DOI: 10.4161/cib.28424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Perhaps one of the most remarkable features of T-type calcium channels is their low-threshold of activation that makes these channels important candidates for calcium entry near the resting membrane potential of neurons. Hence, they mediate low-threshold burst discharges that occur during different forms of neuronal rhythmogenesis, but play also important roles in sensory transmission, as well as hormone and neurotransmitter release. Additionally, they have been implicated in an increasing number of neuronal pathologies including neuropathy, autism spectrum disorders and some forms of epilepsy. More recently, an implication of T-type calcium channel in the processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein was documented, with possible implication in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Proft
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Norbert Weiss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague, Czech Republic
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