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Erickson E, Junker RR, Ali JG, McCartney N, Patch HM, Grozinger CM. Complex floral traits shape pollinator attraction to ornamental plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 130:561-577. [PMID: 35732011 PMCID: PMC9510942 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Ornamental flowering plant species are often used in managed greenspaces to attract and support pollinator populations. In natural systems, selection by pollinators is hypothesized to result in convergent multimodal floral phenotypes that are more attractive to specific pollinator taxa. In contrast, ornamental cultivars are bred via artificial selection by humans, and exhibit diverse and distinct phenotypes. Despite their prevalence in managed habitats, the influence of cultivar phenotypic variation on plant attractiveness to pollinator taxa is not well resolved. METHODS We used a combination of field and behavioural assays to evaluate how variation in floral visual, chemical and nutritional traits impacted overall attractiveness and visitation by pollinator taxonomic groups and bee species to 25 cultivars of five herbaceous perennial ornamental plant genera. KEY RESULTS Despite significant phenotypic variation, cultivars tended to attract a broad range of pollinator species. Nonetheless, at the level of insect order (bee, fly, butterfly, beetle), attraction was generally modulated by traits consistent with the pollination syndrome hypothesis. At the level of bee species, the relative influence of traits on visitation varied across plant genera, with some floral phenotypes leading to a broadening of the visitor community, and others leading to exclusion of visitation by certain bee species. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate how pollinator choice is mediated by complex multimodal floral signals. Importantly, the traits that had the greatest and most consistent effect on regulating pollinator attraction were those that are commonly selected for in cultivar development. Though variation among cultivars in floral traits may limit the pollinator community by excluding certain species, it may also encourage interactions with generalist taxa to support pollinator diversity in managed landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R R Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants, Department of Biology, University of Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - J G Ali
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, ASI Building University Park, PA, USA
| | - N McCartney
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, ASI Building University Park, PA, USA
| | - H M Patch
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, ASI Building University Park, PA, USA
| | - C M Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, ASI Building University Park, PA, USA
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2
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Cabon V, Kracht A, Seitz B, Kowarik I, von der Lippe M, Buchholz S. Urbanisation modulates the attractiveness of plant communities to pollinators by filtering for floral traits. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Cabon
- Technische Univ. Berlin, Dept of Ecology Berlin Germany
- Univ. de Rennes 1, CNRS‐ECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, Biodiversité, Évolution) UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - Alice Kracht
- Technische Univ. Berlin, Dept of Ecology Berlin Germany
| | - Birgit Seitz
- Technische Univ. Berlin, Dept of Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Ingo Kowarik
- Technische Univ. Berlin, Dept of Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Moritz von der Lippe
- Technische Univ. Berlin, Dept of Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Sascha Buchholz
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Inst. of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
- Inst. of Landscape Ecology, Univ. of Münster Münster Germany
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3
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Trunschke J, Lunau K, Pyke GH, Ren ZX, Wang H. Flower Color Evolution and the Evidence of Pollinator-Mediated Selection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:617851. [PMID: 34381464 PMCID: PMC8350172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.617851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of floral traits in animal-pollinated plants involves the interaction between flowers as signal senders and pollinators as signal receivers. Flower colors are very diverse, effect pollinator attraction and flower foraging behavior, and are hypothesized to be shaped through pollinator-mediated selection. However, most of our current understanding of flower color evolution arises from variation between discrete color morphs and completed color shifts accompanying pollinator shifts, while evidence for pollinator-mediated selection on continuous variation in flower colors within populations is still scarce. In this review, we summarize experiments quantifying selection on continuous flower color variation in natural plant populations in the context of pollinator interactions. We found that evidence for significant pollinator-mediated selection is surprisingly limited among existing studies. We propose several possible explanations related to the complexity in the interaction between the colors of flowers and the sensory and cognitive abilities of pollinators as well as pollinator behavioral responses, on the one hand, and the distribution of variation in color phenotypes and fitness, on the other hand. We emphasize currently persisting weaknesses in experimental procedures, and provide some suggestions for how to improve methodology. In conclusion, we encourage future research to bring together plant and animal scientists to jointly forward our understanding of the mechanisms and circumstances of pollinator-mediated selection on flower color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Trunschke
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Graham H. Pyke
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Zong-Xin Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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4
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Dalrymple RL, Kemp DJ, Flores-Moreno H, Laffan SW, White TE, Hemmings FA, Moles AT. Macroecological patterns in flower colour are shaped by both biotic and abiotic factors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1972-1985. [PMID: 32533864 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is a wealth of research on the way interactions with pollinators shape flower traits. However, we have much more to learn about influences of the abiotic environment on flower colour. We combine quantitative flower colour data for 339 species from a broad spatial range covering tropical, temperate, arid, montane and coastal environments from 9.25ºS to 43.75ºS with 11 environmental variables to test hypotheses about how macroecological patterns in flower colouration relate to biotic and abiotic conditions. Both biotic community and abiotic conditions are important in explaining variation of flower colour traits on a broad scale. The diversity of pollinating insects and the plant community have the highest predictive power for flower colouration, followed by mean annual precipitation and solar radiation. On average, flower colours are more chromatic where there are fewer pollinators, solar radiation is high, precipitation and net primary production are low, and growing seasons are short, providing support for the hypothesis that higher chromatic contrast of flower colours may be related to stressful conditions. To fully understand the ecology and evolution of flower colour, we should incorporate the broad selective context that plants experience into research, rather than focusing primarily on effects of plant-pollinator interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon L Dalrymple
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Darrell J Kemp
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Habacuc Flores-Moreno
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Shawn W Laffan
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas E White
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Frank A Hemmings
- John T. Waterhouse Herbarium, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Angela T Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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5
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Pollinator divergence and pollination isolation between hybrids with different floral color and morphology in two sympatric Penstemon species. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8126. [PMID: 32415216 PMCID: PMC7229217 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64964-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential visitation of pollinators due to divergent floral traits can lead to reproductive isolation via assortative pollen flow, which may ultimately be a driving force in plant speciation, particularly in areas of overlap. We evaluate the effects of pollinator behavioral responses to variation of intraspecific floral color and nectar rewards, on reproductive isolation between two hybrid flower color morphs (fuchsia and blue) and their parental species Penstemon roseus and P. gentianoides with a mixed-pollination system. We show that pollinators (bumblebees and hummingbirds) exhibit different behavioral responses to fuchsia and blue morphs, which could result from differential attraction or deterrence. In addition to differences in color (spectral reflectance), we found that plants with fuchsia flowers produced more and larger flowers, produced more nectar and were more visited by pollinators than those with blue flowers. These differences influenced the foraging behavior and effectiveness as pollinators of both bumblebees and hummingbirds, which contributed to reproductive isolation between the two hybrid flower color morphs and parental species. This study demonstrates how differentiation of pollination traits promotes the formation of hybrid zones leading to pollinator shifts and reproductive isolation. While phenotypic traits of fuchsia and red flowers might encourage more efficient hummingbird pollination in a mixed-pollination system, the costs of bumblebee pollination on plant reproduction could be the drivers for the repeated shifts from bumblebee- to hummingbird-mediated pollination.
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Dorin A, Shrestha M, Herrmann M, Burd M, Dyer AG. Automated calculation of spectral-reflectance marker-points to enable analysis of plant colour-signalling to pollinators. MethodsX 2020; 7:100827. [PMID: 32257838 PMCID: PMC7125344 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2020.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A spectral reflectance curve for a coloured surface can be constructed from a set of radiation reflectance value measurements made across the spectrum at discrete wavelengths. The curve gives an indication of the pattern of light entering the eye of an organism viewing an illuminated object. Marker points represent the positions along a reflectance curve at which sharp transitions in reflectance occur, these being potentially important to visual perception, for instance by insects discriminating between two flowers, each of a different colour. Consequently, methods of marker point analysis have been applied in several studies evaluating flower colours. These studies have sometimes required researchers to place marker points on reflectance curves by eye, or they have used algorithms written as unreleased software. To automate the process systematically and provide open access, we implemented special-purpose software in C++. Below we provide a summary of the approach adopted in our implementation and made available online in a port to TypeScript. The main benefits of our method are summarized as being:Automation and repeatability. Standardisation, cross-platform compatibility and Open Access. Interactive exploration of the effects of parameter variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Dorin
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Australia
| | - Mani Shrestha
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing-Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT, Australia
| | | | - Martin Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Australia
| | - Adrian G Dyer
- Bio-Inspired Digital Sensing-Lab, School of Media and Communication, RMIT, Australia
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7
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An L, Neimann A, Eberling E, Algora H, Brings S, Lunau K. The yellow specialist: dronefly Eristalis tenax prefers different yellow colours for landing and proboscis extension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.184788. [PMID: 30190319 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Droneflies, imagoes of the hoverfly Eristalis tenax, are known to possess a preference for yellow flowers, i.e. they prefer to visit yellow flowers and prefer to extend the proboscis to yellow colours. In this study we disentangle these colour preferences by investigating the landing reaction and proboscis reflex with particular reference to intensity, spectral purity and dominant wavelength of colour stimuli and their UV reflection properties. In multiple-choice tests, naïve and non-trained flies prefer to land on yellow colours independent of their UV reflection characteristics, but also accept blue, white and pink colours if they absorb UV and are of sufficient brightness. Flies trained to land on colours other than yellow still prefer yellow colours to some extent. Moreover, the flies prefer bright over dark yellow colours even if trained to dark yellow ones. The flies refuse to land on dark colours of all hues. Naïve flies exhibit the proboscis reflex only to pure yellow pollen. These experiments show for the first time that landing in droneflies is triggered by a yellow colour independent of its UV reflection properties, but proboscis extension is triggered by yellow colours strongly absorbing blue and UV. The ability to discriminate colours is better than predicted by the categorical colour vision model. The colour preferences in E. tenax represent a fine-tuned ability to visit yellow flowers displaying a UV bull's-eye pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina An
- College of Plant Protection, Entomology Department, Hebei Agricultural University, 071000 Baoding, China.,Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Neimann
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eugen Eberling
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hanna Algora
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brings
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Lunau
- Institute of Sensory Ecology, Biology Department, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Paudel BR, Shrestha M, Dyer AG, Li QJ. Ginger and the beetle: Evidence of primitive pollination system in a Himalayan endemic alpine ginger (Roscoea alpina, Zingiberaceae). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180460. [PMID: 28723912 PMCID: PMC5516977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Himalayan endemic alpine genus Roscoea, like other members of ginger family, exhibits the combination of floral traits that would fit pollination by long distant foragers such as bees, birds or flies. We studied the pollination biology of Roscoea alpina, observed potential floral visitors and determined their foraging behaviour, visitation frequency and pollination efficiency, to seek evidence in support of the pollination syndrome hypothesis. We also measured the floral spectra of R. alpina flowers to evaluate if signals fit with the currently known framework for observed floral visitors. We found that R. alpina have autonomous selfing and pollinator-mediated crossing, but lack apomixis. We observed that a beetle (Mylabris sp.), and a moth (Macroglossum nycteris) visit the flowers of R. alpina for pollen and nectar feeding respectively. Our field observations, the stigmatic pollen count and fruit set data indicated that the visit by the beetle was legitimate, while that of the moth was illegitimate. Emasculated flowers visited by beetles set as many fruits and seeds/fruit as auto-selfed and naturally pollinated flowers, while emasculated flowers excluded from beetle visits did not set fruit and seed; indicating that a single visit of a beetle to the flowers of R. alpina can facilitate pollination. We found that flower spectral signal of R. alpina does not fit typical spectra previously reported for beetle or bee-visited flowers. Our results suggest that, to ensure reproductive success in alpine habitat, R. alpina has evolved autonomous selfing as a predominant mode of reproduction, while beetle pollination would promote genetic diversity of this plant species. The visitation of beetles to the flowers of R. alpina, despite floral signal mismatch with the classically associated beetle vision, suggests that a different visual processing may operate in this plant-pollinator interaction at high altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu Ram Paudel
- Key laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yunnan, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Botany, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Tribhuvan University, Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Mani Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian G. Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qing-Jun Li
- Laboratory of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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9
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Why background colour matters to bees and flowers. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2017; 203:369-380. [PMID: 28478535 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-017-1175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flowers are often viewed by bee pollinators against a variety of different backgrounds. On the Australian continent, backgrounds are very diverse and include surface examples of all major geological stages of the Earth's history, which have been present during the entire evolutionary period of Angiosperms. Flower signals in Australia are also representative of typical worldwide evolutionary spectral adaptations that enable successful pollination. We measured the spectral properties of 581 natural surfaces, including rocks, sand, green leaves, and dry plant materials, sampled from tropical Cairns through to the southern tip of mainland Australia. We modelled in a hexagon colour space, how interactions between background spectra and flower-like colour stimuli affect reliable discrimination and detection in bee pollinators. We calculated the extent to which a given locus would be conflated with the loci of a different flower-colour stimulus using empirically determined colour discrimination regions for bee vision. Our results reveal that whilst colour signals are robust in homogeneous background viewing conditions, there could be significant pressure on plant flowers to evolve saliently-different colours to overcome background spectral noise. We thus show that perceptual noise has a large influence on how colour information can be used in natural conditions.
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10
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Foliage affects colour preference in bumblebees (Bombus impatiens): a test in a three-dimensional artificial environment. Evol Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-017-9893-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Shrestha M, Lunau K, Dorin A, Schulze B, Bischoff M, Burd M, Dyer AG. Floral colours in a world without birds and bees: the plants of Macquarie Island. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2016; 18:842-50. [PMID: 27016399 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We studied biotically pollinated angiosperms on Macquarie Island, a remote site in the Southern Ocean with a predominately or exclusively dipteran pollinator fauna, in an effort to understand how flower colour affects community assembly. We compared a distinctive group of cream-green Macquarie Island flowers to the flora of likely source pools of immigrants and to a continental flora from a high latitude in the northern hemisphere. We used both dipteran and hymenopteran colour models and phylogenetically informed analyses to explore the chromatic component of community assembly. The species with cream-green flowers are very restricted in colour space models of both fly vision and bee vision and represent a distinct group that plays a very minor role in other communities. It is unlikely that such a community could form through random immigration from continental source pools. Our findings suggest that fly pollination has imposed a strong ecological filter on Macquarie Island, favouring floral colours that are rare in continental floras. This is one of the strongest demonstrations that plant-pollinator interactions play an important role in plant community assembly. Future work exploring colour choices by dipteran flower visitors would be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shrestha
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - K Lunau
- Institut für Sinnesökologie, Department Biologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Dorin
- Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - B Schulze
- Institut für Sinnesökologie, Department Biologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Bischoff
- Chemical Plant Ecology, University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Burd
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - A G Dyer
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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12
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Assessing the ecological significance of bee visual detection and colour discrimination on the evolution of flower colours. Evol Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-016-9843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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