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European Spruce Bark Beetle, Ips typographus (L.) Males Are Attracted to Bark Cores of Drought-Stressed Norway Spruce Trees with Impaired Defenses in Petri Dish Choice Experiments. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus (L.), is a major pest of Norway spruce. During outbreaks, the beetles can colonize moderately stressed trees via mass attacks mediated by aggregation pheromones, while at endemic population levels, beetles infest trees with impaired defenses. I. typographus introduces ophiostomatoid fungi into the phloem, which can support host colonization. Low-density fungal infections are locally contained by hypersensitive wound reactions; larger necrotic lesions indicate lower tree resistance. Here, we made links between drought stress, susceptibility to fungal infections, and the attractiveness of spruce for host-searching I. typographus males. We sampled bark cores from roofed, non-roofed and untreated control trees of a rainfall exclusion field site. Drought stress was assessed using pre-dawn twig water potentials, and tree defenses were assessed using inoculations with Grosmannia penicillata. Subsequently, we performed Petri dish arena choice tests in the lab, where male beetles could choose between the bark samples of differentially stressed trees. We found that the attractiveness of bark cores increased with drought stress and the extent of hypersensitive wound reactions to fungal infection. Furthermore, beetles stayed longer in those Petri dish sections with the sample of their final choice. The bioassays provide evidence for the primary attraction of male I. typographus to tissues of Norway spruce and preference of beetles for stressed trees.
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Blubaugh CK, Asplund JS, Eigenbrode SD, Morra MJ, Philips CR, Popova IE, Reganold JP, Snyder WE. Dual-guild herbivory disrupts predator-prey interactions in the field. Ecology 2019; 99:1089-1098. [PMID: 29464698 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant defenses often mediate whether competing chewing and sucking herbivores indirectly benefit or harm one another. Dual-guild herbivory also can muddle plant signals used by specialist natural enemies to locate prey, further complicating the net impact of herbivore-herbivore interactions in naturally diverse settings. While dual-guild herbivore communities are common in nature, consequences for top-down processes are unclear, as chemically mediated tri-trophic interactions are rarely evaluated in field environments. Combining observational and experimental approaches in the open field, we test a prediction that chewing herbivores interfere with top-down suppression of phloem feeders on Brassica oleracea across broad landscapes. In a two-year survey of 52 working farm sites, we found that parasitoid and aphid densities on broccoli plants positively correlated at farms where aphids and caterpillars rarely co-occurred, but this relationship disappeared at farms where caterpillars commonly co-occurred. In a follow-up experiment, we compared single and dual-guild herbivore communities at four local farm sites and found that caterpillars (P. rapae) caused a 30% reduction in aphid parasitism (primarily by Diaeretiella rapae), and increased aphid colony (Brevicoryne brassicae) growth at some sites. Notably, in the absence of predators, caterpillars indirectly suppressed, rather than enhanced, aphid growth. Amid considerable ecological noise, our study reveals a pattern of apparent commensalism: herbivore-herbivore facilitation via relaxed top-down suppression. This work suggests that enemy-mediated apparent commensalism may override constraints to growth induced by competing herbivores in field environments, and emphasizes the value of placing chemically mediated interactions within their broader environmental and community contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen K Blubaugh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29678, USA.,Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Jacob S Asplund
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Matthew J Morra
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Christopher R Philips
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Inna E Popova
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - John P Reganold
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
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Aboubakar Souna D, Bokonon-Ganta AH, Dannon EA, Imorou N, Agui B, Cusumano A, Srinivasan R, Pittendrigh BR, Volkoff AN, Tamò M. Volatiles from Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) host plants influence olfactory responses of the parasitoid Therophilus javanus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Agathidinae). BIOLOGICAL CONTROL : THEORY AND APPLICATIONS IN PEST MANAGEMENT 2019; 130:104-109. [PMID: 30828225 PMCID: PMC6365886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants damaged by herbivores are known to release odors attracting parasitoids. However, there is currently no information how leguminous plants damaged by the pod borer Maruca vitrata attract the exotic larval parasitoid Therophilus javanus, which was imported into Benin from the putative area of origin of the pod borer in tropical Asia for assessing its potential as a biological control agent. In this study, we used Y-tube olfactometer bioassays to investigate T. javanus response towards odors emitted by four M. vitrata-damaged host plants: cowpea Vigna unguiculata, the most important cultivated host, and the naturally occurring legumes Lonchocarpus sericeus, Sesbania rostrata and Tephrosia platycarpa. Olfactory attraction of T. javanus was influenced by the species of plant damaged by the pod borer. Moreover, odors released from M. vitrata-infested host plant organs (flowers and pods) were discriminated over non-infested organs in cowpea and T. platycarpa, respectively. These results are discussed in the context of the possible impact of M. vitrata host plants on T. javanus foraging activity and subsequent establishment in natural environments following experimental releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djibril Aboubakar Souna
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA, UM, Case Courrier 101, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34 095 Montpellier, France
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Benin Research Station (IITA-Benin), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin
- Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 03 BP 2819 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Aimé Hippolyte Bokonon-Ganta
- Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences (FSA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), 03 BP 2819 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Elie Ayitondji Dannon
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Benin Research Station (IITA-Benin), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Nazyhatou Imorou
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Benin Research Station (IITA-Benin), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Benjamin Agui
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Benin Research Station (IITA-Benin), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Antonino Cusumano
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA, UM, Case Courrier 101, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34 095 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Anne-Nathalie Volkoff
- UMR DGIMI 1333 INRA, UM, Case Courrier 101, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34 095 Montpellier, France
| | - Manuele Tamò
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Benin Research Station (IITA-Benin), 08 BP 0932 Tri Postal, Cotonou, Benin
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Lee YS, Kim YC. Tobacco Growth Promotion by the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Isaria javanica pf185. MYCOBIOLOGY 2019; 47:126-133. [PMID: 31001453 PMCID: PMC6452915 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1562692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Isaria javanica pf185 is an important entomopathogenic fungus with potential for use as an agricultural biocontrol agent. However, the effect of I. javanica pf185 on plant growth is unknown. Enhanced tobacco growth was observed when tobacco roots were exposed to spores, cultures, and fungal cell-free culture supernatants of this fungus. Tobacco seedlings were also exposed to the volatiles of I. javanica pf185 in vitro using I-plates in which the plant and fungus were growing in separate compartments connected only by air space. The length and weight of seedlings, content of leaf chlorophyll, and number of root branches were significantly increased by the fungal volatiles. Heptane, 3-hexanone, 2,4-dimethylhexane, and 2-nonanone were detected, by solid-phase micro-extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry, as the key volatile compounds produced by I. javanica pf185. These findings illustrate that I. javanica pf185 can be used to promote plant growth, and also as a biocontrol agent of insect and plant diseases. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanisms by which I. javanica pf185 promotes plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Seong Lee
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Schulz-Bohm K, Gerards S, Hundscheid M, Melenhorst J, de Boer W, Garbeva P. Calling from distance: attraction of soil bacteria by plant root volatiles. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:1252-1262. [PMID: 29358736 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-017-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants release a wide set of secondary metabolites including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Many of those compounds are considered to function as defense against herbivory, pests, and pathogens. However, little knowledge exists about the role of belowground plant VOCs for attracting beneficial soil microorganisms. We developed an olfactometer system to test the attraction of soil bacteria by VOCs emitted by Carex arenaria roots. Moreover, we tested whether infection of C. arenaria with the fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum modifies the VOCs profile and bacterial attraction. The results revealed that migration of distant bacteria in soil towards roots can be stimulated by plant VOCs. Upon fungal infection, the blend of root VOCs changed and specific bacteria with antifungal properties were attracted. Tests with various pure VOCs indicated that those compounds can diffuse over long distance but with different diffusion abilities. Overall, this work highlights the importance of plant VOCs in belowground long-distance plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz-Bohm
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Saskia Gerards
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Hundscheid
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Melenhorst
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6700 AB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Gregg PC, Del Socorro AP, Landolt PJ. Advances in Attract-and-Kill for Agricultural Pests: Beyond Pheromones. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2018; 63:453-470. [PMID: 29058978 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Attract-and-kill has considerable potential as a tactic in integrated management of pests of agricultural crops, but the use of sex pheromones as attractants is limited by male multiple mating and immigration of mated females into treated areas. Attractants for both sexes, and particularly females, would minimize these difficulties. Volatile compounds derived from plants or fermentation of plant products can attract females and have been used in traps for monitoring and control, and in sprayable attract-and-kill formulations or bait stations. Recent advances in fundamental understanding of insect responses to plant volatiles should contribute to the development of products that can help manage a wide range of pests with few impacts on nontarget organisms, but theory must be tempered with pragmatism in the selection of volatiles and toxicants and in defining their roles in formulations. Market requirements and regulatory factors must be considered in parallel with scientific constraints if successful products are to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Gregg
- University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia; ,
| | | | - Peter J Landolt
- Fruit and Vegetable Insect Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Wapato, Washington 98951, USA;
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Schulz-Bohm K, Martín-Sánchez L, Garbeva P. Microbial Volatiles: Small Molecules with an Important Role in Intra- and Inter-Kingdom Interactions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2484. [PMID: 29312193 PMCID: PMC5733050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, research on the function of volatile organic compounds focused primarily on the interactions between plants and insects. However, microorganisms can also release a plethora of volatiles and it appears that microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) can play an important role in intra- and inter-kingdom interactions. So far, most studies are focused on aboveground volatile-mediated interactions and much less information is available about the function of volatiles belowground. This minireview summarizes the current knowledge on the biological functions of mVOCs with the focus on mVOCs-mediated interactions belowground. We pinpointed mVOCs involved in microbe-microbe and microbe–plant interactions, and highlighted the ecological importance of microbial terpenes as a largely underexplored group of mVOCs. We indicated challenges in studying belowground mVOCs-mediated interactions and opportunities for further studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz-Bohm
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Lara Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
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Wilson JK, Woods HA. Innate and Learned Olfactory Responses in a Wild Population of the Egg Parasitoid Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew108. [PMID: 27965403 PMCID: PMC5155552 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid insects face the fundamental problem of finding a suitable host in environments filled with competing stimuli. Many are deft sensors of olfactory cues emitted by other insects and the plants they live on, and use these cues to find hosts. Using olfactory cues from host-plants is effective because plants release volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in response to herbivory or oviposition, that contain information about the presence of hosts. However, plant-produced cues can also be misleading because they are influenced by a variety of stimuli (abiotic variation, infection and multiple sources of induction via herbivory or oviposition). Flexible behavior is one strategy that parasitoids may use to cope with variation in olfactory cues. We examine the innate and learned responses of a natural population of wasp egg parasitoids (Trichogramma deion and Trichogramma sathon) using a series of laboratory and field Y-olfactometer experiments. Wasps typically attack eggs of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and Manduca quinquemaculata on native Datura wrightii plants in the southwestern United States. We show that Trichogramma wasps responded innately to VOCs produced by D. wrightii and could distinguish plants recently attacked by M. sexta from non-attacked plants. Furthermore, adult Trichogramma wasps were able to learn components of the VOC blend given off by D. wrightii, though they did not learn during exposure as pupae. By further exploring the behavioral ecology of a natural population of Trichogramma, we gain greater insight into how egg parasitoids function in tri-trophic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Keaton Wilson
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, 1007 E Lowell Street, P.O. Box 210106, Tucson, AZ 85721
| | - H Arthur Woods
- Organismal Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive HS104, Missoula, MT 59812
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Holliday AE, Mattingly TM, Toro AA, Donald LJ, Holliday NJ. Age- and sex-related variation in defensive secretions of adult Chlaenius cordicollis and evidence for their role in sexual communication. CHEMOECOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-016-0210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wilson JK, Woods HA. Protection via parasitism: Datura odors attract parasitoid flies, which inhibit Manduca larvae from feeding and growing but may not help plants. Oecologia 2015; 179:1159-71. [PMID: 26298191 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3419-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insect carnivores frequently use olfactory cues from plants to find prey or hosts. For plants, the benefits of attracting parasitoids have been controversial, partly because parasitoids often do not kill their host insect immediately. Furthermore, most research has focused on the effects of solitary parasitoids on growth and feeding of hosts, even though many parasitoids are gregarious (multiple siblings inhabit the same host). Here, we examine how a gregarious parasitoid, the tachinid fly Drino rhoeo, uses olfactory cues from the host plant Datura wrightii to find the sphingid herbivore Manduca sexta, and how parasitism affects growth and feeding of host larvae. In behavioral trials using a Y-olfactometer, female flies were attracted to olfactory cues emitted by attacked plants and by cues emitted from the frass produced by larval Manduca sexta. M. sexta caterpillars that were parasitized by D. rhoeo grew to lower maximum weights, grew more slowly, and ate less of their host plant. We also present an analytical model to predict how tri-trophic interactions change with varying herbivory levels, parasitization rates and plant sizes. This model predicted that smaller plants gain a relatively greater benefit compared to large plants in attracting D. rhoeo. By assessing the behavior, the effects of host performance, and the variation in ecological parameters of the system, we can better understand the complex interactions between herbivorous insects, the plants they live on and the third trophic level members that attack them.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Wilson
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.
| | - H A Woods
- University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
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