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Iurk VB, Ingles M, Correa GS, Silva CR, Staichak G, Pileggi SAV, Christo SW, Domit C, Pileggi M. The potential influence of microplastics on the microbiome and disease susceptibility in sea turtles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174298. [PMID: 38944299 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are particles with sizes of ≤5 mm formed when plastic materials break down. These contaminants are often found in marine environments, making it easy for sea turtles to ingest them and for their microbiome to be exposed. MPs can disrupt microbiome balance, leading to dysbiosis and making organisms more susceptible to diseases. Owing to the significance of these processes, it is crucial to dedicate research to studying the metabolic and genetic analysis of the gut microbiome in sea turtles. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of exposure to MPs on the gut microbiome of sea turtles, based on current knowledge. This review also aimed to explore the potential link between MP exposure and disease susceptibility in these animals. We show that the metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polyamines, and polysaccharide A, can regulate the expression of host genes. Regulation occurs through various mechanisms, including histone acetylation, DNA methylation, and the modulation of cytokine gene expression. These processes are essential for preserving the integrity of the gut mucosa and enhancing the functionality of immune cells. Exposure to MPs disrupts the gut microbiome and alters gene expression, leading to immune system disturbances in sea turtles. This vulnerability makes turtles more susceptible to opportunistic microorganisms such as chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChAHV5), which is linked to the development of fibropapillomatosis (FP). Additionally, targeted dietary interventions or the use of live microorganisms such as probiotics can help restore microbial biodiversity and recover lost metabolic pathways. The goal of these interventions is to restore the functionality of the immune system in sea turtles undergoing rehabilitation at specialized centers. The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in sea turtle health, sparking discussions and investigations that can potentially lead to promising treatments for these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Bonfim Iurk
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR 832555-000, Brazil; Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-000, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ingles
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR 832555-000, Brazil
| | - Giovana Sequinel Correa
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, SC 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rosa Silva
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, PR 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Staichak
- Instituto de Biociências da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, MT 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Sônia Alvim Veiga Pileggi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-000, Brazil.
| | - Susete Wambier Christo
- Laboratório de Zoologia, Departamento de Biologia Geral, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-000, Brazil
| | - Camila Domit
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação, Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PR 832555-000, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Pileggi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Molecular e Genética, Setor de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, PR 84030-000, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Huang X, Zhang T, Gu C, Zuo W, Fu L, Dong Y, Liu H. Antitumorigenic potential of Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles: p53 succinylation and glycolytic reprogramming in intestinal epithelial cells via SIRT5 modulation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:66. [PMID: 39110260 PMCID: PMC11306434 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer progression involves complex cellular mechanisms. This study examines the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles (LEVs) on the SIRT5/p53 axis, focusing on glycolytic metabolic reprogramming and abnormal proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells. METHODS LEVs were isolated from Lactobacillus plantarum and incubated with Caco-2 cells. Differential gene expression was analyzed through RNA sequencing and compared with TCGA-COAD data. Key target genes and pathways were identified using PPI network and pathway enrichment analysis. Various assays, including RT-qPCR, EdU staining, colony formation, flow cytometry, and Western blotting, were used to assess gene expression, cell proliferation, and metabolic changes. Co-immunoprecipitation confirmed the interaction between SIRT5 and p53, and animal models were employed to validate in vivo effects. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis indicated the SIRT5/p53 axis as a critical pathway in LEVs' modulation of colorectal cancer. LEVs were found to inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation and glycolytic metabolism by downregulating SIRT5, influencing p53 desuccinylation. In vivo, LEVs regulated this axis, reducing tumor formation in mice. Clinical sample analysis showed that SIRT5 and p53 succinylation levels correlated with patient prognosis. CONCLUSION Lactobacillus-derived extracellular vesicles play a pivotal role in suppressing colonic tumor formation by modulating the SIRT5/p53 axis. This results in decreased glycolytic metabolic reprogramming and reduced proliferation in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, Yubei District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Xiumei Huang
- Department of Digestion, Rongchang District People's Hospital of Chongqing, No.3, North Guangchang Road, Changyuan Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Digestion, Rongchang District People's Hospital of Chongqing, No.3, North Guangchang Road, Changyuan Street, Rongchang District, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Chongqi Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Rongchang District People's Hospital, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Wei Zuo
- Department of Herbal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
| | - Lijuan Fu
- Department of Herbal Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Academician Workstation, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, China
| | - Yiping Dong
- Department of Digital Medicine, Department of Bioengineering and Imaging, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Rongchang District People's Hospital, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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Salvadori M, Rosso G. Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases. World J Methodol 2024; 14:89196. [PMID: 38577200 PMCID: PMC10989414 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v14.i1.89196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Salvadori
- Department of Renal Transplantation, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50139, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Rosso
- Division of Nephrology, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence 50143, Toscana, Italy
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Zhu Z, Peng L, Gu H, Tang Y, Xiao Y, He H, Yang M, Xiang L, Wang Y. Association between dietary approaches to stop hypertension eating pattern and lung cancer risk in 98,459 participants: results from a large prospective study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1142067. [PMID: 37255940 PMCID: PMC10225695 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) eating pattern is linked to anti-inflammatory responses and antioxidation, which overlap with the pathogenesis of lung cancer. However, there is insufficient epidemiological evidence to link this dietary pattern to lung cancer risk conclusively. Aim To determine if adherence to the DASH diet is linked to a lower risk of developing lung cancer in a large prospective study. Methodology The data of participants were retrieved from the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial. A DASH score was calculated based on 8 dietary components to reflect adherence to DASH, with greater scores representing higher adherence. Three Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to analyze the association between DASH scores and lung cancer risk, including an unadjusted model and two adjusted models (model 1 for demographics and model 2 for fully confounding factors). A restricted cubic spline plot was utilized to illustrate the likelihood of developing lung cancer across the entire range of DASH scores. The association between each of the 8 DASH components and the risk of lung cancer was assessed separately. Several subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential modifiers, and several sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the robustness of the findings. Results The study involved 98,459 individuals in total. The mean (standard deviation) DASH score was 24.00 (4.62) points, along with the mean follow-up period of 8.84 (1.94) years. Lung cancer was identified in 1642 cases over 869807.9 person-years of follow-up, and the overall incidence rate was 0.189 cases/100 person-years. Participants in the highest quartile in the fully adjusted model had a relatively decreased risk of developing lung cancer in comparison to those in the lowest quartile (HRquartile 4 versus 1: 0.647; 95% CI: 0.557, 0.752; Ptrend < 0.001). The restricted cubic spline plot demonstrated that DASH score and lung cancer risk were inversely associated and had a linear dose-response relationship (Pnon-linear = 0.944). According to subgroup analyses, those who were current or former smokers had a stronger inverse connection than those who never smoked (Pinteraction = 0.013). The results remained robust after several sensitivity analyses. Conclusion The risk of lung cancer was inversely associated with DASH scores in the US population. This suggests that following the DASH pattern can help prevent lung cancer, especially for current or former smokers. More epidemiological evidence from other regions and populations is needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linglong Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haitao Gu
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunhao Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongmei He
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Department of Surgery Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Xiang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaxu Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Pandey H, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030866. [PMID: 36765824 PMCID: PMC9913759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pandey
- Redcliffe Labs, Electronic City, Noida 201301, India
| | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
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Afzaal M, Saeed F, Shah YA, Hussain M, Rabail R, Socol CT, Hassoun A, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM, Rusu AV, Aadil RM. Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:999001. [PMID: 36225386 PMCID: PMC9549250 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.999001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut possesses millions of microbes that define a complex microbial community. The gut microbiota has been characterized as a vital organ forming its multidirectional connecting axis with other organs. This gut microbiota axis is responsible for host-microbe interactions and works by communicating with the neural, endocrinal, humoral, immunological, and metabolic pathways. The human gut microorganisms (mostly non-pathogenic) have symbiotic host relationships and are usually associated with the host’s immunity to defend against pathogenic invasion. The dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is therefore linked to various human diseases, such as anxiety, depression, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. The mechanism leading to the disease development has a crucial correlation with gut microbiota, metabolic products, and host immune response in humans. The understanding of mechanisms over gut microbiota exerts its positive or harmful impacts remains largely undefined. However, many recent clinical studies conducted worldwide are demonstrating the relation of specific microbial species and eubiosis in health and disease. A comprehensive understanding of gut microbiota interactions, its role in health and disease, and recent updates on the subject are the striking topics of the current review. We have also addressed the daunting challenges that must be brought under control to maintain health and treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Muhammad Afzaal,
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Science, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Abdo Hassoun
- Sustainable AgriFoodtech Innovation & Research (SAFIR), Arras, France
- Syrian Academic Expertise (SAE), Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Área de Tecnoloxía dos Alimentos, Faculdade de Ciências de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
| | - Alexandru Vasile Rusu
- Life Science Institute, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Faculty of Animal Science and Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Rana Muhammad Aadil,
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Dicks LMT, Vermeulen W. Do Bacteria Provide an Alternative to Cancer Treatment and What Role Does Lactic Acid Bacteria Play? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091733. [PMID: 36144335 PMCID: PMC9501580 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. According to 2022 statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO), close to 10 million deaths have been reported in 2020 and it is estimated that the number of cancer cases world-wide could increase to 21.6 million by 2030. Breast, lung, thyroid, pancreatic, liver, prostate, bladder, kidney, pelvis, colon, and rectum cancers are the most prevalent. Each year, approximately 400,000 children develop cancer. Treatment between countries vary, but usually includes either surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy. Modern treatments such as hormone-, immuno- and antibody-based therapies are becoming increasingly popular. Several recent reports have been published on toxins, antibiotics, bacteriocins, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, phenylpropanoids, phenylflavonoids, purine nucleosides, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and enzymes with anticancer properties. Most of these molecules target cancer cells in a selective manner, either directly or indirectly through specific pathways. This review discusses the role of bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria, and their metabolites in the treatment of cancer.
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Coker OO, Liu C, Wu WKK, Wong SH, Jia W, Sung JJY, Yu J. Altered gut metabolites and microbiota interactions are implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis and can be non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:35. [PMID: 35189961 PMCID: PMC8862353 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01208-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbiota contributes to colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis through microbes and their metabolites. The importance of microbiota-associated metabolites in colorectal carcinogenesis highlights the need to investigate the gut metabolome along the adenoma-carcinoma sequence to determine their mechanistic implications in the pathogenesis of CRC. To date, how and which microbes and metabolites interactively promote early events of CRC development are still largely unclear. We aim to determine gut microbiota-associated metabolites and their linkage to colorectal carcinogenesis. RESULTS We performed metabolomics and metagenomics profiling on fecal samples from 386 subjects including 118 CRC patients, 140 colorectal adenomas (CRA) patients and 128 healthy subjects as normal controls (NC). We identified differences in the gut metabolite profiles among NC, CRA and CRC groups by partial least squares-discriminant and principal component analyses. Among the altered metabolites, norvaline and myristic acid showed increasing trends from NC, through CRA, to CRC. CRC-associated metabolites were enriched in branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids and aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis pathways. Moreover, metabolites marker signature (twenty metabolites) classified CRC from NC subjects with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80, and CRC from CRA with an AUC of 0.79. Integrative analyses of metabolomics and metagenomics profiles demonstrated that the relationships among CRC-associated metabolites and bacteria were altered across CRC stages; certain associations exhibited increasing or decreasing strengths while some were reversed from negative to positive or vice versa. Combinations of gut bacteria with the metabolite markers improved their diagnostic performances; CRC vs NC, AUC: 0.94; CRC vs CRA, AUC 0.92; and CRA vs NC, AUC: 0.86, indicating a potential for early diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores potential early-driver metabolites in stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. The Integrated metabolite and microbiome analysis demonstrates that gut metabolites and their association with gut microbiota are perturbed along colorectal carcinogenesis. Fecal metabolites can be utilized, in addition to bacteria, for non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China.
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Rajeev R, Dwivedi AP, Sinha A, Agarwaal V, Dev RR, Kar A, Khosla S. Epigenetic interaction of microbes with their mammalian hosts. J Biosci 2021. [PMID: 34728591 PMCID: PMC8550911 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-021-00215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of microbiota with its host has the ability to alter the cellular functions of both, through several mechanisms. Recent work, from many laboratories including our own, has shown that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the alteration of these cellular functions. Epigenetics broadly refers to change in the phenotype without a corresponding change in the DNA sequence. This change is usually brought by epigenetic modifications of the DNA itself, the histone proteins associated with the DNA in the chromatin, non-coding RNA or the modifications of the transcribed RNA. These modifications, also known as epigenetic code, do not change the DNA sequence but alter the expression level of specific genes. Microorganisms seem to have learned how to modify the host epigenetic code and modulate the host transcriptome in their favour. In this review, we explore the literature that describes the epigenetic interaction of bacteria, fungi and viruses, with their mammalian hosts.
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Rajeev R, Dwivedi AP, Sinha A, Agarwaal V, Dev RR, Kar A, Khosla S. Epigenetic interaction of microbes with their mammalian hosts. J Biosci 2021; 46:94. [PMID: 34728591 PMCID: PMC8550911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of microbiota with its host has the ability to alter the cellular functions of both, through several mechanisms. Recent work, from many laboratories including our own, has shown that epigenetic mechanisms play an important role in the alteration of these cellular functions. Epigenetics broadly refers to change in the phenotype without a corresponding change in the DNA sequence. This change is usually brought by epigenetic modifications of the DNA itself, the histone proteins associated with the DNA in the chromatin, non-coding RNA or the modifications of the transcribed RNA. These modifications, also known as epigenetic code, do not change the DNA sequence but alter the expression level of specific genes. Microorganisms seem to have learned how to modify the host epigenetic code and modulate the host transcriptome in their favour. In this review, we explore the literature that describes the epigenetic interaction of bacteria, fungi and viruses, with their mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramisetti Rajeev
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Ambey Prasad Dwivedi
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, India
| | - Anunay Sinha
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, India
| | - Viplove Agarwaal
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Anjana Kar
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sanjeev Khosla
- Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), Hyderabad, India
- Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTech), Chandigarh, India
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Wu Y, Chen J, Sun Y, Dong X, Wang Z, Chen J, Dong G. PGN and LTA from Staphylococcus aureus Induced Inflammation and Decreased Lactation through Regulating DNA Methylation and Histone H3 Acetylation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E238. [PMID: 32283626 PMCID: PMC7232188 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) are the most common pathogens of mastitis, and S. aureus generally causes subclinical mastitis which is more persistent and resistant to treatment. Peptidoglycan (PGN) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are cell wall components of S. aureus. Although the roles of PGN and LTA in causing inflammation are well studied, the epigenetic mechanisms of the effects of PGN and LTA on the inflammation and lactation remain poorly understood. This study characterized the gene expression profiling by RNA sequencing and investigated DNA methylation and histone acetylation in relation to inflammation and lactation in the immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). The cells were cultured for 24 h with neither PGN nor LTA (CON), PGN (30 μg/mL), LTA (30 μg/mL), and PGN (30 μg/mL) + LTA (30 μg/mL), respectively. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the expression of proinflammatory factors including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)1, and CXCL6 of the treatments increased in the following order: CON < PGN < LTA < PGN + LTA, and the DEGs mainly enriched on the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway. LTA and PGN + LTA induced hypomethylation of global DNA by suppressing DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity. PGN and LTA, alone or combined, decreased the mRNA expression of casein genes (CSN1S1, CSN2, and CSN3) and the expression of two caseins (CSN2 and CSN3), and reduced histone H3 acetylation by suppressing histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity and promoting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Collectively, this study revealed that PGN and LTA induced inflammation probably due to decreasing DNA methylation through regulating DNMT activity, and decreased lactation possibly through reducing histone H3 acetylation by regulating HAT and HDAC activity in bovine mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Jingbo Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Yawang Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Institute for Herbivorous Livestock Research, Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Zili Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
| | - Guozhong Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Beibei District, Chongqing 400716, China; (Y.W.); (J.C.); (Y.S.); (Z.W.); (J.C.)
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12
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Aranda-Olmedo I, Rubio LA. Dietary legumes, intestinal microbiota, inflammation and colorectal cancer. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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13
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Tarashi S, Siadat SD, Ahmadi Badi S, Zali M, Biassoni R, Ponzoni M, Moshiri A. Gut Bacteria and their Metabolites: Which One Is the Defendant for Colorectal Cancer? Microorganisms 2019; 7:E561. [PMID: 31766208 PMCID: PMC6920974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide health concern which requires efficient therapeutic strategies. The mechanisms underlying CRC remain an essential subject of investigations in the cancer biology field. The evaluation of human microbiota can be critical in this regard, since the disruption of the normal community of gut bacteria is an important issue in the development of CRC. However, several studies have already evaluated the different aspects of the association between microbiota and CRC. The current study aimed at reviewing and summarizing most of the studies on the modifications of gut bacteria detected in stool and tissue samples of CRC cases. In addition, the importance of metabolites derived from gut bacteria, their relationship with the microbiota, and epigenetic modifications have been evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tarashi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran; (S.T.); (S.D.S.); (S.A.B.)
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran; (S.T.); (S.D.S.); (S.A.B.)
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ahmadi Badi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran; (S.T.); (S.D.S.); (S.A.B.)
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 1316943551 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17411 Tehran, Iran;
| | - Roberto Biassoni
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Instituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy;
| | - Mirco Ponzoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17411 Tehran, Iran;
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
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14
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Probiotic lactobacilli mediated changes in global epigenetic signatures of human intestinal epithelial cells during Escherichia coli challenge. ANN MICROBIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-019-01451-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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15
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Differential expression of tumor-associated genes and altered gut microbiome with decreased Akkermansia muciniphila confer a tumor-preventive microenvironment in intestinal epithelial Pten-deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3746-3758. [PMID: 30292635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) antagonizes PI3K-Akt signaling; therefore, Pten impairment causes tumorigenesis. However, the correlation between Pten deficiency and colon cancer has remained elusive due to numerous opposite observations. To study this correlation, we examined whether Pten deficiency in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) induces tumorigenesis. With mucosal biopsies of human colon cancer and normal colon, Pten mRNA was evaluated by quantitative PCR. Using IEC-specific Pten knockout mice (PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC), we examined the mitotic activity of IECs; and PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC; Apcmin/+ mice were generated by combining PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC with Apcmin/+ mice. Tumor-associated gene was evaluated by micro-array analysis. Fecal microbiome was analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We found that Pten mRNA level was reduced in human colon cancer relative to normal tissues. Augmented chromatids, increased Ki-67 and PCNA expression, and enhanced Akt activation were identified in IECs of PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice compared to Pten+/+ littermate. Combining PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC with Apcmin/+ condition caused rapid and aggressive intestinal tumorigenesis. However, PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice did not develop any tumors. While maintaining the tumor-driving potential, these data indicated that IEC-Pten deficiency alone did not induce tumorigenesis in mice. Furthermore, the expression of tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing genes was decreased and increased, respectively, in the intestine of PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice compared to controls. The abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, was diminished in PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice compared to controls. These findings suggested that altered tumor-associated gene expression and changed gut microbiota shape a tumor-preventive microenvironment to counteract the tumor-driving potential, leading to the tumor prevention in PtenΔIEC/ΔIEC mice.
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16
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Daliri EBM, Tango CN, Lee BH, Oh DH. Human microbiome restoration and safety. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:487-497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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17
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Bhat MI, Kapila R. Dietary metabolites derived from gut microbiota: critical modulators of epigenetic changes in mammals. Nutr Rev 2017; 75:374-389. [PMID: 28444216 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal tract harbors trillions of commensal microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. The microbiota is a critical source of environmental stimuli and, thus, has a tremendous impact on the health of the host. The microbes within the microbiota regulate homeostasis within the gut, and any alteration in their composition can lead to disorders that include inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, autoimmune disease, diabetes, mental disorders, and cancer. Hence, restoration of the gut flora following changes or imbalance is imperative for the host. The low-molecular-weight compounds and nutrients such as short-chain fatty acids, polyamines, polyphenols, and vitamins produced by microbial metabolism of nondigestible food components in the gut actively participate in various epigenomic mechanisms that reprogram the genome by altering the transcriptional machinery of a cell in response to environmental stimuli. These epigenetic modifications are caused by a set of highly dynamic enzymes, notably histone acetylases, deacetylases, DNA methylases, and demethylases, that are influenced by microbial metabolites and other environmental cues. Recent studies have shown that host expression of histone acetylases and histone deacetylases is important for regulating communication between the intestinal microbiota and the host cells. Histone acetylases and deacetylases influence the molecular expression of genes that affect not only physiological functions but also behavioral shifts that occur via neuroepigenetic modifications of genes. The underlying molecular mechanisms, however, have yet to be fully elucidated and thus provide a new area of research. The present review provides insights into the current understanding of the microbiota and its association with mammalian epigenomics as well as the interaction of pathogens and probiotics with host epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Bhat
- Mohd I. Bhat and R. Kapila are with Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - Rajeev Kapila
- Mohd I. Bhat and R. Kapila are with Animal Biochemistry Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
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18
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Sadeghi MR, Jeddi F, Soozangar N, Somi MH, Samadi N. The role of Nrf2-Keap1 axis in colorectal cancer, progression, and chemoresistance. Tumour Biol 2017. [PMID: 28621229 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317705510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third common cancer after lung and genital cancers worldwide with more than 1.2 million new cases diagnosed annually. Although extensive progress has been made in the treatment of colorectal cancer, finding novel targets for early diagnosis and effective treatment of these patients is an urgent need. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 signaling pathway plays a key role in protecting cells from the damage of intracellular oxidative stress and extracellular oxidizing agents. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 is a transcription factor that creates intracellular redox homeostasis via transcriptional activity and interaction with kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1. Furthermore, it contributes to survival and chemoresistance of colorectal cancer cells which is mediated by overexpression of cytoprotective and multidrug resistance genes. In this review, the dual role of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 signaling in induction of colorectal cancer cell survival and death as well as the possibility of targeting nuclear factor-erythroid 2-kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 axis as an advanced strategy in prevention and effective treatment of colorectal cancer patients have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Sadeghi
- 1 Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 3 Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- 1 Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Soozangar
- 1 Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- 1 Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Samadi
- 1 Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 2 Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- 4 Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Motevaseli E, Dianatpour A, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Role of Probiotics in Cancer Treatment: Emphasis on their In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-metastatic Effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2017; 6:66-76. [PMID: 28890883 PMCID: PMC5581548 DOI: 10.22088/acadpub.bums.6.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live bacteria and yeasts that exert beneficial effects for health. Among their various effects, anti-cancer properties have been highlighted in recent years. Such effects include suppression of the growth of microbiota implicated in the production of mutagens and carcinogens, alteration in carcinogen metabolism and protection of DNA from oxidative damage as well as regulation of immune system. We performed a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED databases with key words: cancer, probiotics, lactobacilli, metastasis and invasion. Cell line studies as well as animal models and human studies have shown the therapeutic effects of probiotics in reduction of invasion and metastasis in cancer cells. These results support the beneficial effects of probiotics both in vitro and in vivo. However, pre-clinical or clinical studies are not enough to decide about their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Wang X, Yang Y, Huycke MM. Microbiome-driven carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer: Models and mechanisms. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 105:3-15. [PMID: 27810411 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.10.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death and archetype for cancer as a genetic disease. However, the mechanisms for genetic change and their interactions with environmental risk factors have been difficult to unravel. New hypotheses, models, and methods are being used to investigate a complex web of risk factors that includes the intestinal microbiome. Recent research has clarified how the microbiome can generate genomic change in CRC. Several phenotypes among a small group of selected commensals have helped us better understand how mutations and chromosomal instability (CIN) are induced in CRC (e.g., toxin production, metabolite formation, radical generation, and immune modulation leading to a bystander effect). This review discusses recent hypotheses, models, and mechanisms by which the intestinal microbiome contributes to the initiation and progression of sporadic and colitis-associated forms of CRC. Overall, it appears the microbiome can initiate and/or promote CRC at all stages of tumorigenesis by acting as an inducer of DNA damage and CIN, regulating cell growth and death, generating epigenetic changes, and modulating host immune responses. Understanding how the microbiome interacts with other risk factors to define colorectal carcinogenesis will ultimately lead to more accurate risk prediction. A deeper understanding of CRC etiology will also help identify new targets for prevention and treatment and help accelerate the decline in mortality for this common cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, USA; Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, USA
| | - Yonghong Yang
- Gansu Province Children's Hospital, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Mark M Huycke
- Muchmore Laboratories for Infectious Diseases Research, Oklahoma City VA Health Care System, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, PO Box 26901, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126-0901, USA.
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21
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The Gut Microbiota and their Metabolites: Potential Implications for the Host Epigenome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 902:33-44. [PMID: 27161349 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota represents a metabolically active biomass of up to 2 kg in adult humans. Microbiota-derived molecules significantly contribute to the host metabolism. Large amounts of bacterial metabolites are taken up by the host and are subsequently utilized by the human body. For instance, short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota are a major energy source of humans.It is widely accepted that microbiota-derived metabolites are used as fuel for beta-oxidation (short chain fatty acids) and participate in many metabolic processes (vitamins, such as folic acid). Apart from these direct metabolic effects, it also becomes more and more evident that these metabolites can interact with the mammalian epigenetic machinery. By interacting with histones and DNA they may be able to manipulate the host's chromatin state and functionality and hence its physiology and health.In this chapter, we summarize the current knowledge on possible interactions of different bacterial metabolites with the mammalian epigenetic machinery, mostly based on in vitro data. We discuss the putative impact on chromatin marks, for example histone modifications and DNA methylation. Subsequently, we speculate about possible beneficial and adverse consequences for the epigenome, the physiology and health of the host, as well as plausible future applications of this knowledge for in vivo translation to support personal health.
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22
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Gagnière J, Raisch J, Veziant J, Barnich N, Bonnet R, Buc E, Bringer MA, Pezet D, Bonnet M. Gut microbiota imbalance and colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:501-518. [PMID: 26811603 PMCID: PMC4716055 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota acts as a real organ. The symbiotic interactions between resident micro-organisms and the digestive tract highly contribute to maintain the gut homeostasis. However, alterations to the microbiome caused by environmental changes (e.g., infection, diet and/or lifestyle) can disturb this symbiotic relationship and promote disease, such as inflammatory bowel diseases and cancer. Colorectal cancer is a complex association of tumoral cells, non-neoplastic cells and a large amount of micro-organisms, and the involvement of the microbiota in colorectal carcinogenesis is becoming increasingly clear. Indeed, many changes in the bacterial composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in colorectal cancer, suggesting a major role of dysbiosis in colorectal carcinogenesis. Some bacterial species have been identified and suspected to play a role in colorectal carcinogenesis, such as Streptococcus bovis, Helicobacter pylori, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium septicum, Fusobacterium spp. and Escherichia coli. The potential pro-carcinogenic effects of these bacteria are now better understood. In this review, we discuss the possible links between the bacterial microbiota and colorectal carcinogenesis, focusing on dysbiosis and the potential pro-carcinogenic properties of bacteria, such as genotoxicity and other virulence factors, inflammation, host defenses modulation, bacterial-derived metabolism, oxidative stress and anti-oxidative defenses modulation. We lastly describe how bacterial microbiota modifications could represent novel prognosis markers and/or targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.
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23
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Sahay B, Ge Y, Colliou N, Zadeh M, Weiner C, Mila A, Owen JL, Mohamadzadeh M. Advancing the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus surface layer protein A for the treatment of intestinal disorders in humans. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:392-7. [PMID: 26647142 PMCID: PMC4826124 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1107697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunity is subject to complex and fine-tuned regulation dictated by interactions of the resident microbial community and their gene products with host innate cells. Deterioration of this delicate process may result in devastating autoinflammatory diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which primarily comprises Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Efficacious interventions to regulate proinflammatory signals, which play critical roles in IBD, require further scientific investigation. We recently demonstrated that rebalancing intestinal immunity via the surface layer protein A (SlpA) from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM potentially represents a feasible therapeutic approach to restore intestinal homeostasis. To expand on these findings, we established a new method of purifying bacterial SlpA, a new SlpA-specific monoclonal antibody, and found no SlpA-associated toxicity in mice. Thus, these data may assist in our efforts to determine the immune regulatory efficacy of SlpA in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Sahay
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Yong Ge
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Natacha Colliou
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mojgan Zadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Chelsea Weiner
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Ashley Mila
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Jennifer L Owen
- Department of Physiological Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Mansour Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Division of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition; University of Florida; Gainesville, FL USA,Correspondence to: Mansour Mohamadzadeh;
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24
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Abedin-Do A, Taherian-Esfahani Z, Ghafouri-Fard S, Ghafouri-Fard S, Motevaseli E. Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus strains: emphasis on their effects on cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1307-29. [PMID: 26595390 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are a group of normal microbiota whose immunomodulatory effects have been known for a long time. Recently, they have gained more attention for their direct and indirect effects on cancer cells. Several cell line experiments, animal model studies as well as clinical trials have indicated their inhibitory effects on cancer initiation and progression. Different lactobacilli strains could modulate innate and adoptive immune system. Such effects have been documented in modulation of function of T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages as well as cytokine production. In this review, the various immunomodulatory effects of lactobacilli on tumor cells as well as their direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Abedin-Do
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Zahra Taherian-Esfahani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal microbiota influences the progression of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. With diet being a key determinant of the gut microbial ecology, dietary interventions are an attractive avenue for the prevention of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Curcumin is the most active constituent of the ground rhizome of the Curcuma longa plant, which has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiproliferative properties. METHODS Il10 mice on 129/SvEv background were used as a model of colitis-associated colorectal cancer. Starting at 10 weeks of age, wild-type or Il10 mice received 6 weekly intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (AOM) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were started on either a control or a curcumin-supplemented diet. Stools were collected every 4 weeks for microbial community analysis. Mice were killed at 30 weeks of age. RESULTS Curcumin-supplemented diet increased survival, decreased colon weight/length ratio, and, at 0.5%, entirely eliminated tumor burden. Although colonic histology indicated improvement with curcumin, no effects of mucosal immune responses have been observed in PBS/Il10 mice and limited effects were seen in AOM/Il10 mice. In wild-type and in Il10 mice, curcumin increased bacterial richness, prevented age-related decrease in alpha diversity, increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillales, and decreased Coriobacterales order. Taxonomic profile of AOM/Il10 mice receiving curcumin was more similar to those of wild-type mice than those fed control diet. CONCLUSIONS In AOM/Il10 model, curcumin reduced or eliminated colonic tumor burden with limited effects on mucosal immune responses. The beneficial effect of curcumin on tumorigenesis was associated with the maintenance of a more diverse colonic microbial ecology.
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Cipe G, Idiz UO, Firat D, Bektasoglu H. Relationship between intestinal microbiota and colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:233-240. [PMID: 26483877 PMCID: PMC4606177 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i10.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract hosts a complex and vast microbial community with up to 1011-1012 microorganisms colonizing the colon. The gut microbiota has a serious effect on homeostasis and pathogenesis through a number of mechanisms. In recent years, the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and sporadic colorectal cancer has attracted much scientific interest. Mechanisms underlying colonic carcinogenesis include the conversion of procarcinogenic diet-related factors to carcinogens and the stimulation of procarcinogenic signaling pathways in luminal epithelial cells. Understanding each of these mechanisms will facilitate future studies, leading to the development of novel strategies for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss the relationship between colorectal cancer and the intestinal microbiota.
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Belcheva A, Irrazabal T, Martin A. Gut microbial metabolism and colon cancer: Can manipulations of the microbiota be useful in the management of gastrointestinal health? Bioessays 2015; 37:403-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology; University of Toronto; ON Canada
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28
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Abstract
Most of what is known about the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pertains to complex interplay between host genetics, immunity, and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications play pivotal roles in intestinal immunity and mucosal homeostasis as well as mediating gene-environment interactions. In this article, we provide a historical account of epigenetic research either directly related or pertinent to the pathogenesis and management of IBD. We further collate emerging evidence supporting roles for epigenetic mechanisms in relevant aspects of IBD biology, including deregulated immunity, host-pathogen recognition and mucosal integrity. Finally, we highlight key epigenetic mechanisms that link chronic inflammation to specific IBD comorbidities, including colitis-associated cancer and discuss their potential utility as novel biomarkers or pharmacologic targets in IBD therapy.
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29
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Zhong L, Zhang X, Covasa M. Emerging roles of lactic acid bacteria in protection against colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7878-7886. [PMID: 24976724 PMCID: PMC4069315 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and the fourth most common cancer diagnosed among men and women in the United States. Considering the risk factors of CRC, dietary therapy has become one of the most effective approaches in reducing CRC morbidity and mortality. The use of probiotics is increasing in popularity for both the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases. As the most common types of microbes used as probiotics, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are comprised of an ecologically diverse group of microorganisms united by formation of lactic acid as the primary metabolite of sugar metabolism. LAB have been successfully used in managing diarrhea, food allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease. LAB also demonstrated a host of properties in preventing colorectal cancer development by inhibiting initiation or progression through multiple pathways. In this review, we discuss recent insights into cellular and molecular mechanisms of LAB in CRC prevention including apoptosis, antioxidant DNA damages, immune responses, and epigenetics. The emerging experimental findings from clinical trials as well as the proposed mechanisms of gut microbiota in carcinogenesis will also be briefly discussed.
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30
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Yang T, Owen JL, Lightfoot YL, Kladde MP, Mohamadzadeh M. Microbiota impact on the epigenetic regulation of colorectal cancer. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:714-25. [PMID: 24051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of colorectal cancer (CRC) development can be generally divided into three categories: genetic, epigenetic, and aberrant immunologic signaling pathways, all of which may be triggered by an imbalanced intestinal microbiota. Aberrant gut microbial composition, termed 'dysbiosis', has been reported in inflammatory bowel disease patients who are at increased risk for CRC development. Recent studies indicate that it is feasible to rescue experimental models of colonic cancer by oral treatment with genetically engineered beneficial bacteria and/or their immune-regulating gene products. Here, we review the mechanisms of epigenetic modulation implicated in the development and progression of CRC, which may be the result of dysbiosis, and therefore may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
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31
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Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E. DNA methylation in inflammatory bowel disease and beyond. World J Gastroenterol 2013; 19:5238-5249. [PMID: 23983426 PMCID: PMC3752557 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i32.5238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a consequence of the complex, dysregulated interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and microbial composition in the intestine. Despite a great advancement in identifying host-susceptibility genes using genome-wide association studies (GWAS), the majority of IBD cases are still underrepresented. The immediate challenge in post-GWAS era is to identify other causative genetic factors of IBD. DNA methylation has received increasing attention for its mechanistical role in IBD pathogenesis. This stable, yet dynamic DNA modification, can directly affect gene expression that have important implications in IBD development. The alterations in DNA methylation associated with IBD are likely to outset as early as embryogenesis all the way until old-age. In this review, we will discuss the recent advancement in understanding how DNA methylation alterations can contribute to the development of IBD.
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32
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Lightfoot YL, Mohamadzadeh M. Tailoring gut immune responses with lipoteichoic acid-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:25. [PMID: 23390423 PMCID: PMC3565175 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As highlighted by the development of intestinal autoinflammatory disorders when tolerance is lost, homeostatic interactions between gut microbiota, resident immune cells, and the gut epithelium are key in the maintenance of gastrointestinal health. Gut immune responses, whether stimulatory or regulatory, are dictated by the activated dendritic cells (DCs) that first interact with microorganisms and their gene products to then elicit T and B cell responses. Previously, we have demonstrated that treatment with genetically modified Lactobacillus acidophilus is sufficient to tilt the immune balance from proinflammatory to regulatory in experimental models of colitis and colon cancer. Given the significant role of DCs in efficiently orchestrating intestinal immune responses, characterization of the signals induced within these cells by the surface layer molecules, such as lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and proteins of L. acidophilus is critical for future treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. Here, we discuss the potential regulatory pathways involved in the downregulation of pathogenic inflammation in the gut, and explore questions regarding the immune responses to LTA-deficient L. acidophilus that require future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaíma L Lightfoot
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA ; Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida Gainesville, FL, USA
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