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Vijayakrishnan Nair V, Kish BR, Chong PL, Yang HCS, Wu YC, Tong Y, Schwichtenberg AJ. Neurofluid coupling during sleep and wake states. Sleep Med 2023; 110:44-53. [PMID: 37536211 PMCID: PMC11022242 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical populations, the movement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during sleep is a growing area of research with potential mechanistic connections in both neurodegenerative (e.g., Alzheimer's Disease) and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, we know relatively little about the processes that influence CSF movement. To inform clinical intervention targets this study assesses the coupling between (a) real-time CSF movement, (b) neuronal-driven movement, and (c) non-neuronal systemic physiology driven movement. METHODS This study included eight young, healthy volunteers, with concurrently acquired neurofluid dynamics using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), neural activity using Electroencephalography (EEG), and non-neuronal systemic physiology with peripheral functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Neuronal and non-neuronal drivers were assessed temporally; wherein, EEG measured slow wave activity that preceded CSF movement was considered neuronally driven. Similarly, slow wave oscillations (assessed via fNIRS) that coupled with CSF movement were considered non-neuronal systemic physiology driven. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Our results document neural contributions to CSF movement were only present during light NREM sleep but low-frequency non-neuronal oscillations were strongly coupled with CSF movement in all assessed states - awake, NREM-1, NREM-2. The clinical/research implications of these findings are two-fold. First, neuronal-driven oscillations contribute to CSF movement outside of deep sleep (NREM-3); therefore, interventions aimed at increasing CSF movement may yield meaningful increases with the promotion of NREM sleep more generally - a focus on NREM S3 may not be needed. Second, non-neuronal systemic oscillations contribute across wake and sleep stages; therefore, interventions may increase CSF movement by manipulating systemic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna R Kish
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Pearlynne Lh Chong
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ho-Ching Shawn Yang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - A J Schwichtenberg
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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2
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Casares N, Alfaro M, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, Lasarte-Cia A, Navarro F, Vivas I, Espelosin M, Cartas-Cejudo P, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, García-Osta A, Lasarte JJ. Improvement of cognitive function in wild-type and Alzheimer´s disease mouse models by the immunomodulatory properties of menthol inhalation or by depletion of T regulatory cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1130044. [PMID: 37187754 PMCID: PMC10175945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A complex network of interactions exists between the olfactory, immune and central nervous systems. In this work we intend to investigate this connection through the use of an immunostimulatory odorant like menthol, analyzing its impact on the immune system and the cognitive capacity in healthy and Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Models. We first found that repeated short exposures to menthol odor enhanced the immune response against ovalbumin immunization. Menthol inhalation also improved the cognitive capacity of immunocompetent mice but not in immunodeficient NSG mice, which exhibited very poor fear-conditioning. This improvement was associated with a downregulation of IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA in the brain´s prefrontal cortex, and it was impaired by anosmia induction with methimazole. Exposure to menthol for 6 months (1 week per month) prevented the cognitive impairment observed in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer. Besides, this improvement was also observed by the depletion or inhibition of T regulatory cells. Treg depletion also improved the cognitive capacity of the APPNL-G-F/NL-G-F Alzheimer´s mouse model. In all cases, the improvement in learning capacity was associated with a downregulation of IL-1β mRNA. Blockade of the IL-1 receptor with anakinra resulted in a significant increase in cognitive capacity in healthy mice as well as in the APP/PS1 model of Alzheimer´s disease. These data suggest an association between the immunomodulatory capacity of smells and their impact on the cognitive functions of the animals, highlighting the potential of odors and immune modulators as therapeutic agents for CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan José Lasarte, ; Noelia Casares,
| | - María Alfaro
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aritz Lasarte-Cia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Flor Navarro
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isabel Vivas
- Department of Radiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Espelosin
- Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (HUN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Osta
- Gene Therapy for Neurological Disease Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Juan José Lasarte, ; Noelia Casares,
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3
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Vijayakrishnan Nair V, Kish BR, Inglis B, Yang HC(S, Wright AM, Wu YC, Zhou X, Schwichtenberg AJ, Tong Y. Human CSF movement influenced by vascular low frequency oscillations and respiration. Front Physiol 2022; 13:940140. [PMID: 36060685 PMCID: PMC9437252 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.940140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) movement through the pathways within the central nervous system is of high significance for maintaining normal brain health and function. Low frequency hemodynamics and respiration have been shown to drive CSF in humans independently. Here, we hypothesize that CSF movement may be driven simultaneously (and in synchrony) by both mechanisms and study their independent and coupled effects on CSF movement using novel neck fMRI scans. Caudad CSF movement at the fourth ventricle and hemodynamics of the major neck blood vessels (internal carotid arteries and internal jugular veins) was measured from 11 young, healthy volunteers using novel neck fMRI scans with simultaneous measurement of respiration. Two distinct models of CSF movement (1. Low-frequency hemodynamics and 2. Respiration) and possible coupling between them were investigated. We show that the dynamics of brain fluids can be assessed from the neck by studying the interrelationships between major neck blood vessels and the CSF movement in the fourth ventricle. We also demonstrate that there exists a cross-frequency coupling between these two separable mechanisms. The human CSF system can respond to multiple coupled physiological forces at the same time. This information may help inform the pathological mechanisms behind CSF movement-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brianna R. Kish
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ben Inglis
- Henry H. Wheeler, Jr. Brain Imaging Center, Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Ho-Ching (Shawn) Yang
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Adam M. Wright
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yu-Chien Wu
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiaopeng Zhou
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Amy J. Schwichtenberg
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Health and Human Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Yunjie Tong
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Haykin H, Rolls A. The neuroimmune response during stress: A physiological perspective. Immunity 2021; 54:1933-1947. [PMID: 34525336 PMCID: PMC7615352 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Stress is an essential adaptive response that enables the organism to cope with challenges and restore homeostasis. Different stressors require distinctive corrective responses in which immune cells play a critical role. Hence, effects of stress on immunity may vary accordingly. Indeed, epidemiologically, stress can induce either inflammation or immune suppression in an organism. However, in the absence of a conceptual framework, these effects appear chaotic, leading to confusion. Here, we examine how stressor diversity is imbedded in the neuroimmune axis. Stressors differ in the brain patterns they induce, diversifying the neuronal and endocrine mediators dispatched to the periphery and generating a wide range of potential immune effects. Uncovering this complexity and diversity of the immune response to different stressors will allow us to understand the involvement of stress in pathological conditions, identify ways to modulate it, and even harness the therapeutic potential embedded in an adaptive response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedva Haykin
- Department of immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel
| | - Asya Rolls
- Department of immunology, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3525422, Israel.
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Kertser A, Baruch K, Deczkowska A, Weiner A, Croese T, Kenigsbuch M, Cooper I, Tsoory M, Ben-Hamo S, Amit I, Schwartz M. Corticosteroid signaling at the brain-immune interface impedes coping with severe psychological stress. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav4111. [PMID: 31149632 PMCID: PMC6541460 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav4111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The immune system supports brain plasticity and homeostasis, yet it is prone to changes following psychological stress. Thus, it remains unclear whether and how stress-induced immune alterations contribute to the development of mental pathologies. Here, we show that following severe stress in mice, leukocyte trafficking through the choroid plexus (CP), a compartment that mediates physiological immune-brain communication, is impaired. Blocking glucocorticoid receptor signaling, either systemically or locally through its genetic knockdown at the CP, facilitated the recruitment of Gata3- and Foxp3-expressing T cells to the brain and attenuated post-traumatic behavioral deficits. These findings functionally link post-traumatic stress behavior with elevated stress-related corticosteroid signaling at the brain-immune interface and suggest a novel therapeutic target to attenuate the consequences of severe psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kertser
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - K. Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A. Deczkowska
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - A. Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - T. Croese
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Kenigsbuch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I. Cooper
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - M. Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S. Ben-Hamo
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I. Amit
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M. Schwartz
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Corresponding author.
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6
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Lasarte-Cia A, Lozano T, Pérez-González M, Gorraiz M, Iribarren K, Hervás-Stubbs S, Sarobe P, Rabal O, Cuadrado-Tejedor M, García-Osta A, Casares N, Lasarte JJ. Immunomodulatory Properties of Carvone Inhalation and Its Effects on Contextual Fear Memory in Mice. Front Immunol 2018; 9:68. [PMID: 29422905 PMCID: PMC5788902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A complex network of interactions exists between the immune, the olfactory, and the central nervous system (CNS). Inhalation of different fragrances can affect immunological reactions in response to an antigen but also may have effects on the CNS and cognitive activity. We performed an exploratory study of the immunomodulatory ability of a series of compounds representing each of the 10 odor categories or clusters described previously. We evaluated the impact of each particular odor on the immune response after immunization with the model antigen ovalbumin in combination with the TLR3 agonist poly I:C. We found that some odors behave as immunostimulatory agents, whereas others might be considered as potential immunosuppressant odors. Interestingly, the immunomodulatory capacity was, in some cases, strain-specific. In particular, one of the fragrances, carvone, was found to be immunostimulatory in BALB/c mice and immunosuppressive in C57BL/6J mice, facilitating or impairing viral clearance, respectively, in a model of a viral infection with a recombinant adenovirus. Importantly, inhalation of the odor improved the memory capacity in BALB/c mice in a fear-conditioning test, while it impaired this same capacity in C57BL/6J mice. The improvement in memory capacity in BALB/c was associated with higher CD3+ T cell infiltration into the hippocampus and increased local expression of mRNA coding for IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 cytokines. In contrast, the memory impairment in C57BL/6 was associated with a reduction in CD3 numbers and an increase in IFN-γ. These data suggest an association between the immunomodulatory capacity of smells and their impact on the cognitive functions of the animals. These results highlight the potential of studying odors as therapeutic agents for CNS-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritz Lasarte-Cia
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-González
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta Gorraiz
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Kristina Iribarren
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sandra Hervás-Stubbs
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Obdulia Rabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,Anatomy Department, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Osta
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Identification of the Upward Movement of Human CSF In Vivo and its Relation to the Brain Venous System. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2395-2402. [PMID: 28137972 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2754-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CSF flux is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive impairment after traumatic brain injury, all hallmarked by the accumulation of cellular metabolic waste. Its effective disposal via various CSF routes has been demonstrated in animal models. In contrast, the CSF dynamics in humans are still poorly understood. Using novel real-time MRI, forced inspiration has been identified recently as a main driving force of CSF flow in the human brain. Exploiting technical advances toward real-time phase-contrast MRI, the current work analyzed directions, velocities, and volumes of human CSF flow within the brain aqueduct as part of the internal ventricular system and in the spinal canal during respiratory cycles. A consistent upward CSF movement toward the brain in response to forced inspiration was seen in all subjects at the aqueduct, in 11/12 subjects at thoracic level 2, and in 4/12 subjects at thoracic level 5. Concomitant analyses of CSF dynamics and cerebral venous blood flow, that is, in epidural veins at cervical level 3, uniquely demonstrated CSF and venous flow to be closely communicating cerebral fluid systems in which inspiration-induced downward flow of venous blood due to reduced intrathoracic pressure is counterbalanced by an upward movement of CSF. The results extend our understanding of human CSF flux and open important clinical implications, including concepts for drug delivery and new classifications and therapeutic options for various forms of hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Effective disposal of brain cellular waste products via CSF has been demonstrated repeatedly in animal models. However, CSF dynamics in humans are still poorly understood. A novel quantitative real-time MRI technique yielded in vivo CSF flow directions, velocities, and volumes in the human brain and upper spinal canal. CSF moved upward toward the head in response to forced inspiration. Concomitant analysis of brain venous blood flow indicated that CSF and venous flux act as closely communicating systems. The finding of a human CSF-venous network with upward CSF net movement opens new clinical concepts for drug delivery and new classifications and therapeutic options for various forms of hydrocephalus and ideopathic intracranial hypertension.
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Demeestere D, Libert C, Vandenbroucke RE. Therapeutic implications of the choroid plexus-cerebrospinal fluid interface in neuropsychiatric disorders. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:1-13. [PMID: 26116435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) comprises an epithelial monolayer that forms an important physical, enzymatic and immunologic barrier, called the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). It is a highly vascularized organ located in the brain ventricles that is key in maintaining brain homeostasis as it produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and has other important secretory functions. Furthermore, the CP-CSF interface plays a putative role in neurogenesis and has been implicated in neuropsychiatric diseases such as the neurodevelopmental disorders schizophrenia and autism. A role for this CNS border was also implicated in sleep disturbances and chronic and/or severe stress, which are risk factors for the development of neuropsychiatric conditions. Understanding the mechanisms by which disturbance of the homeostasis at the CP-CSF interface is involved in these different chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases can give new insights into therapeutic strategies. Hence, this review discusses the different roles that have been suggested so far for the CP in these neuropsychiatric disorders, with special attention to potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Demeestere
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium.
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9
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Spector R, Robert Snodgrass S, Johanson CE. A balanced view of the cerebrospinal fluid composition and functions: Focus on adult humans. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Bechter K, Benveniste H. Quinckes' pioneering 19th centuries CSF studies may inform 21th centuries research. NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY, AND BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 21:79-81. [PMID: 26451075 PMCID: PMC4594867 DOI: 10.1016/j.npbr.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Smile--It's in your blood! Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 91:287-92. [PMID: 25107703 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Emotions and feelings are the bricks of our social life and yet we often forget that they have a significant impact on our physical wellbeing. Indeed, a growing number of studies have shown that both an imbalanced or improved emotional state can significantly influence the way our immune system responds. In this commentary, we have summarized the most recent studies on the effects of different types of emotional states on the immune system and we have also explored the effects of mood modulator approaches on the immune response. We hope this commentary will prompt scientists and clinicians to think about the therapeutic value and potential of emotions and feelings in immune-related diseases. At the same time, we think that this commentary will shed some light on the scientific truth behind the very famous expression "It's in my blood" when we talk about feelings and personality.
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12
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Baruch K, Schwartz M. CNS-specific T cells shape brain function via the choroid plexus. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:11-6. [PMID: 23597431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity was repeatedly shown to play a role in maintaining lifelong brain function. Under physiological conditions, this activity was associated with CD4+ T cells specific for brain self-antigens. Nevertheless, direct interactions of T cells with the healthy neuronal parenchyma are hardly detectable. Recent studies have identified the brain's choroid plexus (CP) as an active neuro-immunological interface, enriched with CNS-specific CD4+ T cells. Strategically positioned for receiving signals from both the central nervous system (CNS) through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and from the circulation through epithelium-immune cell interactions, the CP has recently been recognized as an important immunological compartment in maintaining and restoring brain homeostasis/allostasis. Here, we propose that CNS-specific T cells shape brain function via the CP, and suggest this immunological control to be lost as part of aging, in general, and immune senescence, in particular. Accordingly, the CP may serve as a novel target for immunomodulation to restore brain equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuti Baruch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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13
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Kunis G, Baruch K, Rosenzweig N, Kertser A, Miller O, Berkutzki T, Schwartz M. IFN-γ-dependent activation of the brain's choroid plexus for CNS immune surveillance and repair. Brain 2013; 136:3427-40. [PMID: 24088808 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages support central nervous system repair. Although infiltration of leucocytes to the injured central nervous system has recently been shown to be orchestrated by the brain's choroid plexus, the immunological mechanism that maintains this barrier and regulates its activity as a selective gate is poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that CD4(+) effector memory T cells, recently shown to reside at the choroid plexus stroma, regulate leucocyte trafficking through this portal through their interactions with the choroid plexus epithelium. We found that the naïve choroid plexus is populated by T helper 1, T helper 2 and regulatory T cells, but not by encephalitogenic T cells. In vitro findings revealed that the expression of immune cell trafficking determinants by the choroid plexus epithelium is specifically induced by interferon-γ. Tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ reciprocally controlled the expression of their receptors by the choroid plexus epithelium, and had a synergistic effect in inducing the epithelial expression of trafficking molecules. In vivo, interferon-γ-dependent signalling controlled trafficking through the choroid plexus; interferon-γ receptor knockout mice exhibited reduced levels of T cells and monocyte entry to the cerebrospinal fluid and impaired recovery following spinal cord injury. Moreover, reduced expression of trafficking molecules by the choroid plexus was correlated with reduced CD4(+) T cells in the choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid of interferon-γ receptor knockout mice. Similar effect on the expression of trafficking molecules by the choroid plexus was found in bone-marrow chimeric mice lacking interferon-γ receptor in the central nervous system, or reciprocally, lacking interferon-γ in the circulation. Collectively, our findings attribute a novel immunological plasticity to the choroid plexus epithelium, allowing it to serve, through interferon-γ signalling, as a tightly regulated entry gate into the central nervous system for circulating leucocytes immune surveillance under physiological conditions, and for repair following acute injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilad Kunis
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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