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Shim D, Bak Y, Choi HG, Lee S, Park SC. Effects of Panax species and their bioactive components on allergic airway diseases. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:354-365. [PMID: 39036733 PMCID: PMC11258390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax species include Panax ginseng Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L., Panax notoginseng, Panax japonicum, Panax trifolium, and Panax pseudoginseng, which contain bioactive components (BCs) such as ginsenosides and polysaccharides. Recently, growing evidence has revealed the pharmacological effects of Panax species and their BCs on allergic airway diseases (AADs), including allergic asthma (AA) and allergic rhinitis (AR). AADs are characterized by damaged epithelium, sustained acquired immune responses with enforced Th2 responses, allergen-specific IgE production, and enhanced production of histamine and leukotrienes by activated mast cells and basophils. In this review, we summarize how Panax species and their BCs modulate acquired immune responses involving interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, reduce the pro-inflammatory responses of epithelial cells, and reduce allergenic responses from basophils and mast cells in vitro. In addition, we highlight the current understanding of the alleviative effects of Panax species and their BCs against AA and AR in vivo. Moreover, we discuss the unmet needs of research and considerations for the treatment of patients to provide basic scientific knowledge for the treatment of AADs using Panax species and their BCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Shim
- Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Bak
- Department of Biomedical Science, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Gyu Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Disease, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhang J, Feng J, Huang Y, Zhou B, Li B, Zhang R. Ginseng Polysaccharide Enhances the Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 RBD Protein Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1833. [PMID: 38140237 PMCID: PMC10747565 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic remarkably accelerated vaccine research progress. The role of adjuvants in enhancing vaccine immune intensity and influencing immune types has been considered. Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS) has been demonstrated to have strong immunoregulatory properties. It is important to explore the feasibility of adding GPS to vaccine adjuvant components to improve the immune response effect of RBD vaccines. Here, we prepared a SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen using the Escherichia coli expression system and determined that subcutaneous administration of GPS at a dose of 40 mg/kg could effectively activate dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦ) in mice. Compared with the RBD group, the RBD+GPS triggered stronger and persistent antibody responses. It is also notable that higher levels of RBD-specific IgG and IgA were distributed in the lungs of RBD+GPS-immunized BALB/c mice. In addition, the RBD+GPS also resulted in lower percentages of IFN-γ+ CD4+ T cells and higher percentages of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells and CD8+ Tcm cells. These results suggest that GPS could be a promising vaccine immuno-enhancer for SARS-CoV-2 RBD subunit vaccines to establish stronger systemic and pulmonary mucosal protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bing Li
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.H.); (B.Z.)
| | - Rongxin Zhang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.Z.); (J.F.); (Y.H.); (B.Z.)
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Xiong H, Han X, Cai L, Zheng H. Natural polysaccharides exert anti-tumor effects as dendritic cell immune enhancers. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1274048. [PMID: 37876967 PMCID: PMC10593453 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1274048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of immunotherapy, the process of tumor treatment is also moving forward. Polysaccharides are biological response modifiers widely found in plants, animals, fungi, and algae and are mainly composed of monosaccharides covalently linked by glycosidic bonds. For a long time, polysaccharides have been widely used clinically to enhance the body's immunity. However, their mechanisms of action in tumor immunotherapy have not been thoroughly explored. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a heterogeneous population of antigen presenting cells (APCs) that play a crucial role in the regulation and maintenance of the immune response. There is growing evidence that polysaccharides can enhance the essential functions of DCs to intervene the immune response. This paper describes the research progress on the anti-tumor immune effects of natural polysaccharides on DCs. These studies show that polysaccharides can act on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the surface of DCs and activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Dectin-1/Syk, and other signalling pathways, thereby promoting the main functions of DCs such as maturation, metabolism, antigen uptake and presentation, and activation of T cells, and then play an anti-tumor role. In addition, the application of polysaccharides as adjuvants for DC vaccines, in combination with adoptive immunotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as well as their co-assembly with nanoparticles (NPs) into nano drug delivery systems is also introduced. These results reveal the biological effects of polysaccharides, provide a new perspective for the anti-tumor immunopharmacological research of natural polysaccharides, and provide helpful information for guiding polysaccharides as complementary medicines in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtai Xiong
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinpu Han
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Cai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Honggang Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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4
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Zhang H, Sun Y, Fan M, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Gao X, He X, Li X, Zhao D, Sagratini G, Su H, Qi W. Prevention effect of total ginsenosides and ginseng extract from Panax ginseng on cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in mice. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3583-3601. [PMID: 37070654 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Oral decoction is widely applied in traditional Chinese medicines. The polysaccharides of decoction promote the exposure of small molecules and increase their bioavailability. This study mainly compared the component and activities of total ginsenosides (TGS) and ginseng extract (GE) on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Thirty-two mice were randomly divided into control, model, TGS, and GE groups. The mice were orally administered for 28 days and then injected with cyclophosphamide on the last four days. The results of component analysis showed the total content of 12 ginsenosides in TGS (67.21%) was higher than GE (2.04%); the total content of 17 amino acids in TGS (1.41%) was lower than GE (5.36%); the total content of 10 monosaccharides was similar in TGS (74.12%) and GE (76.36%). The animal results showed that both TGS and GE protected the hematopoietic function of bone marrow by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and recovering the normal cell cycle of BM; maintained the dynamic balance between the Th1 and Th2 cells; also protected the spleen, thymus, and liver. Meanwhile, TGS and GE protected the intestinal bacteria of immunosuppressed mice by increasing the abundance of lactobacillus and decreasing the abundance of the odoribacter and clostridia_UCG-014. The prevention effect of GE was superior to TGS in some parameters. In conclusion, TGS and GE protected the immune function of immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Meanwhile, GE showed higher bioavailability and bioactivity compared with TGS, because the synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides plays an important role in protecting the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Meiling Fan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Lancao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xinzhu He
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | | | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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5
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Zhang H, Sun Y, Fan M, Zhang Y, Liang Z, Zhang L, Gao X, He X, Li X, Zhao D, Sagratini G, Su H, Qi W. Prevention effect of total ginsenosides and ginseng extract from Panax ginseng on cyclophosphamide‐induced immunosuppression in mice. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3583-3601. [DOI: doi.org/10.1002/ptr.7836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
AbstractOral decoction is widely applied in traditional Chinese medicines. The polysaccharides of decoction promote the exposure of small molecules and increase their bioavailability. This study mainly compared the component and activities of total ginsenosides (TGS) and ginseng extract (GE) on immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Thirty‐two mice were randomly divided into control, model, TGS, and GE groups. The mice were orally administered for 28 days and then injected with cyclophosphamide on the last four days. The results of component analysis showed the total content of 12 ginsenosides in TGS (67.21%) was higher than GE (2.04%); the total content of 17 amino acids in TGS (1.41%) was lower than GE (5.36%); the total content of 10 monosaccharides was similar in TGS (74.12%) and GE (76.36%). The animal results showed that both TGS and GE protected the hematopoietic function of bone marrow by inhibiting cell apoptosis, and recovering the normal cell cycle of BM; maintained the dynamic balance between the Th1 and Th2 cells; also protected the spleen, thymus, and liver. Meanwhile, TGS and GE protected the intestinal bacteria of immunosuppressed mice by increasing the abundance of lactobacillus and decreasing the abundance of the odoribacter and clostridia_UCG‐014. The prevention effect of GE was superior to TGS in some parameters. In conclusion, TGS and GE protected the immune function of immunosuppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide. Meanwhile, GE showed higher bioavailability and bioactivity compared with TGS, because the synergistic effect of polysaccharides and ginsenosides plays an important role in protecting the immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Camerino Italy
| | - Meiling Fan
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of Pharmacy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Lancao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Pharmacy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xinzhu He
- College of Pharmacy Changchun University of Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | | | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of BioMacromolecules of Chinese Medicine; Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Changchun China
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6
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Wu H, Ganguly S, Tollefsbol TO. Modulating Microbiota as a New Strategy for Breast Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091727. [PMID: 36144329 PMCID: PMC9503838 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer in women in the United States. There has been an increasing incidence and decreasing mortality rate of BC cases over the past several decades. Many risk factors are associated with BC, such as diet, aging, personal and family history, obesity, and some environmental factors. Recent studies have shown that healthy individuals and BC patients have different microbiota composition, indicating that microbiome is a new risk factor for BC. Gut and breast microbiota alterations are associated with BC prognosis. This review will evaluate altered microbiota populations in gut, breast tissue, and milk of BC patients, as well as mechanisms of interactions between microbiota modulation and BC. Probiotics and prebiotics are commercially available dietary supplements to alleviate side-effects of cancer therapies. They also shape the population of human gut microbiome. This review evaluates novel means of modulating microbiota by nutritional treatment with probiotics and prebiotics as emerging and promising strategies for prevention and treatment of BC. The mechanistic role of probiotic and prebiotics partially depend on alterations in estrogen metabolism, systematic immune regulation, and epigenetics regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Wu
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Sebanti Ganguly
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trygve O. Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Integrative Center for Aging Research, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1802 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1675 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- University Wide Microbiome Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, 845 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-934-4573; Fax: +1-205-975-6097
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7
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Li M, Wang X, Wang Y, Bao S, Chang Q, Liu L, Zhang S, Sun L. Strategies for Remodeling the Tumor Microenvironment Using Active Ingredients of Ginseng-A Promising Approach for Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:797634. [PMID: 35002732 PMCID: PMC8727883 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.797634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a key role in promoting the initiation and progression of tumors, leading to chemoradiotherapy resistance and immunotherapy failure. Targeting of the TME is a novel anti-tumor therapeutic approach and is currently a focus of anti-tumor research. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (ginseng), an ingredient of well-known traditional Asia medicines, exerts beneficial anti-tumor effects and can regulate the TME. Here, we present a systematic review that describes the current status of research efforts to elucidate the functions and mechanisms of ginseng active components (including ginsenosides and ginseng polysaccharides) for achieving TME regulation. Ginsenosides have variety effects on TME, such as Rg3, Rd and Rk3 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis; Rg3, Rh2 and M4 can regulate the function of immune cells; Rg3, Rd and Rg5 can restrain the stemness of cancer stem cells. Ginseng polysaccharides (such as red ginseng acidic polysaccharides and polysaccharides extracted from ginseng berry and ginseng leaves) can regulate TME mainly by stimulating immune cells. In addition, we propose a potential mechanistic link between ginseng-associated restoration of gut microbiota and the tumor immune microenvironment. Finally, we describe recent advances for improving ginseng efficacy, including the development of a nano-drug delivery system. Taken together, this review provides novel perspectives on potential applications for ginseng active ingredients as anti-cancer adjuvants that achieve anti-cancer effects by reshaping the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shunchao Bao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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8
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Hu Y, He Y, Niu Z, Shen T, Zhang J, Wang X, Hu W, Cho JY. A review of the immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from Panax species. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:23-32. [PMID: 35058724 PMCID: PMC8753523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax polysaccharides are biopolymers that are isolated and purified from the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Panax L. plants, which have attracted considerable attention because of their immunomodulatory activities. In this paper, the composition and structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides are reviewed. Moreover, the immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides are described both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro, Panax polysaccharides exert immunomodulatory functions mainly by activating macrophages, dendritic cells, and the complement system. In vivo, Panax polysaccharides can increase the immune organ indices and stimulate lymphocytes. In addition, this paper also discusses the membrane receptors and various signalling pathways of immune cells. Panax polysaccharides have many beneficial therapeutic effects, including enhancing or activating the immune response, and may be helpful in treating cancer, sepsis, osteoporosis, and other conditions. Panax polysaccharides have the potential for use in the development of novel therapeutic agents or adjuvants with beneficial immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeye Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yang He
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Zhiqiang Niu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Ting Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Ji Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, 223300, China.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Qi H, Zhang Z, Liu J, Chen Z, Huang Q, Li J, Chen J, Wang M, Zhao D, Wang Z, Li X. Comparisons of Isolation Methods, Structural Features, and Bioactivities of the Polysaccharides from Three Common Panax Species: A Review of Recent Progress. Molecules 2021; 26:4997. [PMID: 34443587 PMCID: PMC8400370 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax spp. (Araliaceae family) are widely used medicinal plants and they mainly include Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, Panax quinquefolium L. (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (notoginseng). Polysaccharides are the main active ingredients in these plants and have demonstrated diverse pharmacological functions, but comparisons of isolation methods, structural features, and bioactivities of these polysaccharides have not yet been reported. This review summarizes recent advances associated with 112 polysaccharides from ginseng, 25 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 36 polysaccharides from notoginseng and it compares the differences in extraction, purification, structural features, and bioactivities. Most studies focus on ginseng polysaccharides and comparisons are typically made with the polysaccharides from American ginseng and notoginseng. For the extraction, purification, and structural analysis, the processes are similar for the polysaccharides from the three Panax species. Previous studies determined that 55 polysaccharides from ginseng, 18 polysaccharides from American ginseng, and 9 polysaccharides from notoginseng exhibited anti-tumor activity, immunoregulatory effects, anti-oxidant activity, and other pharmacological functions, which are mediated by multiple signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, or redox balance pathways. This review can provide new insights into the similarities and differences among the polysaccharides from the three Panax species, which can facilitate and guide further studies to explore the medicinal properties of the Araliaceae family used in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
- College of Acupuncture and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China; (Z.Z.); (M.W.)
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
| | - Zeyu Wang
- Department of Scientific Research, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China; (H.Q.); (J.L.); (Z.C.); (Q.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (D.Z.)
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10
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Guo M, Shao S, Wang D, Zhao D, Wang M. Recent progress in polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Food Funct 2020; 12:494-518. [PMID: 33331377 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo01896a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) has a long history of medicinal use and can treat a variety of diseases. P. ginseng contains a variety of active ingredients, such as saponins, polypeptides, volatile oils, and polysaccharides. Among them, saponins have always been considered as the main components responsible for its pharmacological activities. However, more and more studies have shown that polysaccharides play an indispensable role in the medicinal value of ginseng. Modern biological and medical studies have found that ginseng polysaccharides have complex structural characteristics and diverse biological activities, such as immune regulation, anti-tumor, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, and anti-radiation functions, among others. Additionally, the structural characteristics of ginseng polysaccharides are closely related to their activity. In this review, the research background, extraction, purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities of ginseng polysaccharides from different parts of P. ginseng (roots, flowers stems and leaves, and berries) under different growth conditions (artificially cultivated ginseng, mountain ginseng, and wild ginseng) are summarized. The structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed. Meanwhile, their biological activities were introduced, and some possible mechanisms were listed. Furthermore, the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides was discussed. Some research perspectives for the study of ginseng polysaccharides were also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, China
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11
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Patel S, Rauf A. Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: Status quo and future prospects. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:120-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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12
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Xue M, Sun H, Cao Y, Wang G, Meng Y, Wang D, Hong Y. Mulberry leaf polysaccharides modulate murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cell maturation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:946-50. [PMID: 25830302 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Various components of mulberry leaves, such as iminosugars, flavonoids and polysaccharides, have been reported to exert anti-diabetic activity. The purpose of our present study was to examine the modulating effect of mulberry leaf polysaccharides (MLPs) on murine bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The ultrastructure, phenotype and functional maturation of BMDCs were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), flow cytometry (FCM), and tested for phagocytosis, acid phosphatase (ACP) activity using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that MLPs could markedly induce BMDC maturation by up-regulating the expression of membrane phenotypic markers, such as CD80, CD86, CD83,CD40, and MHC II, down-regulating phagocytosis and ACP activity, and by enhancing the production of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secreted by BMDCs. We therefore concluded that MLPs can positively modulate BMDCs.
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Key Words
- ACP, acidic phosphatase
- BMDCs, bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells
- DAB, 3, 3′-diaminobenzidine
- FCM, flow cytometry
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MACS, magnetic activated cell sorting
- MLP, mulberry leaf polysaccharides
- MTS, methyl tolyl sulfide
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells
- immunoregulation
- maturation
- mulberry leaf polysaccharides
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xue
- a Department of Endodontics ; School of Stomatology; China Medical University ; Shenyang , China
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13
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Song Q, Meng Y, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang J, Xin S, Wang L, Shan F. Maturation inside and outside bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) modulated by interferon-α (IFN-α). Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:843-9. [PMID: 24095953 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferons are made by cells in response to appropriate stimuli such as viruses, bacteria, parasites or tumor cells and are released into the surrounding medium. They then bind to receptors on target cells to allow for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that eradicate pathogens or tumors. IFN-α is produced by leukocytes and is mainly involved in innate immune response against viral or bacterial infections and for tumor control. The aim of this work is to explore the detailed modulation of IFN-α on phenotypic and functional maturation inside and outside murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The maturity of BMDCs post treatment with IFN-α was evaluated with conventional light microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology changes; flow cytometry (FCM) for changes of surface molecules on BMDCs; cytochemistry, acid phosphatase activity (ACP) test, and FITC-dextran bio-assay for biochemistry analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for cytokine production by BMDCs. We have shown that IFN-α 1) up-regulates the expression of MHC II, CD40, CD83, CD80 and CD86 molecules on BMDCs; 2) down-regulates the rates of pinocytosis and phagocytosis by BMDCs as evidenced by the results of decreased ACP, and FITC-dextran bio-assay; 3) enhances the ability of BMDCs to drive T cell function; and 4) induces higher levels of IL-12 and TNF-α secreted by BMDCs. Therefore, we conclude that IFN-α can efficiently promote the maturation of BMDCs through detailed modulation inside and outside BMDCs. Our study has provided more detailed data on changes of BMDCs modulated by IFN-α, and rationale on future application of IFN-α for enhancing host immunity and potent adjuvant administration in the design of DC-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Song
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No. 155, North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang 110001, China.
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14
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Xue M, Zhu L, Meng Y, Wang L, Sun H, Wang F, Wang E, Shan F. Detailed modulation of phenotypes and functions of bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs) by interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:366-72. [PMID: 23867288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ is a cytokine that plays crucial role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral and intracellular bacterial infections and for tumor control. IFN-γ is also a key activator of macrophages [1,2]. In the present study, we studied detailed modulation of IFN-γ on phenotypic and functional maturation of murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Phenotypic and functional maturation of BMDCs was evaluated by light microscope, flow cytometry(FCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), cytochemistry method, acid phosphatase activity(ACP), FITC-dextran bio-assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We elucidated that IFN-γ up-regulated the expression of MHC II, CD40, CD80, CD83 and CD86 molecules on BMDCs, down-regulated the activity of pinocytosis and phagocytosis by BMDCs, and induced higher levels of IL-12 and TNF-α secreted by BMDCs. It is therefore confirmed that IFN-γ can effectively promote the maturation of BMDCs. Our study provides more evidence and rationale on future application of IFN-γ for enhancing host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xue
- Department of Endodontics, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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