1
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Hadad EH, Ahmadzadeh A, Abooali A, Saki Malehi A, Shokouhian M, Saki N. Prognostic role and therapeutic susceptibility of cathepsin in various types of solid tumor and leukemia: A systematic review. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:7709-7730. [PMID: 32324258 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsins (CTSs) are multifunctional proteins that can play prominent roles in cancer progression and metastasis. In this systematic review, we compared the prognosis of CTS subtypes overexpression in leukemia and solid tumors, and investigated the effect of different factors on CTS prognosis. We systematically searched published articles indexed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library, ISI Web of Science, and EmBase databases from February 2000 until January 2020. Among the selected leukemia and solid tumors studies, overexpression of CTS subtypes in newly diagnosed and treated patients were with poor prognosis in 43 studies (79.6%) and with good prognosis in 9 studies (16.6%). However, there were 2 studies (3.8%) with either good or poor prognosis, depending on conditions and caner stage and host cell. The relation between CTS and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in leukemia and solid tumors was mentioned in 7 studies (13%). Overexpression of CTS subtypes in all new case patients had contributed to the induction of poor prognosis. It seems that CTS subtypes, based on the type of cancer and its stage, the type of host cells, and the probable relation with HLA, breed good or poor prognosis in patients with cancer. Therefore, monitoring the overexpression of CTS subtypes and determining the effect of each of these factors on CTS prognosis could be helpful in predicting cancer prognosis both in newly diagnosed or under treatment patients. They could also be useful in finding ways for improving the efficiency of contemporary therapeutic strategies in various types of leukemia and solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Homaei Hadad
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Abooali
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amal Saki Malehi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shokouhian
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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2
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Chobrutskiy BI, Yeagley M, Diviney A, Zaman S, Gozlan EC, Tipping P, Koohestani DM, Roca AM, Blanck G. A scoring system for the electrostatic complementarities of T-cell receptors and cancer-mutant amino acids: multi-cancer analyses of associated survival rates. Immunology 2020; 159:373-383. [PMID: 31821535 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor immune response is considered to be due to the T-cell receptor (TCR) binding to tumor antigens, which can be either wild-type, early stem cell proteins, presumably foreign to a developed immune system; or mutant peptides, foreign to the immune system because of a mutant amino acid (aa) or otherwise somatically altered aa sequence. Recently, very large numbers of TCR complementarity-determining region-3 (CDR3) aa sequences obtained from tumor specimens have become available. We developed a novel algorithm for assessing the complementarity of tumor mutant peptides and TCR CDR3s, based on the retrieval of TCR CDR3 aa sequences from both tumor specimen and patient blood exomes and by using an automated process of assessing CDR3 and mutant aa electrical charges. Results indicated many instances where high electrostatic complementarity was associated with a higher survival rate. In particular, our approach led to the identification of specific genes contributing significantly to the complementary, TCR CDR3-mutant aa. These results suggest a novel approach to tumor immunoscoring and may lead to the identification of high-priority neo-antigen, peptide vaccines; or to the identification of ex vivo stimulants of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris I Chobrutskiy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Yeagley
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Diviney
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Saif Zaman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Etienne C Gozlan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Price Tipping
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Darush M Koohestani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea M Roca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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3
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MMP7 sensitivity of mutant ECM proteins: An indicator of melanoma survival rates and T-cell infiltration. Clin Biochem 2018; 63:85-91. [PMID: 30414845 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the potential impact of mutant ECM amino acids (AA) on melanoma-related matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP7) activity. DESIGN AND METHODS We applied a novel scripted algorithm, based on the MEROPS database, to reveal mutant-dependent sensitivity changes across the cancer genome atlas, melanoma dataset. RESULTS This approach revealed a strong bias in favor of mutant AA dependent protease sensitivity increases. Thus, melanoma specimens with relatively few mutations had only MMP7 mutant sensitive, ECM peptides. As mutations increased, melanoma specimens included mutant AA representing mostly increased sensitivity and a small but increasing number of mutant AA representing decreased MMP7 sensitivity. There was no detection of melanoma specimens with only decreases in MMP7 sensitivity. Furthermore, melanoma specimens with exclusively increased sensitivity and thereby only a few overall mutations represented reduced T-cell infiltrates and worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results indicated that changes in MMP7 sensitivity, attributable to mutant AA, have the potential of identifying patients with distinct survival outcomes as well as patients with cancer specimen immune activity.
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4
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Clark NM, Garcia Galindo CA, Patel VK, Parry ML, Stoll RJ, Yavorski JM, Pinkason EP, Johnson EM, Walker CM, Johnson J, Sexton WJ, Coppola D, Blanck G. The human, F-actin-based cytoskeleton as a mutagen sensor. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:121. [PMID: 29255378 PMCID: PMC5727871 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Forty years ago the actin cytoskeleton was determined to be disrupted in fibroblasts from persons with DNA repair-defective, hereditary colon cancer, with no clear connection between the cytoskeleton and DNA repair defects at that time. Recently, the large number of sequenced genomes has indicated that mammalian mutagenesis has a large stochastic component. As a result, large coding regions are large mutagen targets. Cytoskeletal protein-related coding regions (CPCRs), including extra-cellular matrix proteins, are among the largest coding regions in the genome and are indeed very commonly mutated in cancer. Methods To determine whether mutagen sensitivity of the actin cytoskeleton could be assessed experimentally, we treated tissue culture cells with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and quantified overall cytoskeleton integrity with rhodamine-phalloidin stains for F-actin. Results The above approach indicated cytoskeletal degradation with increasing mutagen exposure, consistent with increased mutagenesis of CPCRs in TCGA, smoker samples, where overall mutation rates correlate with CPCR mutation rates (R2 = 0.8694; p < 0.00001). In addition, mutagen exposure correlated with a decreasing cell perimeter to area ratio, raising questions about potential decreasing, intracellular diffusion and concentrations of chemotherapy drugs, with increasing mutagenesis and decreasing cytoskeleton integrity. Conclusion Determination of cytoskeletal integrity may provide the opportunity to assess mutation burdens in nonclonal cell populations, such as in intact tissues, where DNA sequencing for heterogeneous mutation burdens can be challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette M Clark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Carlos A Garcia Galindo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Vandan K Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Michele L Parry
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Rebecca J Stoll
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - John M Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Elizabeth P Pinkason
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Edna M Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Chelsea M Walker
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA
| | - Joseph Johnson
- Analytical Microscopy Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Wade J Sexton
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Pathology, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Bruce B. Downs Bd., Tampa, FL 12901 USA.,Analytical Microscopy Core Facility, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA.,Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL USA
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5
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Callahan BM, Patel JS, Fawcett TJ, Blanck G. Cytoskeleton and
ECM
tumor mutant peptides: Increased protease sensitivities and potential consequences for the
HLA
class
I
mutant epitope reservoir. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:988-998. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blake M. Callahan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineTampa Florida
| | - Jay S. Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineTampa Florida
| | | | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineTampa Florida
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer and Research InstituteTampa Florida
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6
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Uversky VN, Tu YN, Nwogu O, Butler SN, Ramsamooj M, Blanck G. High-level intrinsic disorder explains the universality of CLIP binding to diverse MHC class II variants. Cell Mol Immunol 2017; 15:76-78. [PMID: 28757614 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Immunology Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Yaping N Tu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Immunology Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Onyekachi Nwogu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Immunology Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Shanitra N Butler
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Immunology Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Michael Ramsamooj
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Immunology Program, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, and Immunology Program, Tampa, FL, USA.,H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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7
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Tu YN, Tong WL, Samy MD, Yavorski JM, Kim M, Blanck G. Assessing microenvironment immunogenicity using tumor specimen exomes: Co-detection of TcR-α/β V(D)J recombinations correlates with PD-1 expression. Int J Cancer 2017; 140:2568-2576. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping N. Tu
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa FL
| | - Wei Lue Tong
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa FL
| | - Mohammad D. Samy
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa FL
| | - John M. Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa FL
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Molecular Oncology; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Tampa FL
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida; Tampa FL
- Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Tampa FL
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8
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Sait S, Fawcett T, Blanck G. Overlap of the cancer genome atlas and the immune epitope database. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2982-2984. [PMID: 27703532 PMCID: PMC5038905 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutant peptides resulting from cancer drivers or passenger mutations are expected to have the potential to serve as a basis for cancer vaccines. However, a number of parameters regulate vaccine-associated immunogenicity, including the suitability of a peptide for binding to an antigen-presenting molecule or antibody. In order to obtain a basic indication of the prospect of human cancer epitope identification via current database development strategies, an overlap of the mutant Homo sapiens epitopes listed on the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) and the mutant peptides indicated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) somatic mutation database was obtained. No putative TCGA mutant peptides were detected among the 8,890 14-18 amino acid (AA) IEDB peptides available. In total, 3 IEDB mutant epitopes that encompassed a TCGA mutant AA position, but did not overlap the exact position of the TCGA mutant AA, were detected. The results of the present analysis confirm that verification of certain aspects of cancer epitope function can be obtained via the continued and systematic expansion of databases representing human protein epitopes. However, the analysis also indicates that there is relatively limited systematic information available regarding antigen-presenting molecule epitopes and cancer-related mutant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Sait
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Timothy Fawcett
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Research Computing University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- Immunology Program, Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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9
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Tomita Y, Lee MJ, Lee S, Tomita S, Chumsri S, Cruickshank S, Ordentlich P, Trepel JB. The interplay of epigenetic therapy and immunity in locally recurrent or metastatic estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: Correlative analysis of ENCORE 301, a randomized, placebo-controlled phase II trial of exemestane with or without entinostat. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1219008. [PMID: 27999738 PMCID: PMC5139687 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1219008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Entinostat, a class I-selective histone deacetylase inhibitor, has shown promising activity in ENCORE 301, a randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II trial of exemestane with or without entinostat in women with locally recurrent or metastatic estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer progressing on a nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor. ENCORE 301 showed an 8.3-mo improvement in median overall survival among patients who received entinostat. We investigated the impact of entinostat on immune subsets with CD40, HLA-DR, and immune checkpoint receptor expression analyses in 34 patient blood samples from ENCORE 301. We found that entinostat significantly decreased granulocytic and monocytic MDSCs at cycle 1 day 15. MDSC CD40 was significantly downregulated by entinostat. A significant increase in HLA-DR expression on CD14+ monocytes by entinostat was observed. Entinostat did not impact T-cell subsets or T-cell immune checkpoint receptor expression. Our findings suggest that a significant interplay between this epigenetic regimen and host immune homeostatic mechanisms may impact therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tomita
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Saori Tomita
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane B Trepel
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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Blazekovic F, Odukoya D, Butler SN, Mauro JA, Ramsamooj M, Puleo E, Szekeres K, Dana D, Kumar S, Ragupathi G, Blanck G. HLA-DR peptide occupancy can be regulated with a wide variety of small molecules. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:593-8. [PMID: 26453454 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1089370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DR is the most commonly expressed and likely the most medically important human MHC class II, antigen presenting protein. In a normal immune response, HLA-DR binds to antigenic peptide and the HLA-DR/peptide complex binds to a T-cell receptor, thus contributing to T-cell activation and stimulation of an immune response against the antigen. When foreign antigen is not present, HLA-DR binds endogenous peptide which, under normal conditions does not stimulate an immune response. In most cases, the human peptide is CLIP, but a certain percentage of HLA-DR molecules will be present at the cell surface with other human peptides. We have recently shown that cell surface, CLIP/HLA-DR ratios are a measure of peptide heterogeneity, and in particular, changes in CLIP/HLA-DR ratios represent changes in the occupancy of HLA-DR by other, endogenous peptides. For example, treatment of cells with the HDAC inhibitor, Entinostat, leads to an upregulation of Cathepsin L1 and replacement of Cathepsin L1 senstitive peptides with HLA-DR binding, Cathepsin L1 resistant peptides, an alteration that can be at least partially assessed via assessment of CLIP/HLA-DR cell surface ratios. Here we assay for CLIP/HLA-DR ratios following treatment of immortalized B-cells with a variety of common drugs, almost all of which indicate significant changes in the CLIP/HLA-DR ratios. Furthermore, the CLIP/HLA-DR ratio changes parallel the impact of the drug panoply on cell viability, suggesting that alterations in the HLA-DR peptidome are governed by a variety of mechanisms, rather than exclusively dependent on a dedicated peptide loading process. These results raise questions about how FDA approved drugs may affect the immune response, and whether any of these drugs could be useful as vaccine adjuvants?
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Blazekovic
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Dana Odukoya
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Shanitra N Butler
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - James A Mauro
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Michael Ramsamooj
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Erika Puleo
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Karoly Szekeres
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA
| | - Dibyendu Dana
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , Queens , NY , USA
| | - Sanjai Kumar
- b Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York , Queens , NY , USA
| | - Govind Ragupathi
- c Department of Medicine ; Melanoma and Immunotherapeutic Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , NY , USA
| | - George Blanck
- a Department of Molecular Medicine , Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa , FL , USA.,d Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute , Tampa , FL , USA
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11
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Gallagher SJ, Tiffen JC, Hersey P. Histone Modifications, Modifiers and Readers in Melanoma Resistance to Targeted and Immune Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1959-82. [PMID: 26426052 PMCID: PMC4695870 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The treatment of melanoma has been revolutionized by new therapies targeting MAPK signaling or the immune system. Unfortunately these therapies are hindered by either primary resistance or the development of acquired resistance. Resistance mechanisms involving somatic mutations in genes associated with resistance have been identified in some cases of melanoma, however, the cause of resistance remains largely unexplained in other cases. The importance of epigenetic factors targeting histones and histone modifiers in driving the behavior of melanoma is only starting to be unraveled and provides significant opportunity to combat the problems of therapy resistance. There is also an increasing ability to target these epigenetic changes with new drugs that inhibit these modifications to either prevent or overcome resistance to both MAPK inhibitors and immunotherapy. This review focuses on changes in histones, histone reader proteins and histone positioning, which can mediate resistance to new therapeutics and that can be targeted for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Gallagher
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crow's Nest 2065, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Jessamy C Tiffen
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crow's Nest 2065, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Peter Hersey
- Melanoma Immunology and Oncology Group, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia.
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Crow's Nest 2065, Sydney, Australia.
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12
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Parry ML, Blanck G. Flat cells come full sphere: Are mutant cytoskeletal-related proteins oncoprotein-monsters or useful immunogens? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015. [PMID: 26225584 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1073428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta is inherited as a dominant disease because if one allele is mutated, it contributes a mutant, destructive subunit polypeptide to collagen, which requires many subunits to form normal, polymeric, collagenous structures. Recent cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data indicate that cytoskeletal-related proteins are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers, in distinct mutation frequency groups, i.e., including low mutation frequency groups. Part of the explanation for this observation is likely to be the fact that many of the coding regions for these proteins are very large, and indeed, it is likely these coding regions are mutated in many cells that never become cancerous. However, it would not be surprising if mutations in cytoskeletal proteins, when combined with oncoprotein or tumor suppressor protein mutations, had significant impacts on cancer development, for a number of reasons, including results obtained almost 5 decades ago indicating that well-spread cells in tissue culture, with well-formed cytoskeletons, were less tumorigenic than spherical cells with disrupted cytoskeletons. This raises the question, are mutant cytoskeletal proteins, which would likely interfere with polymer formation, a new class of oncoproteins, in particular, dominant negative oncoproteins? If these proteins are so commonly mutant, could they be the bases for common cancer vaccines?
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Parry
- a Department of Molecular Medicine ; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida ; Tampa , FL USA
| | - George Blanck
- a Department of Molecular Medicine ; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida ; Tampa , FL USA.,b Immunology Program; Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute ; Tampa , FL USA
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13
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Blanck G. The future of cancer research: prevention, screening, vaccines, and tumor-specific drug combos. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:700-2. [PMID: 24346686 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New cancer research strategies have developed very rapidly over the past five years, including extensive DNA sequencing of tumor and normal cells; use of highly sensitive cancer cell detection methods; vaccine development and tumor-specific (designer) drugs. These developments have raised questions about where to concentrate efforts in the near future when establishing clinical trials, particularly important in an age of diminishing resources and during a period when competing strategies for cancer control are likely to overwhelm the opportunities for establishing large, effective clinical trials. In particular, it behooves the research community to be mindful of the inevitable, challenging obligation to responsibly choose between clinical trials that offer the credible hope of incremental advances vs. trials that are less traditional but may have revolutionary outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Blanck
- Molecular Medicine; Morsani College of Medicine; University of South Florida; Tampa, FL USA; Immunology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
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