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Yu YS, AboulFotouh K, Xu H, Williams G, Suman J, Cano C, Warnken ZN, C-W Wu K, Williams Iii RO, Cui Z. Feasibility of intranasal delivery of thin-film freeze-dried, mucoadhesive vaccine powders. Int J Pharm 2023; 640:122990. [PMID: 37127138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal vaccination by directly applying a vaccine dry powder is appealing. However, a method that can be used to transform a vaccine from a liquid to a dry powder and a device that can be used to administer the powder to the desired region(s) of the nasal cavity are critical for successful intranasal vaccination. In the present study, using a model vaccine that contains liposomal monophosphoryl lipid A and QS-21 adjuvant (AdjLMQ) and ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, it was shown that thin-film freeze-drying can be applied to convert the liquid vaccine containing sucrose at a sucrose to lipid ratio of 15:1 (w/w) into dry powders, in the presence or absence of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt (CMC) as a mucoadhesive agent. Ultimately, the thin-film freeze-dried AdjLMQ/OVA vaccine powder containing 1.9% (w/w) of CMC (i.e., TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder) was selected for additional evaluation because the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder was mucoadhesive and maintained the integrity of the antigen and the physical properties of the vaccine. Compared to the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA powder that did not contain CMC, the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder had a lower moisture content and a higher glass transition temperature. In addition, the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% thin films were relatively thicker than the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA thin films without CMC. When sprayed with Aptar Pharma's Unidose Powder Nasal Spray System (UDSP), the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA powder and the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder generated similar particle size distribution curves, spray patterns, and plume geometries. Importantly, after the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% powder was sprayed with the UDSP nasal device, the integrity of the OVA antigen and the AdjLMQ liposomes did not change. Finally, a Taguchi L4 orthogonal array was applied to identify the optimal parameters for using the UDSP device to deliver the TFF AdjLMQ/OVA/CMC1.9% vaccine powder to the middle and lower turbinate and the nasopharynx regions in both adult and child nasal replica casts. Results from this study showed that it is feasible to apply the TFF technology to transform a nasal vaccine candidate from liquid to a dry powder and then use the UDSP nasal device to deliver the TFF vaccine powder to the desired regions in the nasal cavity for intranasal vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Yu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, United States; National Taiwan University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Khaled AboulFotouh
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, United States
| | | | | | - Chris Cano
- TFF Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | | | - Kevin C-W Wu
- National Taiwan University, Department of Chemical Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan; National Health Research Institute, Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Robert O Williams Iii
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, United States
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, Austin, Texas, United States.
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2
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Krishnan N, Kubiatowicz LJ, Holay M, Zhou J, Fang RH, Zhang L. Bacterial membrane vesicles for vaccine applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114294. [PMID: 35436569 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been highly successful in the management of many diseases. However, there are still numerous illnesses, both infectious and noncommunicable, for which there are no clinically approved vaccine formulations. While there are unique difficulties that must be overcome in the case of each specific disease, there are also a number of common challenges that have to be addressed for effective vaccine development. In recent years, bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have received increased attention as a potent and versatile vaccine platform. BMVs are inherently immunostimulatory and are able to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, BMVs can be readily taken up and processed by immune cells due to their nanoscale size. Finally, BMVs can be modified in a variety of ways, including by genetic engineering, cargo loading, and nanoparticle coating, in order to create multifunctional platforms that can be leveraged against different diseases. Here, an overview of the interactions between BMVs and immune cells is provided, followed by discussion on the applications of BMV vaccine nanotechnology against bacterial infections, viral infections, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Luke J Kubiatowicz
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Nuwarda RF, Alharbi AA, Kayser V. An Overview of Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1032. [PMID: 34579269 PMCID: PMC8473132 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the major public health concerns because it causes annual epidemics and can potentially instigate a global pandemic. Numerous countermeasures, including vaccines and antiviral treatments, are in use against seasonal influenza infection; however, their effectiveness has always been discussed due to the ongoing resistance to antivirals and relatively low and unpredictable efficiency of influenza vaccines compared to other vaccines. The growing interest in vaccines as a promising approach to prevent and control influenza may provide alternative vaccine development options with potentially increased efficiency. In addition to currently available inactivated, live-attenuated, and recombinant influenza vaccines on the market, novel platforms such as virus-like particles (VLPs) and nanoparticles, and new vaccine formulations are presently being explored. These platforms provide the opportunity to design influenza vaccines with improved properties to maximize quality, efficacy, and safety. The influenza vaccine manufacturing process is also moving forward with advancements relating to egg- and cell-based production, purification processes, and studies into the physicochemical attributes and vaccine degradation pathways. These will contribute to the design of more stable, optimized vaccine formulations guided by contemporary analytical testing methods and via the implementation of the latest advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Veysel Kayser
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (R.F.N.); (A.A.A.)
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Chae W, Kim P, Hwang BJ, Seong BL. Universal monoclonal antibody-based influenza hemagglutinin quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vaccine 2019; 37:1457-1466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lee J, Lee KY, Kim JH, Kim CS, Eun BW, Kim HM, Kim DH, Hong YJ, Choi YY, Jo DS, Ma SH, Kang JH. Safety and Immunogenicity of an Egg-Cultivated Quadrivalent Inactivated Split-virion Influenza Vaccine (GC3110A) in Healthy Korean Children: a Randomized, Double-blinded, Active-controlled Phase III Study. J Korean Med Sci 2018; 33:e100. [PMID: 29573247 PMCID: PMC5865052 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency with which the 2 B lineages have been found to cocirculate in a season has been on the rise, which has spurred the need for a quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) to protect against both B lineages. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that QIV include both B lineages beginning in the 2013-2014 flu season. This study was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an egg-cultivated QIV in healthy Korean children and adolescents aged ≥ 6 months to < 19 years. METHODS A total of 528 subjects were randomized 4:1 to receive either a QIV (GC3110A) or a trivalent influenza vaccine. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses were assessed 28 days after the last dose. Safety was also evaluated. RESULTS The proportion of subjects in the GC3110A group who achieved seroconversion was confirmed to exceed 40% across all age groups. The proportion of subjects aged ≥ 6 months to < 3 years in the GC3110A group who achieved seroprotection failed to meet the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) standard of 70%. Potential causes may include the small number of subjects, as well as the small dosage. However, results pertaining to the other age groups satisfied the MFDS standard. The safety profile was also comparable to that of the control. CONCLUSION The new quadrivalent split influenza vaccine may offer broader protection to children and adolescents aged ≥ 3 years to < 19 years of age against both influenza B lineages than the existing trivalent influenza vaccines (Registered at the ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02541253).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanil General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Yil Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chun Soo Kim
- Departments of Pediatrics, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Wook Eun
- Department of Pediatrics, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwang Min Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Dong Ho Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Jin Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Youn Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonnam National University Hospital, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Chonbuk National University Children's Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Changwon Fatima Hospital, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jin Han Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Yang F, Ma L, Zhou J, Wu Y, Gao J, Song S, Geng X, Guo Q, Li Z, Li W, Liao G, Li Y. Development and identification of a new Vero cell-based live attenuated influenza B vaccine by a modified classical reassortment method. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:855-863. [PMID: 28581345 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1337514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It was to generate a new Vero and cold-adapted live attenuated influenza B vaccine with enough safety and immunogenicity. METHODS According to modified classical reassortment method, the donor strain was B/Yunnan/2/2005Vca(B), and the parental virus strain was B/Brisbane/60/2008wt. After co-infection in Vero cells, the prepared antibody serum inhibited the donor strain growth, and screening conditions inhibited the parental virus growth, which induced the growth of the new reassortant virus B/Brisbane/60/2008Vca(B) grow. Through intraperitoneal injection (i.j.) and intranasal injection (n.j.) we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. RESULTS A high-yield of the reassortant virus was produced in Vero cells at 25°C, similar to the donor strains. After sequencing, it was found that B/Brisbane/60/2008Vca(B) Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) gene fragments were from B/Brisbane/60/2008wt, while the other 6 gene fragments were from B/Yunnan/2/2005Vca(B). The n.j. immune pathway experiments showed no significant differences between the treatment and the PBS control group with respect to weight changes (P > 0.5). Furthermore, the new strain had a sufficient geometric mean titter (GMT) against B/Brisbane/60/2008wt. CONCLUSION The new reassortant live attenuated influenza B vaccine was safe and having enough immune stimulating ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China.,b Medical Faculty , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Ma
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjie Wu
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingxia Gao
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Song
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Xingliang Geng
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Guo
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuofan Li
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- c The Department of Production Administration, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyang Liao
- a The fifth Department of Biological products, Institute of Medical Biology , Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College , Kunming , People's Republic of China
| | - Yufeng Li
- d Department of Cardiology , Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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Choi WS, Noh JY, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Wie SH, Lee JS, Lee J, Kim SW, Jeong HW, Jung SI, Kim YS, Woo HJ, Kim KH, Kim H, Kim WJ. Immunogenicity and safety of a cell culture-derived inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (NBP607-QIV): A randomized, double-blind, multi-center, phase III clinical trial in adults and elderly subjects. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1653-1660. [PMID: 28406746 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1297351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influenza B virus has two lineages; Yamagata and Victoria. The two lineages are antigenically distinct and it is difficult to expect cross-protection between the lineages. Actually, the mismatch between circulating influenza B viruses and vaccine strains has been occurred frequently. The cell-culture system for the production of influenza vaccine can contribute to improve vaccine strain selection and expand vaccine supplies. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of cell culture-derived quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (NBP607-QIV) in adults and elderly subjects. METHODS A randomized controlled phase III trial was undertaken in 10 university hospitals in the Republic of Korea (Clinical trial Number-NCT02467842). Adults (aged 19-59 years) and elderly subjects (aged ≥60 years) were randomly assigned in a 2:1:1 ratio to NBP607-QIV versus cell culture-based trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine-Yamagata (NBP607-Y) and cell culture-based trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine-Victoria (NBP607-V). Immunogenicity was assessed 3 weeks after vaccination by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Safety was assessed for 6 months post-vaccination: solicited adverse events (AEs) for 7 days, unsolicited AEs for 21 days and serious adverse events (SAEs) for 6 months. AEs were sub-classified as adverse drug reactions (ADRs) according to the causality. RESULTS A total of 1,503 participants were randomly assigned to NBP607-QIV (n = 752), NBP607-Y (n = 373) and NBP607-V (n = 378). The seroconversion rates of NBP607-QIV were 52.4%, 51.2%, 43.7% and 55.8% against A/H1N1, A/H3N2, B/Yamagata and B/Victoria, respectively. Non-inferiority against shared strains and superiority against alternate-lineage B strains were demonstrated for NBP607-QIV vs. NBP607-Y and NBP607-V. A total of 730 reactions occurred in 324 (43.1%) subjects of NBP607-QIV group. Majority of ADRs was solicited (99.2%) and mild (90.3%) in intensity. In adults (aged 19-59 years), solicited local AEs were slightly more frequent in NBP607-QIV group than NBP607-Y or NBP607-V group (40.9%, 33.4% and 32.5%, respectively). One SAE was observed among NBP607-QIV group, which was considered to be unrelated to the study vaccine within 3 weeks of vaccination and no vaccine-related SAEs were reported up to 6 months after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS NBP607-QIV is a safe, well-tolerated and immunogenic influenza vaccine in Korean adults and elderly subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Choi
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Heon Wie
- b Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Lee
- c Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Inha University Hospital, Inha University School of Medicine , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Jacob Lee
- d Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- e Division of Allergic and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Kyungpook National University School of Medicine , Daegu , Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- f Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Chungbuk University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine , Cheongju , Republic of Korea
| | - Sook-In Jung
- g Division of Infectious Diseases , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sook Kim
- h Divisoin of Infectious Diseases , Chungnam National University School of Medicine , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Jeong Woo
- d Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Hallym University College of Medicine , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ho Kim
- i Life Science Research Institute, SK Chemicals , Seongnam , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- i Life Science Research Institute, SK Chemicals , Seongnam , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- a Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine , Korea University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Tsurudome Y, Kimachi K, Okada Y, Matsuura K, Ooyama Y, Ibaragi K, Kino Y, Ueda K. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in healthy adults: a phase II, open-label, uncontrolled trial in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:597-604. [PMID: 26272602 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two antigenically distinct B strain lineages of influenza virus have co-circulated since the mid-1980s; however, inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines contain only one B lineage. The mismatch between the circulating and vaccine lineages has been a worldwide issue. In this study, an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine (QIV) candidate containing two B lineages was manufactured and its immunogenicity and safety evaluated in an open-label, uncontrolled trial. In this phase II trial, 50 subjects aged 20-64 years received two doses of QIV s.c. 1 to 4 weeks apart. Sera were collected pre- and post-vaccination and safety assessed from the first vaccination to 21 ± 7 days after the second vaccination. After the first vaccination, hemagglutination inhibition titers against each strain increased markedly; the seroconversion rate, geometric mean titer ratio and seroprotection rate being 94.0%, 24.93, and 100.0%, respectively, for the A/H1N1pdm09 strain; 94.0%, 12.47, and 98.0%, respectively, for the A/H3N2 strain; 54.0%, 4.99, and 66.0%, respectively, for B/Yamagata strain, and 72.0%, 6.23 and 80.0%, respectively, for the B/Victoria strain, thus fulfilling the criteria of the European Medical Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Also, the QIV induced sufficient single radial hemolysis and neutralizing antibodies against all four vaccine strains. No noteworthy adverse events were noted. The results of this trial demonstrate that QIV is well tolerated and immunogenic for each strain, suggesting that QIV potentially improves protection against influenza B by resolving the issue of B lineage mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Tsurudome
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), Kikuchi Research Center, 1314-1, Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, 869-1298
| | - Kazuhiko Kimachi
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), Kikuchi Research Center, 1314-1, Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, 869-1298
| | - Yusuke Okada
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), Kikuchi Research Center, 1314-1, Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, 869-1298
| | - Kenta Matsuura
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), Headquarters, 1-6-1, Okubo, Kumamoto, 860-8568
| | - Yusuke Ooyama
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (KAKETSUKEN), Headquarters, 1-6-1, Okubo, Kumamoto, 860-8568
| | - Kayo Ibaragi
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), Kikuchi Research Center, 1314-1, Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, 869-1298
| | - Yoichiro Kino
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken), Kikuchi Research Center, 1314-1, Kyokushi-Kawabe, Kikuchi, 869-1298
| | - Kohji Ueda
- Seinan Jo Gakuin University, 1-3-5 Ibori, Kokura Kita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-0835, Japan
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