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Scott RC, Moshé SL, Holmes GL. Do vaccines cause epilepsy? Review of cases in the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program. Epilepsia 2024; 65:293-321. [PMID: 37914395 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act of 1986 created the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), a no-fault alternative to the traditional tort system. Since 1988, the total compensation paid exceeds $5 billion. Although epilepsy is one of the leading reasons for filing a claim, there has been no review of the process and validity of the legal outcomes given current medical information. The objectives were to review the evolution of the VICP program in regard to vaccine-related epilepsy and assess the rationale behind decisions made by the court. METHODS Publicly available cases involving epilepsy claims in the VICP were searched through Westlaw and the US Court of Federal Claims websites. All published reports were reviewed for petitioner's theories supporting vaccine-induced epilepsy, respondent's counterarguments, the final decision regarding compensation, and the rationale underlying these decisions. The primary goal was to determine which factors went into decisions regarding whether vaccines caused epilepsy. RESULTS Since the first epilepsy case in 1989, there have been many changes in the program, including the removal of residual seizure disorder as a vaccine-related injury, publication of the Althen prongs, release of the acellular form of pertussis, and recognition that in genetic conditions the underlying genetic abnormality rather than the immunization causes epilepsy. We identified 532 unique cases with epilepsy: 105 with infantile spasms and 427 with epilepsy without infantile spasms. The petitioners' experts often espoused outdated, erroneous causation theories that lacked an acceptable medical or scientific foundation and were frequently criticized by the court. SIGNIFICANCE Despite the lack of epidemiological or mechanistic evidence indicating that childhood vaccines covered by the VICP result in or aggravate epilepsy, these cases continue to be adjudicated. After 35 years of intense litigation, it is time to reconsider whether epilepsy should continue to be a compensable vaccine-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney C Scott
- Nemours Children's Hospital-Delaware, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Solomon L Moshé
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Gregory L Holmes
- Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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Nakayama T, Ito T, Ishiyama R, Katayama K. Cytokine and Chemokine Production in Mice Inoculated with NVX-CoV2373 (Nuvaxovid ®) in Comparison with Omicron BA.4/5 Bivalent BNT162b2 (Comirnaty ®). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1677. [PMID: 38006009 PMCID: PMC10675389 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine (NVX-CoV2373) has been licensed and has a lesser incidence of adverse events. To know the immunological mechanisms of adverse events, the production of cytokines and chemokines was investigated in mice inoculated with NVX-CoV2373. Serum IL-6 was detected on Day 1 of the first and second doses and the IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels increased on Day 1 of the second dose at the inoculation site. The enhanced production of the inflammatory chemokines (CCL2), homeostatic chemokine (CXCL13), and Th2 chemokine (CCL17) was observed at the inoculation site on Day 1 of the second dose. These findings were compared with data obtained following inoculation with BNT162b2 bivalent vaccine containing omicron BA.4/5. Significantly lower levels of inflammatory chemokines were detected on Day 1 after the first dose of NVX-CoV2373 in sera and inoculation site than those following inoculation with bivalent BNT162b2 (p < 0.01), reflecting a lower incidence of adverse events after immunization with NVX-CoV2373 in humans. NVX-CoV2373 induced significantly higher concentrations of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10 at the inoculation site obtained on Day 1 of the second dose (p < 0.05). Significant higher levels of Th2 chemokines, CCL11 and CCL17, were induced at the inoculation site on Day 1 of the second dose (p < 0.01) and they explain the booster IgG EIA antibody response after the second dose of NVX-CoV2373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.I.); (K.K.)
| | - Takashi Ito
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.I.); (K.K.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Kitasato University Hospital, Sagamihara 252-0329, Japan
| | - Ryoka Ishiyama
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection, Ömura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.I.); (K.K.)
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Narayan B, Verma SK, Singh S, Gupta MK, Kumar S. Protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis in combination with TLR4 or TLR5 agonist confers superior protection against lethal challenge in mouse model. Microbes Infect 2023; 25:105183. [PMID: 37437686 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective ability of recombinant PA (rPA) with two innate immune system modulators, i.e., monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), a TLR4 agonist, and recombinant flagellin C (FliC), a TLR5 agonist, were studied in the mouse model. BALB/c mice were inoculated with three doses of rPA + alum (Alum group), rPA + FliC + alum (FliC group), rPA + MPLA + alum (MPLA group), or only alum adjuvant (Alum alone group). Significant increases in anti-PA IgG titers were observed in the Alum, FliC and MPLA groups when compared to control Alum alone group. Similarly, a significant enhancement of proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β), Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-12(p70), IL-2) and Th2 (IL-10, IL-4) cytokines were also noticed in Alum, FliC and MPLA groups compared to Alum alone group. The rPA-specific IgG and cytokine responses in MPLA and FliC groups were significantly higher than the Alum group, suggesting enhancement of immune response by these TLR agonists. MPLA was also found to skew the IgG1:IgG2a ratio towards IgG2a. At a challenge dose of 25 LD50, complete protection was observed in mice of MPLA group whereas lesser protection was observed in FliC (87%) and Alum (50%) groups. Therefore, we suggest the use of MPLA in further development of rPA based anthrax vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bineet Narayan
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research & Developmental Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Verma
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research & Developmental Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research & Developmental Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - Mahendra K Gupta
- School of Studies in Botany and Microbiology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Microbiology Division, Defence Research & Developmental Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Heo JY, Seo YB, Kim EJ, Lee J, Kim YR, Yoon JG, Noh JY, Cheong HJ, Kim WJ, Yoon SY, Choi JY, Lee YJ, Lee HW, Kim SS, Kim B, Song JY. COVID-19 vaccine type-dependent differences in immunogenicity and inflammatory response: BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:975363. [PMID: 36119092 PMCID: PMC9480614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.975363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of new vaccine platforms is needed to increase public acceptance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. Here, we evaluated the association between reactogenicity and immunogenicity in healthy adults following vaccination by analyzing blood samples before and after sequential two-dose vaccinations of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19. Outcomes included anti-S IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody responses, adverse events, and proinflammatory cytokine responses. A total of 59 and 57 participants vaccinated with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, respectively, were enrolled. Systemic adverse events were more common after the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose than after the second. An opposite trend was observed in BNT162b2 recipients. Although the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose significantly elevated the median proinflammatory cytokine levels, the second dose did not, and neither did either dose of BNT162b2. Grades of systemic adverse events in ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 recipients were significantly associated with IL-6 and IL-1β levels. Anti-S IgG and neutralizing antibody titers resulting from the second BNT162b2 dose were significantly associated with fever. In conclusion, systemic adverse events resulting from the first ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose may be associated with proinflammatory cytokine responses rather than humoral immune responses. Febrile reactions after second BNT162b2 dose were positively correlated with vaccine-induced immune responses rather than with inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Yeon Heo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Yu Bin Seo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Jin Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jacob Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Rong Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jin Gu Yoon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asian Pacific Influenza Institute (APII), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asian Pacific Influenza Institute (APII), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo Joo Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asian Pacific Influenza Institute (APII), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo-Young Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Choi
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sung Soon Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Byoungguk Kim
- Division of Vaccine Clinical Research, Center for Vaccine Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Cheongju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Joon Young Song, ; Byoungguk Kim,
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Asian Pacific Influenza Institute (APII), Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Vaccine Innovation Center-KU Medicine (VIC-K), Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Joon Young Song, ; Byoungguk Kim,
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Increased Production of Inflammatory Cytokines after Inoculation with Recombinant Zoster Vaccine in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081339. [PMID: 36016227 PMCID: PMC9413309 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of patients with zoster were reported recently, and recombinant zoster vaccine (Shingrix®) was licensed using the AS01B adjuvant system. Although it induces highly effective protection, a high incidence of local adverse events (regional pain, erythema, and swelling) has been reported with systemic reactions of fever, fatigue, and headache. To investigate the mechanism of local adverse events, cytokine profiles were investigated in mice injected with 0.1 mL of Shingrix®. Muscle tissue and serum samples were obtained on days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7, and at 2 and 4 weeks after the first dose. The second dose was given 4 weeks after the first dose and samples were obtained on days 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14. IL-6 and G-CSF were detected in muscle tissues on day 1 of the first injection, decreased on day 3 and afterward, and enhanced production was demonstrated on day 1 of the second dose. In sera, the elevated levels of IL-6 were detected on day 1 of the first dose, and IL-10 was detected on day 1 with increased levels on day 3 of the first dose. IL-4 was detected in muscle tissue on day 1 of the second dose and IL-5 on day 1 of both the first and second doses. IFN-γ production was not enhanced in muscle tissue but increased in serum samples on day 1 of the first dose. These results in the mouse model indicate that the induction of inflammatory cytokines is related to the cause of adverse events in humans.
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Craiu D, Rener Primec Z, Lagae L, Vigevano F, Trinka E, Specchio N, Bakhtadze S, Cazacu C, Golli T, Zuberi SM. Vaccination and childhood epilepsies. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:57-68. [PMID: 34922162 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The evidence relating vaccination to febrile seizures and epilepsy is evaluated with an emphasis on febrile seizures (FS), Dravet syndrome (DS), West syndrome, and other developmental and epileptic encephalopathies. METHODS A systematic literature review using search words vaccination/immunization AND febrile seizures/epilepsy/Dravet/epileptic encephalopathy/developmental encephalopathy was performed. The role of vaccination as the cause/trigger/aggravation factor for FS or epilepsies and preventive measures were analyzed. RESULTS From 1428 results, 846 duplicates and 447 irrelevant articles were eliminated; 120 were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that vaccinations cause epilepsy in healthy populations. Vaccinations do not cause epileptic encephalopathies but may be non-specific triggers to seizures in underlying structural or genetic etiologies. The first seizure in DS may be earlier in vaccinated versus non-vaccinated patients, but developmental outcome is similar in both groups. Children with a personal or family history of FS or epilepsy should receive all routine vaccinations. This recommendation includes DS. The known risks of the infectious diseases prevented by immunization are well established. Vaccination should be deferred in case of acute illness. Acellular pertussis DTaP (diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis) is recommended. The combination of certain vaccine types may increase the risk of febrile seizures however the public health benefit of separating immunizations has not been proven. Measles-containing vaccine should be administered at age 12-15 months. Routine prophylactic antipyretics are not indicated, as there is no evidence of decreased FS risk and they can attenuate the antibody response following vaccination. Prophylactic measures (preventive antipyretic medication) are recommended in DS due to the increased risk of prolonged seizures with fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Craiu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosciences, Pediatric Neurology Discipline II, Strada Dionisie Lupu No. 37, postal code: 020021, Bucharest/S2, Romania; Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Center of Expertise for Rare Disorders in Pediatric Neurology, EpiCARE member, Sos. Berceni 10, Bucharest/S4, Romania.
| | - Zvonka Rener Primec
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana Bohoričeva 20, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Lieven Lagae
- University of Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Section Paediatric Neurology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Federico Vigevano
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00151, Rome, Italy.
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University, Affiliated Member of the European Reference Network, EpiCARE, 5020, Salzburg, Austria; Neuroscience Institute, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Nicola Specchio
- Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Full Member of European Reference Network EpiCARE, Piazza S. Onofrio, 4, 00151, Rome, Italy.
| | - Sophia Bakhtadze
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Tbilisi State Medical University, 0160, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Cristina Cazacu
- Pediatric Neurology Clinic, Center of Expertise for Rare Disorders in Pediatric Neurology, EpiCARE member, Sos. Berceni 10, Bucharest/S4, Romania.
| | - Tanja Golli
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Ljubljana Bohoričeva 20, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Sameer M Zuberi
- Paediatric Neurosciences, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK; Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Miller NZ. Vaccines and sudden infant death: An analysis of the VAERS database 1990-2019 and review of the medical literature. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1324-1335. [PMID: 34258234 PMCID: PMC8255173 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is considerable evidence that a subset of infants has an increased risk of sudden death after receiving vaccines, health authorities eliminated "prophylactic vaccination" as an official cause of death, so medical examiners are compelled to misclassify and conceal vaccine-related fatalities under alternate cause-of-death classifications. In this paper, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) database was analyzed to ascertain the onset interval of infant deaths post-vaccination. Of 2605 infant deaths reported to VAERS from 1990 through 2019, 58 % clustered within 3 days post-vaccination and 78.3 % occurred within 7 days post-vaccination, confirming that infant deaths tend to occur in temporal proximity to vaccine administration. The excess of deaths during these early post-vaccination periods was statistically significant (p < 0.00001). A review of the medical literature substantiates a link between vaccines and sudden unexplained infant deaths. Several theories regarding the pathogenic mechanism behind these fatal events have been proposed, including the role of inflammatory cytokines as neuromodulators in the infant medulla preceding an abnormal response to the accumulation of carbon dioxide; fatal disorganization of respiratory control induced by adjuvants that cross the blood-brain barrier; and biochemical or synergistic toxicity due to multiple vaccines administered concurrently. While the findings in this paper are not proof of an association between infant vaccines and infant deaths, they are highly suggestive of a causal relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Z. Miller
- Institute of Medical and Scientific Inquiry, Santa Fe, New Mexico, 87506, USA
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Yamamoto-Hanada K, Pak K, Saito-Abe M, Yang L, Sato M, Mezawa H, Sasaki H, Nishizato M, Konishi M, Ishitsuka K, Matsumoto K, Saito H, Ohya Y. Cumulative inactivated vaccine exposure and allergy development among children: a birth cohort from Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:27. [PMID: 32635895 PMCID: PMC7341599 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvants used in inactivated vaccines often upregulate type 2 immunity, which is dominant in allergic diseases. We hypothesised that cumulative adjuvant exposure in infancy may influence the development of allergies later in life by changing the balance of type 1/type 2 immunity. We examined the relationship between immunisation with different vaccine types and later allergic disease development. Methods We obtained information regarding vaccinations and allergic diseases through questionnaires that were used in The Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS), which is a nationwide, multicentre, prospective birth cohort study that included 103,099 pregnant women and their children. We examined potential associations between the initial vaccination before 6 months of age and symptoms related to allergies at 12 months of age. Results Our statistical analyses included 56,277 children. Physician-diagnosed asthma was associated with receiving three (aOR 1.395, 95% CI 1.028–1.893) or four to five different inactivated vaccines (aOR 1.544, 95% CI 1.149–2.075), compared with children who received only one inactivated vaccine. Similar results were found for two questionnaire-based symptoms, i.e. wheeze (aOR 1.238, 95% CI 1.094–1.401; three vaccines vs. a single vaccine) and eczema (aOR 1.144, 95% CI 1.007–1.299; four or five vaccines vs. a single vaccine). Conclusions Our results, which should be cautiously interpreted, suggest that the prevalence of asthma, wheeze and eczema among children at 12 months of age might be related to the amount of inactivated vaccine exposure before 6 months of age. Future work should assess if this association is due to cumulative adjuvant exposure. Despite this possible association, we strongly support the global vaccination strategy and recommend that immunisations continue. Trial registration UMIN000030786.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiwako Yamamoto-Hanada
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. .,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyongsun Pak
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Data Management, Center for Clinical Research and Development, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayako Saito-Abe
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Limin Yang
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miori Sato
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Mezawa
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hatoko Sasaki
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minaho Nishizato
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuho Konishi
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazue Ishitsuka
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Saito
- Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Ohya
- Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Medical Support Center for the Japan Environment and Children's Study, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Nakayama T. Causal relationship between immunological responses and adverse reactions following vaccination. Vaccine 2019; 37:366-371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nakayama T, Kumagai T, Kashiwagi Y, Yoshii H, Honjo K, Kubota-Koketsu R, Okuno Y, Suga S. Cytokine production in whole-blood cultures following immunization with an influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2990-2998. [PMID: 30036123 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1498435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A clinical trial of a quadrivalent split influenza vaccine was performed in the 2014/15 season. Sixty-four subjects aged 6 months to 18 years were enrolled in order to investigate the relationship between cellular and humoral immune responses. Subjects were categorized into two groups by measuring neutralizing antibodies: non-primed naïve/primed or seroconverted/non-seroconverted groups. Whole-blood cultures were stimulated with the H1N1 split antigen before immunization and one month after the first and second immunizations for subjects < 13 years and before and one month after the first dose for those ≥ 13 years in order to investigate cytokine production. Significant amounts of IL-2, IL-12, IL-13, MCP-1, MIP-1β, and TNF-α were detected from one month after the first dose in the naïve group. In addition to these cytokines, the production of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, G-CSF, and IFN-γ was enhanced one month after the second dose. No significant increase was noted in the primed group, except in the production of IL-10. In seroconverted subjects, the production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, G-CSF, MCP-1, TNF-α, and IFN-γ increased one month after the first dose, which was earlier than in the naïve group, whereas no significant cytokine response was noted in subjects without seroconversion. Subjects ≥ 13 years were primed and the production of G-CSF, IL-4, and IL-1β increased in subjects with seroconversion. Whole-blood cultures were also stimulated with the H3N2 split antigen and similar cytokine profiles were obtained. Many cytokines and chemokines, including inflammatory cytokines, were produced in seroconverted, but not non-seroconverted subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- a Laboratory of Viral Infection , Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- c Department of Pediatrics , Tokyo Medical University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hironori Yoshii
- d Surveillance Section , The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kenta Honjo
- d Surveillance Section , The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Ritsuko Kubota-Koketsu
- e Clinical Research Section , The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Okuno
- f Department of Infectious Diseases , Osaka Institute of Public Health , Osaka , Japan
| | - Shigeru Suga
- g Department of Pediatrics , National Mie Hospital , Mie , Japan
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Nakayama T, Kashiwagi Y, Kawashima H. Long-term regulation of local cytokine production following immunization in mice. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:124-131. [DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection; Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Shirokane 5-9-1; Minato-ku Tokyo 108-8641 Japan
| | - Yasuyo Kashiwagi
- Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawashima
- Department of Pediatrics; Tokyo Medical University; Nishishinjuku 6-7-1, Shinjuku-ku Tokyo 160-0023 Japan
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Safety and efficiency of active immunization with detoxified antigen against scorpion venom: side effect evaluation. Inflamm Res 2017; 66:765-774. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Nakayama T. An inflammatory response is essential for the development of adaptive immunity-immunogenicity and immunotoxicity. Vaccine 2016; 34:5815-5818. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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