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Duprez JS, Cohen M, Li S, Wilson D, Brookes RH, James DA. Immunocartography: Charting vaccine-driven immunity by applying single cell proteomics to an in vitro human model. J Immunol Methods 2021; 495:113083. [PMID: 34089747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to measure immunomodulatory effects of a vaccine is crucial for novel vaccine design. While traditional animal models have been effective, a better understanding of the response in humans to new vaccines in pre-clinical development is critical for advancement to clinical trials. A translational methodology that can capture the complexity of a vaccine-driven response in a human model, which does not require human exposure, is needed. Here we have designed a platform that uses fresh human whole blood as a key component to study the adaptive immune memory response to vaccine formulations. The response is monitored by high-parameter single cell analysis using mass cytometry (Helios, CyTOF System), allowing for a rapid, in-depth characterization of antigen specific proliferation and expansion of preexisting memory T cells in concert with an innate adjuvant-driven response. In this work we demonstrate the capability of this platform to characterize biologically relevant changes in the cellular response across memory T-cells, B cells, monocytes, and NK cells, at an unprecedented level of detail. This approach that we call Immunocartography has the potential to transform the way new vaccines can be assessed before and throughout clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Duprez
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, Ontario M2R 3T4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Michael Cohen
- Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, Ontario L3R 4G5, Canada
| | - Stephen Li
- Fluidigm Corporation, Markham, Ontario L3R 4G5, Canada
| | - Derek Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | | | - D Andrew James
- Sanofi Pasteur Ltd., Toronto, Ontario M2R 3T4, Canada; Department of Chemistry, York University, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada.
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2
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Hakimi J, Azizi A, Ausar SF, Todryk SM, Rahman N, Brookes RH. An adjuvant-modulated vaccine response in human whole blood. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:2130-2134. [PMID: 28605295 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1337616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The restimulation of an immune memory response by in vitro culture of blood cells with a specific antigen has been used as a way to gauge immunity to vaccines for decades. In this commentary we discuss a less appreciated application to support vaccine process development. We report that human whole blood from pre-primed subjects can generate a profound adjuvant-modulated, antigen-specific response to several different vaccine formulations. The response is able to differentiate subtle changes in the quality of an immune memory response to vaccine formulations and can be used to select optimal conditions relating to a particular manufacture process step. While questions relating to closeness to in vivo vaccination remain, the approach is another big step nearer to the more relevant human response. It has special importance for new adjuvant development, complementing other preclinical in vivo and in vitro approaches to considerably de-risk progression of novel vaccines before and throughout early clinical development. Broader implications of the approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Hakimi
- a Sanofi Pasteur, Product R&D , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Ali Azizi
- a Sanofi Pasteur, Product R&D , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | | | - Stephen M Todryk
- b Department of Applied Sciences , Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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3
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Woods N, Niwasabutra K, Acevedo R, Igoli J, Altwaijry N, Tusiimire J, Gray A, Watson D, Ferro V. Natural Vaccine Adjuvants and Immunopotentiators Derived From Plants, Fungi, Marine Organisms, and Insects. IMMUNOPOTENTIATORS IN MODERN VACCINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7148613 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-804019-5.00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Immunopotentiators derived from different natural sources are under investigation with varying success. This chapter gives an overview of developments from plants, fungi, marine organisms, and insects. Plant-derived immune stimulators consist of a diverse range of small molecules or large polysaccharides. Notable examples that have been assessed in both preclinical and clinical trials include saponins, tomatine, and inulin. Similarly, fungi produce a range of potential candidate molecules, with β-glucans showing the most promise. Other complex molecules that have established adjuvant activity include α-galactosylceramide (originally obtained from a marine sponge), chitosan (commonly produced from chitin from shrimps), and peptides (found in bee venom). Some organisms, for example, endophytic fungi and bees, produce immunostimulants using compounds obtained from plants. The main challenges facing this type of research and tools being developed to overcome them are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Woods
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | | | | | - J. Igoli
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland,University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - A.I. Gray
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - D.G. Watson
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - V.A. Ferro
- University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
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4
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Hakimi J, Aboutorabian S, To F, Ausar SF, Rahman N, Brookes RH. Screening Vaccine Formulations in Fresh Human Whole Blood. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1494:295-304. [PMID: 27718203 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6445-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the immunological functionality of vaccine formulations is critical for vaccine development. While the traditional approach using established animal models has been relatively effective, the use of animals is costly and cumbersome, and animal models are not always reflective of a human response. The development of a human-based approach would be a major step forward in understanding how vaccine formulations might behave in humans. Here, we describe a platform methodology using fresh human whole blood (hWB) to monitor adjuvant-modulated, antigen-specific responses to vaccine formulations, which is amenable to analysis by standard immunoassays as well as a variety of other analytical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Hakimi
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Sepideh Aboutorabian
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Frederick To
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Salvador F Ausar
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Nausheen Rahman
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4
| | - Roger H Brookes
- Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur, 1755 Steeles Avenue West, Toronto, Canada, M2R 3T4.
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5
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Gill SK, Islam N, Shaw I, Ribeiro A, Bradley B, Brien TO, Kilcoyne M, Ceredig R, Joshi L. Immunomodulatory effects of natural polysaccharides assessed in human whole blood culture and THP-1 cells show greater sensitivity of whole blood culture. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 36:315-323. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Visan L, Sanchez V, Kania M, de Montfort A, de la Maza LM, Ausar SF. Phosphate substitution in an AlOOH - TLR4 adjuvant system (SPA08) modulates the immunogenicity of Serovar E MOMP from Chlamydia trachomatis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2341-50. [PMID: 27104338 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1168958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is one of the most common sexually transmitted pathogens and the development of an effective vaccine is highly desirable. The Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) is one of the most abundant and immunogenic chlamydial proteins. Here we investigated the effects of phosphate substitution on the physicochemical and immunochemical properties of an experimental vaccine composed of serovar E recombinant MOMP (rMOMP) and a proprietary adjuvant system SPA08, consisting of aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlOOH) containing the TLR4 agonist E6020. An increase in phosphate substitution in the AlOOH component of the adjuvant markedly decreased the adsorptive coefficient and adsorptive capacity for both Ser E rMOMP and E6020. In vaccine formulations used for immunizations, phosphate substitution induced a decrease in the % adsorption of Ser E rMOMP without affecting the % adsorption of E6020. Immunogenicity studies in CD1 mice showed that an increase in phosphate substitution of the SPA08 adjuvant resulted in an increase in Ser E rMOMP-specific serum total IgG and IgG1 but not IgG2a titers. The degree of phosphate substitution in SPA08 also significantly increased in vitro neutralization concomitant with a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines secreted by Ser E rMOMP-restimulated splenocytes. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that the degree of phosphate substitution in AlOOH greatly affects the adsorption of E6020 and Ser E rMOMP to AlOOH resulting in significant effects on vaccine-induced cellular and humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Visan
- a Research & Non Clinical Safety Department , Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile , France
| | - Violette Sanchez
- a Research & Non Clinical Safety Department , Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile , France
| | - Margaux Kania
- b Bioprocess Research and Development, Sanofi Pasteur , Toronto , ON , Canada
| | - Aymeric de Montfort
- a Research & Non Clinical Safety Department , Sanofi Pasteur , Marcy l'Etoile , France
| | - Luis M de la Maza
- c Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Medical Sciences I, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
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Aboutorabian S, Hakimi J, Boudet F, Montano S, Dookie A, Roque C, Ausar SF, Rahman N, Brookes RH. A high ratio of IC31(®) adjuvant to antigen is necessary for H4 TB vaccine immunomodulation. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1449-55. [PMID: 25997147 PMCID: PMC4514381 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1023970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A tuberculosis (TB) vaccine consisting of a recombinant fusion protein (H4) and a novel TLR9 adjuvant (IC31) is in clinical development. To better understand the H4-IC31 ratio, we measured the binding capacity of IC31 for H4 protein and immunized mice with formulations that contained limiting to excess ratios of IC31 to H4. An immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response was only observed when IC31 was present in excess of H4. Since TLR expression is species-specific and the vaccine is intended to boost BCG-primed immunity, we questioned whether data in mice would translate to humans. To address this question, we used the fresh human Whole Blood (hWB) recovered from BCG-vaccinated subjects to screen H4-IC31 formulations. We found IC31 modulation in hWB to be quite distinct from the TLR4-Adjuvant. Unlike TLR4-Adjuvant, IC31 formulations did not induce the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα, but modulated a robust H4-specific IFNγ response after 12 d of culture. We then re-stimulated the fresh hWB of 5 BCG-primed subjects with formulations that had excess or limiting IC31 binding for H4 protein and again found that an immunomodulated H4-specific IFNγ response needed an excess of IC31. Finally, we monitored the zeta (ζ) potential of H4-IC31 formulations and found that the overall charge of H4-IC31 particles changes from negative to positive once IC31 is in greater than 9-fold excess. Using two diverse yet mutually supportive approaches, we confirm the need for an excess of IC31 adjuvant in H4 TB vaccine formulations and suggest surface potential may be an important factor.
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Key Words
- BCG, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
- H4, TB, Antigen
- IC31 adjuvant modulation
- IC31®, Valneva Adjuvant consisting of KLK and ODN1a
- IFNγ, Interferon gamma
- KLK, Antimicrobial peptide H-KLKL5KLK-OH
- ODN1a, Oligodeoxynucleotide
- TB, Tuberculosis
- TLR, Toll-like Receptor
- TLR4, Toll-like Receptor 4
- TLR4-Adjuvant, TLR4A combined with an aluminum salt adjuvant
- TLR4A, TLR4 Agonist
- TLR9, Toll-like Receptor 9
- TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha
- WBA
- functionality
- hWB, Human Whole Blood
- tuberculosis
- vaccine
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Twine SM, Fulton KM, Spika J, Ouellette M, Raven JF, Conlan JW, Krishnan L, Barreto L, Richards JC. Next Generation Vaccine Biomarkers workshop October 30-31, 2014--Ottawa, Canada. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2923-30. [PMID: 26383909 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1083663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine biomarkers are critical to many aspects of vaccine development and licensure, including bridging findings in pre-clinical studies to clinical studies, predicting potential adverse events, and predicting vaccine efficacy. Despite advances in our understanding of various biological pathways, and advances in systems analyses of the immune response, there remains much to learn about qualitative and quantitative aspects of the human host response to vaccination. To stimulate discussion and identify opportunities for collaborative ways to advance the field of vaccine biomarkers, A Next Generation Vaccine Biomarker workshop was held in Ottawa. The two day workshop, sponsored by the National Research Council Canada, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Public Health Agency of Canada, Pfizer, and Medicago, brought together stakeholders from Canadian and international industry, government and academia. The workshop was grouped in themes, covering vaccine biomarker challenges in the pre-clinical and clinical spaces, veterinary vaccines, regulatory challenges, and development of biomarkers for adjuvants and cancer vaccines. The use of case studies allowed participants to identify the needs and gaps requiring innovation. The workshop concluded with a discussion on opportunities for vaccine biomarker discovery, the Canadian context, and approaches for moving forward. This article provides a synopsis of these discussions and identifies steps forward for advancing vaccine biomarker research in Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Twine
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Kelly M Fulton
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - John Spika
- b Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- c Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Jennifer F Raven
- c Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - J Wayne Conlan
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Lakshmi Krishnan
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - Luis Barreto
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
| | - James C Richards
- a National Research Council Canada-Human Health Therapeutics (NRC-HHT) ; Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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