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Kitano M, Yamashita Y, Kamata K, Ang TL, Imazu H, Ohno E, Hirooka Y, Fusaroli P, Seo DW, Napoléon B, Teoh AYB, Kim TH, Dietrich CF, Wang HP, Kudo M. The Asian Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (AFSUMB) Guidelines for Contrast-Enhanced Endoscopic Ultrasound. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:1433-1447. [PMID: 33653627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Asian Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology aimed to provide information on techniques and indications for contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasound (CH-EUS), and to create statements including the level of recommendation. These statements are based on current scientific evidence reviewed by a Consensus Panel of 15 internationally renowned experts. The reliability of clinical questions was measured by agreement rates after voting. Six statements were made on techniques, including suitable contrast agents for CH-EUS, differences between contrast agents, setting of mechanical index, dual imaging and duration and phases for observation. Thirteen statements were made on indications, including pancreatic solid masses, pancreatic cancer staging, pancreatic cystic lesions and mural nodules, detection of subtle pancreatic lesions, gallbladder sludge and polyps, hepatic lesions, lymph nodes, subepithelial lesions, visceral vascular diseases, guidance of fine needle aspiration and evaluation for local therapy. These international expert consensus guidelines will assist endosonographers in conducting CH-EUS according to evidence-based information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kitano
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Yasunobu Yamashita
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kamata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Tiing Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eizaburo Ohno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hirooka
- Department of Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas Diseases, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Pietro Fusaroli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna/Hospital of Imola, Imola, Italy
| | - Dong-Wan Seo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Centre, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bertrand Napoléon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jean Mermoz Private Hospital, Ramsay Generale de Sante, Lyon, France
| | - Anthony Yuen Bun Teoh
- Department of Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tae Hyeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Christoph F Dietrich
- Department of Internal Medicine (DAIM), Hirslanden Kliniken Beau Site, Salem und Permanence Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hsiu-Po Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Masatoshi Kudo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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Sugimoto M, Takagi T, Suzuki R, Konno N, Asama H, Watanabe K, Nakamura J, Kikuchi H, Waragai Y, Takasumi M, Sato Y, Hikichi T, Ohira H. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography in gallbladder cancer and pancreatic cancer. Fukushima J Med Sci 2017; 63:39-45. [PMID: 28680009 DOI: 10.5387/fms.2017-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) plays a major role in diagnosing gallbladder (GB) cancer and pancreatic cancer (PC). In cases of GB cancer, EUS allows for precise observations of morphology and wall layers. However, proficiency is required for the morphologic diagnosis of GB tumors. Therefore, contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS (CH-EUS) began to be performed to diagnose GB lesions. CH-EUS enables real-time observation of the hemodynamics of GB tumors. The enhanced patterns generated by CH-EUS improve precision in the diagnosis of such tumors.PC appears as a hypoechoic mass on EUS. However, distinguishing between PC and mass-forming pancreatitis or focal autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is difficult via conventional EUS. CH-EUS allows for differentiating among these diseases (PC is hypoenhanced and heterogeneously enhanced, pancreatitis is isoenhanced, and a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor is hyperenhanced). EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) also contributes to pathological diagnoses of pancreatic lesions. However, certain PC patients cannot be diagnosed via EUS-FNA. PC is heterogeneously enhanced on CH-EUS, and unenhanced regions have been reported to be areas of fibrosis or necrosis. CH-EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (CH-EUS-FNA) permits puncturing of the enhanced area while avoiding necrotic and fibrotic regions. Moreover, as CH-EUS findings have been quantitatively analyzed, a time-intensity curve (TIC) has become usable for diagnosing solid pancreatic lesions. CH-EUS-related techniques have been developed and increasingly utilized in the pancreaticobiliary area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Sugimoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Tadayuki Takagi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Rei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Naoki Konno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Hiroyuki Asama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Ko Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine.,Department of Endoscopy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine.,Department of Endoscopy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital
| | - Hitomi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine.,Department of Endoscopy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital
| | - Yuichi Waragai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Mika Takasumi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
| | - Takuto Hikichi
- Department of Endoscopy, Fukushima Medical University Hospital
| | - Hiromasa Ohira
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukushima Medical University, School of Medicine
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Seicean A, Mosteanu O, Seicean R. Maximizing the endosonography: The role of contrast harmonics, elastography and confocal endomicroscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:25-41. [PMID: 28104978 PMCID: PMC5221284 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
New technologies in endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) evaluation have been developed because of the need to improve the EUS and EUS-fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) diagnostic rate. This paper reviews the principle, indications, main literature results, limitations and future expectations for each of the methods presented. Contrast-enhanced harmonic EUS uses a low mechanical index and highlights slow-flow vascularization. This technique is useful for differentiating solid and cystic pancreatic lesions and assessing biliary neoplasms, submucosal neoplasms and lymph nodes. It is also useful for the discrimination of pancreatic masses based on their qualitative patterns; however, the quantitative assessment needs to be improved. The detection of small solid lesions is better, and the EUS-FNA guidance needs further research. The differentiation of cystic lesions of the pancreas and the identification of the associated malignancy features represent the main indications. Elastography is used to assess tissue hardness based on the measurement of elasticity. Despite its low negative predictive value, elastography might rule out the diagnosis of malignancy for pancreatic masses. Needle confocal laser endomicroscopy offers useful information about cystic lesions of the pancreas and is still under evaluation for use with solid pancreatic lesions of lymph nodes.
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Fusaroli P, Napoleon B, Gincul R, Lefort C, Palazzo L, Palazzo M, Kitano M, Minaga K, Caletti G, Lisotti A. The clinical impact of ultrasound contrast agents in EUS: a systematic review according to the levels of evidence. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84:587-596.e10. [PMID: 27311654 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The use of contrast-harmonic EUS (CH-EUS) in routine clinical practice is increasing rapidly but is not yet standardized. We present the levels of evidence (LEs) found in the literature to put its clinical outcomes in the appropriate perspective. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the available English-language articles. The LEs were stratified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines. RESULTS Overall, 210 articles were included and presented according to different pathologic conditions. For pancreatic solid neoplasms, the pooled sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma were very high (LE 1); quantitative analysis and guidance of FNA were reported as investigational research (LE 2-3). For pancreatic cystic lesions, the identification of neoplastic solid components as hyperenhanced lesions represented a promising application of CH-EUS (LE 2). For lymph nodes, CH-EUS increased the diagnostic yield of B-mode EUS for the detection of malignancy (LE 2). For submucosal tumors, CH-EUS seemed useful for differential diagnosis and risk stratification (LE 2-3). For other applications, differential diagnosis of gallbladder and vascular abnormalities by CH-EUS were reported (LE 2-3). CONCLUSIONS The LEs of CH-EUS in the literature have evolved from the initial descriptive studies to multicenter and prospective trials, and even meta-analyses. The differential diagnosis between benign and malignant lesions is the main field of application of CH-EUS. With regard to pancreatic solid neoplasms, the concomitant use of both CH-EUS and EUS-FNA may have additive value in increasing the overall accuracy by overcoming the false-negative results associated with each individual technique. Other applications are promising but still investigational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Fusaroli
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bertrand Napoleon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Private Hospital Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| | - Rodica Gincul
- Department of Gastroenterology, Private Hospital Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| | - Christine Lefort
- Department of Gastroenterology, Private Hospital Jean Mermoz, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Masayuki Kitano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Kosuke Minaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
| | - Giancarlo Caletti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Lisotti
- Gastroenterology Unit, Hospital of Imola, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Hu LH, Ji JT, Li ZS. Potential application of miRNAs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in chronic pancreatitis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2049-57. [PMID: 26149296 PMCID: PMC4568909 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive inflammatory disease typified by end-stage fibrosis. This disease can also increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. The associated diagnosis, pain and other complications further add to the burden of disease management. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in identifying miRNAs and their physiological functions, including mRNA repression and protein expression control. Given the extensive effort made on miRNA research, a close correlation has been discovered between certain types of miRNAs and disease progression, particularly for tissue fibrosis. Designing miRNA-related tools for disease diagnosis and therapeutic treatments presents a novel and potential research frontier. In the current review, we discuss various miRNAs closely interacting with CP, as well as the possible development of targeted miRNA therapies in managing this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Hao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Tao Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Kwek BEA, Ang TL, Seo DW, Imazu H. Contrast-enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography of solid pancreatic lesions. Endosc Ultrasound 2014; 2:142-7. [PMID: 24949382 PMCID: PMC4062255 DOI: 10.7178/eus.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography is the best modality for pancreatic lesion evaluation as its superior spatial resolution allows small lesions to be identified and fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology performed under ultrasound-guidance. Despite this, differentiating benign from malignant lesions remains a challenge as conventional ultrasound imaging is unable to differentiate lesions accurately and tissue yield is poorly diagnostic or limited in patients with the chronic inflammation. Contrast-harmonic technology uses a wide-band transducer capable of inducing sufficient acoustic energy to create harmonic microbubble oscillations of the newer second-generation ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs). These microbubbles are more stable, remaining within the intravascular component longer and emit significantly more harmonic content than surrounding tissue, thus allowing pancreatic parenchymal differentiation and microvascular architecture visualization. The use of UCAs is generally safe, but should be especially avoided in patients with unstable ischemic heart disease. During CH endosonography, pancreatic adenocarcinoma is commonly seen as an inhomogenous hypoenhancing lesion, focal pancreatitis as a hypo- or iso-enhancing lesion and neuroendocrine tumor as a hyperenhancing lesion. The presence of hyperenhancement is a strong predictor of non-adenocarcinoma etiology. Furthermore, in patients with the chronic pancreatitis or biliary stents that may obscure pancreatic inspection, the addition of contrast-harmonic endosonography to guide FNA cytology improves its diagnostic yield and accuracy. Quantitative analysis of perfusion through the time intensity curve is promising as an objective and accurate method to differentiate pancreatic lesions. Furthermore, studies are required to fully determine the role of contrast harmonic endosonography in the differential diagnosis of solid pancreatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Eu Andrew Kwek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tiing Leong Ang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Dong Wan Seo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hiroo Imazu
- Department of Endoscopy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Kongkam P, Ang TL, Vu CKF, Dy FT, Yasuda K, Rerknimitr R, Varadarajulu S, Dhir V, Chong VH, Zhen DJ, Wong JYY, Ho KY. Current status on the diagnosis and evaluation of pancreatic tumor in Asia with particular emphasis on the role of endoscopic ultrasound. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:924-30. [PMID: 23488477 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Asia, the incidence of pancreatic cancer in some countries has been increasing. Owing to most cases being diagnosed late, prognosis for pancreatic cancer remains dismal. It is clear that the future for pancreatic cancer lies in early detection. While the possible presence of pancreatic masses is often first raised by non-invasive abdominal imaging, such as computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, smaller lesions and locoregional lymph node metastases are often not detectable by these means. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) offers a higher sensitivity (93-100%) for detection of small potentially curable pancreatic masses than other existing imaging modalities. It is also recommended for the evaluation of portal vein confluence, portal vein, celiac axis, and superior mesentric artery origin, and exclusion of resectability. Due to the closer proximity of EUS to the target structure, and lower rate of needle tract seeding, EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration of pancreatic mass is considered the most suitable tissue acquisition technique. Lastly, EUS also enables the performance of endoscopic interventions. Its performance can be further enhanced with newer techniques, including contrast-enhanced ultrasound and elastrography. It is anticipated that in the near future, molecular technologies may make it possible to detect microscopic amounts of cancer in tissue or blood, predict relapse and survival after therapy, as well as determine optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradermchai Kongkam
- Endoscopic Ultrasound Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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