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Romero-Moreno JA, Serrano-Posada H, Olamendi-Portugal T, Possani LD, Becerril B, Riaño-Umbarila L. Development of a human antibody fragment cross-neutralizing scorpion toxins. Mol Immunol 2023; 155:165-174. [PMID: 36812764 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously, it was demonstrated that from the single chain fragment variable (scFv) 3F it is possible to generate variants capable of neutralizing the Cn2 and Css2 toxins, as well as their respective venoms (Centruroides noxius and Centruroides suffusus). Despite this success, it has not been easy to modify the recognition of this family of scFvs toward other dangerous scorpion toxins. The analysis of toxin-scFv interactions and in vitro maturation strategies allowed us to propose a new maturation pathway for scFv 3F to broaden recognition toward other Mexican scorpion toxins. From maturation processes against toxins CeII9 from C. elegans and Ct1a from C. tecomanus, the scFv RAS27 was developed. This scFv showed an increased affinity and cross-reactivity for at least 9 different toxins while maintaining recognition for its original target, the Cn2 toxin. In addition, it was confirmed that it can neutralize at least three different toxins. These results constitute an important advance since it was possible to improve the cross-reactivity and neutralizing capacity of the scFv 3F family of antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Romero-Moreno
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Hugo Serrano-Posada
- Investigador por México, CONACyT-Laboratorio de Biología Sintética, Estructural y Molecular, Laboratorio de Agrobiotecnología, Tecnoparque CLQ, Universidad de Colima, Carretera Los Limones-Loma de Juárez, Colima 28627, Mexico
| | - Timoteo Olamendi-Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Lourival D Possani
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico
| | - Baltazar Becerril
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico.
| | - Lidia Riaño-Umbarila
- Investigadora por México, CONACyT-Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico.
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2
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Linciano S, Wong EL, Mazzocato Y, Chinellato M, Scaravetti T, Caregnato A, Cacco V, Romanyuk Z, Angelini A. Guidelines, Strategies, and Principles for the Directed Evolution of Cross-Reactive Antibodies Using Yeast Surface Display Technology. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2491:251-262. [PMID: 35482195 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2285-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability of cross-reactive antibodies to bind multiple related or unrelated targets derived from different species provides not only superior therapeutic efficacy but also a better assessment of treatment toxicity, thereby facilitating the transition from preclinical models to human clinical studies. This chapter provides some guidelines for the directed evolution of cross-reactive antibodies using yeast surface display technology. Cross-reactive antibodies are initially isolated from a naïve library by combining highly avid magnetic bead separations followed by multiple cycles of flow cytometry sorting. Once initial cross-reactive clones are identified, sequential rounds of mutagenesis and two-pressure selection strategies are applied to engineer cross-reactive antibodies with improved affinity and yet retained or superior cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linciano
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ee Lin Wong
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Ylenia Mazzocato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Monica Chinellato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Tiziano Scaravetti
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alberto Caregnato
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Veronica Cacco
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Zhanna Romanyuk
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy
| | - Alessandro Angelini
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Mestre, Italy.
- European Centre for Living Technology (ECLT), Ca' Bottacin, Venice, Italy.
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3
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DutaFabs are engineered therapeutic Fab fragments that can bind two targets simultaneously. Nat Commun 2021; 12:708. [PMID: 33514724 PMCID: PMC7846786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a platform of dual targeting Fab (DutaFab) molecules, which comprise two spatially separated and independent binding sites within the human antibody CDR loops: the so-called H-side paratope encompassing HCDR1, HCDR3 and LCDR2, and the L-side paratope encompassing LCDR1, LCDR3 and HCDR2. Both paratopes can be independently selected and combined into the desired bispecific DutaFabs in a modular manner. X-ray crystal structures illustrate that DutaFabs are able to bind two target molecules simultaneously at the same Fv region comprising a VH-VL heterodimer. In the present study, this platform is applied to generate DutaFabs specific for VEGFA and PDGF-BB, which show high affinities, physico-chemical stability and solubility, as well as superior efficacy over anti-VEGF monotherapy in vivo. These molecules exemplify the usefulness of DutaFabs as a distinct class of antibody therapeutics, which is currently being evaluated in patients. Bispecific antibodies can bind to two distinct targets though the fusion of two different Fv regions. In this study, the authors develop DutaFabs that present two separated and independent antigen binding sites within the same Fv region, giving rise to bispecific Fab fragments.
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4
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Next-generation antibodies for post-translational modifications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 51:141-148. [PMID: 29753204 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite increasing demands for antibodies to post-translational modifications (PTMs), fundamental difficulties in molecular recognition of PTMs hinder the generation of highly functional anti-PTM antibodies using conventional methods. Recently, advanced approaches in protein engineering and design that have been established for biologics development were applied to successfully generating highly functional anti-PTM antibodies. Furthermore, structural analyses of anti-PTM antibodies revealed unprecedented binding modes that substantially increased the antigen-binding surface. These features deepen the understanding of mechanisms underlying specific recognition of PTMs, which may lead to more effective approaches for generating anti-PTM antibodies with exquisite specificity and high affinity.
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5
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Koenig P, Sanowar S, Lee CV, Fuh G. Tuning the specificity of a Two-in-One Fab against three angiogenic antigens by fully utilizing the information of deep mutational scanning. MAbs 2017; 9:959-967. [PMID: 28585908 PMCID: PMC5540083 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1337618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies developed for therapeutic or diagnostic purposes need to demonstrate highly defined binding specificity profiles. Engineering of an antibody to enhance or reduce binding to related antigens is often needed to achieve the desired biologic activity without safety concern. Here, we describe a deep sequencing-aided engineering strategy to fine-tune the specificity of an angiopoietin-2 (Ang2)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dual action Fab, 5A12.1 for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration. This antibody utilizes overlapping complementarity-determining region (CDR) sites for dual Ang2/VEGF interaction with KD in the sub-nanomolar range. However, it also exhibits significant (KD of 4 nM) binding to angiopoietin-1, which has high sequence identity with Ang2. We generated a large phage-displayed library of 5A12.1 Fab variants with all possible single mutations in the 6 CDRs. By tracking the change of prevalence of each mutation during various selection conditions, we identified 35 mutations predicted to decrease the affinity for Ang1 while maintaining the affinity for Ang2 and VEGF. We confirmed the specificity profiles for 25 of these single mutations as Fab protein. Structural analysis showed that some of the Fab mutations cluster near a potential Ang1/2 epitope residue that differs in the 2 proteins, while others are up to 15 Å away from the antigen-binding site and likely influence the binding interaction remotely. The approach presented here provides a robust and efficient method for specificity engineering that does not require prior knowledge of the antigen antibody interaction and can be broadly applied to antibody specificity engineering projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Koenig
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Sanowar
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chingwei V. Lee
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Germaine Fuh
- Department of Antibody Engineering, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Fagète S, Botas-Perez L, Rossito-Borlat I, Adea K, Gueneau F, Ravn U, Rousseau F, Kosco-Vilbois M, Fischer N, Hartley O. Dual display: phage selection driven by co-engagement of two targets by two different antibody fragments. Protein Eng Des Sel 2017; 30:575-582. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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7
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Huang R, Fang P, Hao Z, Kay BK. Directed Evolution of a Highly Specific FN3 Monobody to the SH3 Domain of Human Lyn Tyrosine Kinase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145872. [PMID: 26731115 PMCID: PMC4701441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Affinity reagents of high affinity and specificity are very useful for studying the subcellular locations and quantities of individual proteins. To generate high-quality affinity reagents for human Lyn tyrosine kinase, a phage display library of fibronectin type III (FN3) monobodies was affinity selected with a recombinant form of the Lyn SH3 domain. While a highly specific monobody, TA8, was initially isolated, we chose to improve its affinity through directed evolution. A secondary library of 1.2 × 109 variants was constructed and screened by affinity selection, yielding three variants, two of which have affinities of ~ 40 nM, a 130-fold increase over the original TA8 monobody. One of the variants, 2H7, displayed high specificity to the Lyn SH3 domain, as shown by ELISA and probing arrays of 150 SH3 domains. Furthermore, the 2H7 monobody was able to pull down endogenous Lyn from a lysate of Burkitt's lymphoma cells, thereby demonstrating its utility as an affinity reagent for detecting Lyn in a complex biological mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RH); (BK)
| | - Pete Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zengping Hao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Brian K. Kay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RH); (BK)
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8
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Abstract
Experimental and human studies have shown that proteinuria contributes to the progression of renal disease. Overexposure to filtered proteins promotes the expression and release of chemokines by tubular epithelial cells, thus leading to inflammatory cell recruitment and renal impairment. This review focuses on recent progress in cellular and molecular understanding of the role of chemokines in the pathogenesis of proteinuria-induced renal injury, as well as their clinical implications and therapeutic potential.
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9
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Debnath B, Xu S, Grande F, Garofalo A, Neamati N. Small molecule inhibitors of CXCR4. Am J Cancer Res 2013; 3:47-75. [PMID: 23382786 PMCID: PMC3563081 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is a G-protein-coupled receptor involved in a number of physiological processes in the hematopoietic and immune systems. The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis is significantly associated with several diseases, such as HIV, cancer, WHIM syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pulmonary fibrosis and lupus. For example, CXCR4 is one of the major co-receptors for HIV entry into target cells, while in cancer it plays an important role in tumor cell metastasis. Several promising CXCR4 antagonists have been developed to block SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions that are currently under different stages of development. The first in class CXCR4 antagonist, plerixafor, was approved by the FDA in 2008 for the mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells and several other drugs are currently in clinical trials for cancer, HIV, and WHIM syndrome. While the long-term safety data for the first generation CXCR4 antagonists are not yet available, several new compounds are under preclinical development in an attempt to provide safer and more efficient treatment options for HIV and cancer patients.
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10
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Huang R, Fang P, Kay BK. Improvements to the Kunkel mutagenesis protocol for constructing primary and secondary phage-display libraries. Methods 2012; 58:10-7. [PMID: 22959950 PMCID: PMC3491174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-directed mutagenesis is routinely performed in protein engineering experiments. One method, termed Kunkel mutagenesis, is frequently used for constructing libraries of peptide or protein variants in M13 bacteriophage, followed by affinity selection of phage particles. To make this method more efficient, the following two modifications were introduced: culture was incubated at 25°C for phage replication, which yielded two- to sevenfold more single-stranded DNA template compared to growth at 37°C, and restriction endonuclease recognition sites were used to remove non-recombinants. With both of the improvements, we could construct primary libraries of high complexity and that were 99-100% recombinant. Finally, with a third modification to the standard protocol of Kunkel mutagenesis, two secondary (mutagenic) libraries of a fibronectin type III (FN3) monobody were constructed with DNA segments that were amplified by error-prone and asymmetric PCR. Two advantages of this modification are that it bypasses the lengthy steps of restriction enzyme digestion and ligation, and that the pool of phage clones, recovered after affinity selection, can be used directly to generate a secondary library. Screening one of the two mutagenic libraries yielded variants that bound two- to fourfold tighter to human Pak1 kinase than the starting clone. The protocols described in this study should accelerate the discovery of phage-displayed recombinant affinity reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor St., 3240 SES - MC 066, Chicago, IL 60607-7060, USA
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11
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Scalley-Kim ML, Hess BW, Kelly RL, Krostag ARF, Lustig KH, Marken JS, Ovendale PJ, Posey AR, Smolak PJ, Taylor JDL, Wood CL, Bienvenue DL, Probst P, Salmon RA, Allison DS, Foy TM, Raport CJ. A novel highly potent therapeutic antibody neutralizes multiple human chemokines and mimics viral immune modulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43332. [PMID: 22912856 PMCID: PMC3422223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a key role in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation and are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases. As such, inhibiting chemokine signaling has been of keen interest for the development of therapeutic agents. This endeavor, however, has been hampered due to complexities in the chemokine system. Many chemokines have been shown to signal through multiple receptors and, conversely, most chemokine receptors bind to more than one chemokine. One approach to overcoming this complexity is to develop a single therapeutic agent that binds and inactivates multiple chemokines, similar to an immune evasion strategy utilized by a number of viruses. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a novel therapeutic antibody that targets a subset of human CC chemokines, specifically CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. Using a sequential immunization approach, followed by humanization and phage display affinity maturation, a therapeutic antibody was developed that displays high binding affinity towards the three targeted chemokines. In vitro, this antibody potently inhibits chemotaxis and chemokine-mediated signaling through CCR1 and CCR5, primary chemokine receptors for the targeted chemokines. Furthermore, we have demonstrated in vivo efficacy of the antibody in a SCID-hu mouse model of skin leukocyte migration, thus confirming its potential as a novel therapeutic chemokine antagonist. We anticipate that this antibody will have broad therapeutic utility in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases due to its ability to simultaneously neutralize multiple chemokines implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Scalley-Kim
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Hess
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan L. Kelly
- Department of Protein Sciences, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anne-Rachel F. Krostag
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kurt H. Lustig
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John S. Marken
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Ovendale
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Posey
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Smolak
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janelle D. L. Taylor
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. L. Wood
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David L. Bienvenue
- Department of Protein Sciences, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Probst
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Salmon
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Allison
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Teresa M. Foy
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol J. Raport
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Abstract
Antibodies capable of targeting more than one antigen are envisioned to expand therapeutic efficacy in complex disease settings. Several strategies have been developed to achieve multiple targeting, including antibody mixtures and bispecific formats. In recent years, several dual- and pan-specific antibodies have been described and represent an alternative approach. These antibodies bind to different targets using a single antigen-combining site while maintaining high affinity and specificity, thus challenging the 'one antibody, one antigen' dogma. Despite certain drawbacks, the simple IgG format of this drug class enables rapid progression into the clinic.
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13
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Geyer CR, McCafferty J, Dübel S, Bradbury ARM, Sidhu SS. Recombinant antibodies and in vitro selection technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 901:11-32. [PMID: 22723092 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-931-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the accumulation of detailed knowledge of antibody structure and function has enabled antibody phage display to emerge as a powerful in vitro alternative to hybridoma methods for creating antibodies. Many antibodies produced using phage display technology have unique properties that are not obtainable using traditional hybridoma technologies. In phage display, selections are performed under controlled, in vitro conditions that are tailored to suit demands of the antigen and the sequence encoding the antibody is immediately available. These features obviate many of the limitations of hybridoma methodology, and because the entire process relies on scalable molecular biology techniques, phage display is also suitable for high-throughput applications. Thus, antibody phage display technology is well suited for genome-scale biotechnology and therapeutic applications. This review describes the antibody phage display technology and highlights examples of antibodies with unique properties that cannot easily be obtained by other technologies.
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14
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Fagète S, Rousseau F, Magistrelli G, Gueneau F, Ravn U, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Fischer N. Dual specificity of anti-CXCL10-CXCL9 antibodies is governed by structural mimicry. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:1458-67. [PMID: 22041899 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-specific antibodies are characterized by an antigen-combining site mediating specific interactions with two different antigens. We have generated five dual-specific single chain variable fragments (scFv) that neutralize the activity of the two chemokines, CXCL9 and CXCL10, to bind to their receptor CXCR3. To better understand how these dual-specific scFvs bind these two chemokines that only share a 37% sequence identity, we mapped their epitopes on human CXCL9 and CXCL10 and identified serine 13 (Ser(13)) as a critical residue. It is conserved between the two chemokines but not in the third ligand for CXCR3, CXCL11. Furthermore, Ser(13) is exposed in the tetrameric structure of CXCL10, which is consistent with our finding that the scFvs are able to bind to CXCL9 and CXCL10 immobilized on glycosaminoglycans. Overall, the data indicate that these dual-specific scFvs bind to a conserved surface involved in CXCR3 receptor interaction for CXCL10 and CXCL9. Thus, structural mimicry between the two targets is likely to be responsible for the observed dual specificity of these antibody fragments.
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15
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Igawa T, Tsunoda H, Kuramochi T, Sampei Z, Ishii S, Hattori K. Engineering the variable region of therapeutic IgG antibodies. MAbs 2011; 3:243-52. [PMID: 21406966 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.3.15234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first generation of humanized IgG1 antibodies reached the market in the late 1990s, IgG antibody molecules have been extensively engineered. The success of antibody therapeutics has introduced severe competition in developing novel therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, especially for promising or clinically validated targets. Such competition has led researchers to generate so-called second or third generation antibodies with clinical differentiation utilizing various engineering and optimization technologies. Parent IgG antibodies can be engineered to have improved antigen binding properties, effector functions, pharmacokinetics, pharmaceutical properties and safety issues. Although the primary role of the antibody variable region is to bind to the antigen, it is also the main source of antibody diversity and its sequence affects various properties important for developing antibody therapeutics. Here we review recent research activity in variable region engineering to generate superior antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Igawa
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Fuji-Gotemba Research Laboratories, Shizuoka, Japan.
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16
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Bradbury ARM, Sidhu S, Dübel S, McCafferty J. Beyond natural antibodies: the power of in vitro display technologies. Nat Biotechnol 2011; 29:245-54. [PMID: 21390033 PMCID: PMC3057417 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vitro display technologies, best exemplified by phage and yeast display, were first described for the selection of antibodies some 20 years ago. Since then, many antibodies have been selected and improved upon using these methods. Although it is not widely recognized, many of the antibodies derived using in vitro display methods have properties that would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to obtain by immunizing animals. The first antibodies derived using in vitro display methods are now in the clinic, with many more waiting in the wings. Unlike immunization, in vitro display permits the use of defined selection conditions and provides immediate availability of the sequence encoding the antibody. The amenability of in vitro display to high-throughput applications broadens the prospects for their wider use in basic and applied research.
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17
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Buatois V, Fagète S, Magistrelli G, Chatel L, Fischer N, Kosco-Vilbois MH, Ferlin WG. Pan-CC chemokine neutralization restricts splenocyte egress and reduces inflammation in a model of arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:2544-54. [PMID: 20644170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key regulators of leukocyte trafficking and play a crucial role under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. Because chemokines are involved in multiple pathologies, they represent an attractive class of therapeutic targets. However, because of the redundancy of this system, neutralizing a single chemokine may be insufficient to achieve therapeutic benefit. Our strategy was to use a Fc-fusion recombinant protein form of the poxvirus-derived viral CC chemokine inhibitor protein (vCCI-Fc) that has the ability to specifically bind to multiple CC chemokines and neutralize their activity. In this study, we demonstrate first that, in vivo, vCCI-Fc prevents CC chemokine-dependent migration of macrophages into inflamed tissue of carageenan-challenged mice. We next studied this effect of inhibiting CC chemokine activity in a model more relevant to human disease, collagen-induced arthritis. Mice receiving vCCI-Fc revealed a striking retention of splenocytes, including activated and IFN-gamma-secreting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, that was associated with a concomitant decrease of cells in the draining lymph nodes. These phenomena resulted in a significant decrease in the incidence of disease and a reduction in clinical score, joint inflammation, and cartilage destruction as compared with mice receiving isotype control. Taken together, these results define a role for CC chemokines in the control of disease, as interfering with their function leads to a previously unappreciated role of controlling inflammatory cell trafficking in and out of secondary lymphoid organs.
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