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Sangprasat K, Bulaon CJI, Rattanapisit K, Srisangsung T, Jirarojwattana P, Wongwatanasin A, Phoolcharoen W. Production of monoclonal antibodies against botulinum neurotoxin in Nicotiana benthamiana. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2329446. [PMID: 38525945 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2329446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Botulism is a fatal neurologic disease caused by the botulinum toxin (BoNT) produced by Clostridium botulinum. It is a rare but highly toxic disease with symptoms, such as cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dysphagia, respiratory failure, muscle weakness, and even death. Currently, two types of antitoxin are used: equine-derived heptavalent antitoxin and human-derived immunoglobulin (BabyBIG®). However, heptavalent treatment may result in hypersensitivity, whereas BabyBIG®, has a low yield. The present study focused on the development of three anti-BoNT monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 1B18, C25, and M2, in Nicotiana benthamiana. The plant-expressed mAbs were purified and examined for size, purity and integrity by SDS-PAGE, western blotting and size-exclusion chromatography. Analysis showed that plant-produced anti-BoNT mAbs can fully assemble in plants, can be purified in a single purification step, and mostly remain as monomeric proteins. The efficiency of anti-BoNT mAbs binding to BoNT/A and B was then tested. Plant-produced 1B18 retained its ability to recognize both mBoNT/A1 and ciBoNT/B1. At the same time, the binding specificities of two other mAbs were determined: C25 for mBoNT/A1 and M2 for ciBoNT/B1. In conclusion, our results confirm the use of plants as an alternative platform for the production of anti-BoNT mAbs. This plant-based technology will serve as a versatile system for the development botulism immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornchanok Sangprasat
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program of Program in Research for Enterprise, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kaewta Rattanapisit
- Department of Research and Development, Baiya Phytopharm Co. Ltd, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Theerakarn Srisangsung
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program of Program in Research for Enterprise, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Perawat Jirarojwattana
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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2
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Jones W, Gerogiorgis DI. Dynamic optimization of an integrated cultivation-aggregation model for mAb production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:2716-2727. [PMID: 38822680 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Due to their proteinaceous structure, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are susceptible to irreversible aggregation, with harmful consequences on drug efficacy and patient safety. To mitigate this risk in modern biopharmaceutical processes, it is critical to comply with current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and pursue operating strategies minimizing irreversible aggregation whilst also maximizing mAb throughput. These conflicting objectives are targeted in this study by formulating and analyzing an integrated dynamic model accounting for both cultivation and aggregation of mAbs from a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line. Two manipulated dynamic variables are considered here in simulation studies: firstly temperature manipulation within a batch reactor, and secondly feed flow manipulation within a series of isothermal fed-batch reactors. Following this, dynamic optimization investigations have been conducted, firstly with the single objective of maximizing mAb throughput and secondly with multiple (two) objectives of maximizing mAb throughput while also minimizing irreversible aggregate content, simultaneously. The study provides key insight into tradeoffs of how simultaneous temperature and feed flowrate manipulation affects mAb throughput and aggregation inside bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Jones
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Dimitrios I Gerogiorgis
- School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
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3
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Alizadeh F, Aghajani H, Mahboudi F, Talebkhan Y, Arefian E, Samavat S, Raufi R. Optimization of culture condition for Spodoptera frugiperda by design of experiment approach and evaluation of its effect on the expression of hemagglutinin protein of influenza virus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308547. [PMID: 39150957 PMCID: PMC11329130 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is a powerful tool in pharmaceutical biotechnology to infect insect cells and produce the recombinant proteins of interest. It has been well documented that optimizing the culture condition and its supplementation through designed experiments is critical for maximum protein production. In this study, besides physicochemical parameters including incubation temperature, cell count of infection, multiplicity of infection, and feeding percentage, potential supplementary factors such as cholesterol, polyamine, galactose, pluronic-F68, glucose, L-glutamine, and ZnSO4 were screened for Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cell culture and expression of hemagglutinin (HA) protein of Influenza virus via Placket-Burman design and then optimized through Box-Behnken approach. The optimized conditions were then applied for scale-up culture and the expressed r-HA protein was characterized. Optimization of selected parameters via the Box-Behnken approach indicated that feed percentage, cell count, and multiplicity of infection are the main parameters affecting r-HA expression level and potency compared to the previously established culture condition. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of designing experiments to select and optimize important parameters that potentially affect Sf9 cell culture, r-HA expression, and its potency in the BEVS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Alizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Hamideh Aghajani
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Fereidoun Mahboudi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Yeganeh Talebkhan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Molecular Virology Lab, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Samavat
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Raufi
- Department of Research & Development, AryoGen Pharmed Inc., Karaj, Iran
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4
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Wu T, Norouzi M, Park K. Dialysis rolled scaffold bioreactor allows extended production of monoclonal antibody with reduced media use. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2400249. [PMID: 39212207 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Rapidly expanding biopharmaceutical market demands more cost-effective platforms to produce protein therapeutics. To this end, novel approaches, such as perfusion culture or concentrated fed-batch, have been explored for higher yields and lower manufacturing costs. Although these new approaches produced promising results, but their wide-spread use in the industry is still limited. In this study, a dialysis rolled scaffold bioreactor was presented for long-term production of monoclonal antibodies with reduced media consumption. Media dialysis can selectively remove cellular bio-wastes without losing cells or produced recombinant proteins. The dialysis process was streamlined to significantly improve its efficiency. Then, extended culture of recombinant CHO cells for 41 days was successfully demonstrated with consistent production rate and minimal media consumption. The unique configuration of the developed bioreactor allows efficient dialysis for media management, as well as rapid media exchange to harvest produced recombinant proteins before they degrade. Taken together, it was envisioned that the developed bioreactor will enable cost-effective and long-term large-scale culture of various cells for biopharmaceutical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyao Wu
- Division of Electrical Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Mohsen Norouzi
- Division of Electrical Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kidong Park
- Division of Electrical Computer Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Pybus LP, Heise C, Nagy T, Heeran C, Dover T, Raven J, Kori J, Burton G, Sakuyama H, Hastings B, Lyons M, Nakai S, Haigh J. A modular and multi-functional purification strategy that enables a common framework for manufacturing scale integrated and continuous biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3456. [PMID: 38494903 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical manufacture is transitioning from batch to integrated and continuous biomanufacturing (ICB). The common framework for most ICB, potentially enables a global biomanufacturing ecosystem utilizing modular and multi-function manufacturing equipment. Integrating unit operation hardware and software from multiple suppliers, complex supply chains enabled by multiple customized single-use flow paths, and large volume buffer production/storage make this ICB vision difficult to achieve with commercially available manufacturing equipment. Thus, we developed SymphonX™, a downstream processing skid with advanced buffer management capabilities, a single disposable generic flow path design that provides plug-and-play flexibility across all downstream unit operations and a single interface to reduce operational risk. Designed for multi-product and multi-process cGMP facilities, SymphonX™ can perform stand-alone batch processing or ICB. This study utilized an Apollo™ X CHO-DG44 mAb-expressing cell line in a steady-state perfusion bioreactor, harvesting product continuously with a cell retention device and connected SymphonX™ purification skids. The downstream process used the same chemistry (resins, buffer composition, membrane composition) as our historical batch processing platform, with SymphonX™ in-line conditioning and buffer concentrates. We used surge vessels between unit operations, single-column chromatography (protein A, cation and anion exchange) and two-tank batch virus inactivation. After the first polishing step (cation exchange), we continuously pooled product for 6 days. These 6 day pools were processed in batch-mode from anion exchange to bulk drug substance. This manufacturing scale proof-of-concept ICB produced 0.54 kg/day of drug substance with consistent product quality attributes and demonstrated successful bioburden control for unit-operations undergoing continuous operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon P Pybus
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Charles Heise
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Tibor Nagy
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Carmen Heeran
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Terri Dover
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - John Raven
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Junichi Kori
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratories, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kaisei, Japan
| | - Graeme Burton
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Hiroshi Sakuyama
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratories, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kaisei, Japan
| | - Benjamin Hastings
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Michelle Lyons
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Shinichi Nakai
- Bio Science & Engineering Laboratories, FUJIFILM Corporation, Kaisei, Japan
| | - Jonathan Haigh
- Process Development, FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
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Hsieh MC, Zhang J, Tang L, Huang CY, Shen Y, Matathia A, Qian J, Parekh BS. Characterization of the Charge Heterogeneity of a Monoclonal Antibody That Binds to Both Cation Exchange and Anion Exchange Columns under the Same Binding Conditions. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:52. [PMID: 39051328 PMCID: PMC11270306 DOI: 10.3390/antib13030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies play an important role in the public healthcare system to treat patients with a variety of diseases. Protein characterization using an array of analytical tools provides in-depth information for drug quality, safety, efficacy, and the further understanding of the molecule. A therapeutic antibody candidate MAB1 exhibits unique binding properties to both cation and anion exchange columns at neutral pH. This uniqueness disrupts standard purification processes and necessitates adjustments in manufacturing. This study identifies that the charge heterogeneity of MAB1 is primarily due to the N-terminal cyclization of glutamine to pyroglutamine and, to a lesser extent, succinimide intermediate, deamidation, and C-terminal lysine. Using three approaches, i.e., deferential chemical labeling, H/D exchange, and molecular modeling, the binding to anion exchange resins is attributed to negatively charged patches on the antibody's surface, involving specific carboxylic acid residues. The methodologies shown here can be extended to study protein binding orientation in column chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ching Hsieh
- Analytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Jingming Zhang
- Analytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Liangjie Tang
- Analytical Development, Eli Lilly and the Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
| | - Cheng-Yen Huang
- Analytical Sciences, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Yang Shen
- Antibody Technology, Eli Lilly and the Company, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Alice Matathia
- TS/MS Laboratories, Eli Lilly and the Company, Branchburg, NJ 08876, USA
| | - Jun Qian
- Analytical Development, Eli Lilly and the Company, Indianapolis, IN 46221, USA
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7
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Mahomed S. Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0015222. [PMID: 38687039 PMCID: PMC11324036 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic remains a formidable global health concern, with 39 million people living with the virus and 1.3 million new infections reported in 2022. Despite anti-retroviral therapy's effectiveness in pre-exposure prophylaxis, its global adoption is limited. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) offer an alternative strategy for HIV prevention through passive immunization. Historically, passive immunization has been efficacious in the treatment of various diseases ranging from oncology to infectious diseases. Early clinical trials suggest bNAbs are safe, tolerable, and capable of reducing HIV RNA levels. Although challenges such as bNAb resistance have been noted in phase I trials, ongoing research aims to assess the additive or synergistic benefits of combining multiple bNAbs. Researchers are exploring bispecific and trispecific antibodies, and fragment crystallizable region modifications to augment antibody efficacy and half-life. Moreover, the potential of other antibody isotypes like IgG3 and IgA is under investigation. While promising, the application of bNAbs faces economic and logistical barriers. High manufacturing costs, particularly in resource-limited settings, and logistical challenges like cold-chain requirements pose obstacles. Preliminary studies suggest cost-effectiveness, although this is contingent on various factors like efficacy and distribution. Technological advancements and strategic partnerships may mitigate some challenges, but issues like molecular aggregation remain. The World Health Organization has provided preferred product characteristics for bNAbs, focusing on optimizing their efficacy, safety, and accessibility. The integration of bNAbs in HIV prophylaxis necessitates a multi-faceted approach, considering economic, logistical, and scientific variables. This review comprehensively covers the historical context, current advancements, and future avenues of bNAbs in HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharana Mahomed
- Centre for the AIDS
Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Doris Duke Medical
Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, Durban,
South Africa
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8
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Christie L, Rutherford S, Palmer DS, Baker MJ, Butler HJ. Bioprocess monitoring applications of an innovative ATR-FTIR spectroscopy platform. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1349473. [PMID: 38863496 PMCID: PMC11165065 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1349473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical manufacturing is reliant upon bioprocessing approaches to generate the range of therapeutic products that are available today. The high cost of production, susceptibility to process failure, and requirement to achieve consistent, high-quality product means that process monitoring is paramount during manufacturing. Process analytic technologies (PAT) are key to ensuring high quality product is produced at all stages of development. Spectroscopy-based technologies are well suited as PAT approaches as they are non-destructive and require minimum sample preparation. This study explored the use of a novel attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy platform, which utilises disposable internal reflection elements (IREs), as a method of upstream bioprocess monitoring. The platform was used to characterise organism health and to quantify cellular metabolites in growth media using quantification models to predict glucose and lactic acid levels both singularly and combined. Separation of the healthy and nutrient deficient cells within PC space was clearly apparent, indicating this technique could be used to characterise these classes. For the metabolite quantification, the binary models yielded R 2 values of 0.969 for glucose, 0.976 for lactic acid. When quantifying the metabolites in tandem using a multi-output partial least squares model, the corresponding R 2 value was 0.980. This initial study highlights the suitability of the platform for bioprocess monitoring and paves the way for future in-line developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Christie
- Dxcover Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Rutherford
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Palmer
- Dxcover Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. Baker
- Dxcover Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, United Kingdom
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Das PK, Sahoo A, Veeranki VD. Recombinant monoclonal antibody production in yeasts: Challenges and considerations. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131379. [PMID: 38580014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-based engineered protein molecules with a monovalent affinity or multivalent avidity towards a specific target or antigen, which can mimic natural antibodies that are produced in the human immune systems to fight against detrimental pathogens. The recombinant mAb is one of the most effective classes of biopharmaceuticals produced in vitro by cloning and expressing synthetic antibody genes in a suitable host. Yeast is one of the potential hosts among others for the successful production of recombinant mAbs. However, there are very few yeast-derived mAbs that got the approval of the regulatory agencies for direct use for treatment purposes. Certain challenges encountered by yeasts for recombinant antibody productions need to be overcome and a few considerations related to antibody structure, host engineering, and culturing strategies should be followed for the improved production of mAbs in yeasts. In this review, the drawbacks related to the metabolic burden of the host, culturing conditions including induction mechanism and secretion efficiency, solubility and stability, downstream processing, and the pharmacokinetic behavior of the antibody are discussed, which will help in developing the yeast hosts for the efficient production of recombinant mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Das
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ansuman Sahoo
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Venkata Dasu Veeranki
- Biochemical Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Owens NA, Anborgh PH, Kolotilin I. Chromatography affinity resin with photosynthetically-sourced protein A ligand. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8714. [PMID: 38622266 PMCID: PMC11018848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59266-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Green, photosynthesizing plants can be proficiently used as cost-effective, single-use, fully biodegradable bioreactors for environmentally-friendly production of a variety of valuable recombinant proteins. Being near-infinitely scalable and most energy-efficient in generating biomass, plants represent profoundly valid alternatives to conventionally used stationary fermenters. To validate this, we produced a plastome-engineered tobacco bioreactor line expressing a recombinant variant of the protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, an affinity ligand widely useful in antibody purification processes, reaching accumulation levels up to ~ 250 mg per 1 kg of fresh leaf biomass. Chromatography resin manufactured from photosynthetically-sourced recombinant protein A ligand conjugated to agarose beads demonstrated the innate pH-driven ability to bind and elute IgG-type antibodies and allowed one-step efficient purification of functional monoclonal antibodies from the supernatants of the producing hybridomas. The results of this study emphasize the versatility of plant-based recombinant protein production and illustrate its vast potential in reducing the cost of diverse biotechnological applications, particularly the downstream processing and purification of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha A Owens
- The School of Applied Science and Technology, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada
| | - Pieter H Anborgh
- The School of Applied Science and Technology, Fanshawe College, London, ON, Canada
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11
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Szkodny AC, Lee KH. A systemic approach to identifying sequence frameworks that decrease mAb production in a transient Chinese hamster ovary cell expression system. Biotechnol Prog 2024:e3466. [PMID: 38607316 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are often engineered at the sequence level for improved clinical performance yet are rarely evaluated prior to candidate selection for their "developability" characteristics, namely expression, which can necessitate additional resource investments to improve the manufacturing processes for problematic mAbs. A strong relationship between primary sequence and expression has emerged, with slight differences in amino acid sequence resulting in titers differing by up to an order of magnitude. Previous work on these "difficult-to-express" (DTE) mAbs has shown that these phenotypes are driven by post-translational bottlenecks in antibody folding, assembly, and secretion processes. However, it has been difficult to translate these findings across cell lines and products. This work presents a systematic approach to study the impact of sequence variation on mAb expression at a larger scale and under more industrially relevant conditions. The analysis found 91 mutations that decreased transient expression of an IgG1κ in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and revealed that mutations at inaccessible residues, especially those leading to decreases in residue hydrophobicity, are not favorable for high expression. This workflow can be used to better understand sequence determinants of mAb expression to improve candidate selection procedures and reduce process development timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Szkodny
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
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12
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Ogwang R, Murugu L, Nkumama IN, Nyamako L, Kai O, Mwai K, Murungi L, Idro R, Bejon P, Tuju J, Kinyanjui SM, Osier FHA. Bi-isotype immunoglobulins enhance antibody-mediated neutrophil activity against Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360220. [PMID: 38650925 PMCID: PMC11033408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a major global health priority, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are emerging as potential new tools to support efforts to control the disease. Recent data suggest that Fc-dependent mechanisms of immunity are important mediators of protection against the blood stages of the infection, but few studies have investigated this in the context of mAbs. We aimed to isolate mAbs agnostic to cognate antigens that target whole merozoites and simultaneously induce potent neutrophil activity measured by the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using an antibody-dependent respiratory burst (ADRB) assay. Methods We used samples from semi-immune adults living in coastal Kenya to isolate mAbs that induce merozoite-specific ADRB activity. We then tested whether modifying the expressed IgG1 isotype to an IgG-IgA Fc region chimera would enhance the level of ADRB activity. Results We isolated a panel of nine mAbs with specificity to whole merozoites. mAb J31 induced ADRB activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Compared to IgG1, our modified antibody IgG-IgA bi-isotype induced higher ADRB activity across all concentrations tested. Further, we observed a negative hook effect at high IgG1 mAb concentrations (i.e., >200 µg/mL), but this was reversed by Fc modification. We identified MSP3.5 as the potential cognate target of mAb J31. Conclusions We demonstrate an approach to engineer mAbs with enhanced ADRB potency against blood-stage parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney Ogwang
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lewis Murugu
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Irene N. Nkumama
- Centre of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lydia Nyamako
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Oscar Kai
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Kennedy Mwai
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Linda Murungi
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Bejon
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - James Tuju
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Sam Muchina Kinyanjui
- Centre for Geographic Medicine Research (Coast), Kenya Medical Research Institute-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Faith H. A. Osier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Kumar V, Barwal A, Sharma N, Mir DS, Kumar P, Kumar V. Therapeutic proteins: developments, progress, challenges, and future perspectives. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:112. [PMID: 38510462 PMCID: PMC10948735 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are considered magic molecules due to their enormous applications in the health sector. Over the past few decades, therapeutic proteins have emerged as a promising treatment option for various diseases, particularly cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. The formulation of protein-based therapies is a major area of research, however, a few factors still hinder the large-scale production of these therapeutic products, such as stability, heterogenicity, immunogenicity, high cost of production, etc. This review provides comprehensive information on various sources and production of therapeutic proteins. The review also summarizes the challenges currently faced by scientists while developing protein-based therapeutics, along with possible solutions. It can be concluded that these proteins can be used in combination with small molecular drugs to give synergistic benefits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Arti Barwal
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, South Campus, Sector-25, Chandigarh, 160014 India
| | - Nitin Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Mohali, Punjab 140307 India
| | - Danish Shafi Mir
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, 173229 India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Mohali, Punjab 140413 India
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14
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Hashikawa-Muto C, Yokoyama Y, Hamamoto R, Kobayashi K, Masuda Y, Nonaka K. Effect of pH, NaCl concentration, and mAb concentration of feed solution on the filterability of Planova™ 20N and Planova™ BioEX. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3420. [PMID: 38146091 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Virus filtration is one of the most important steps in ensuring viral safety during the purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biotherapeutics derived from mammalian cell cultures. Regarding the various virus retentive filters, including Planova filters, a great deal of data has been reported on the virus retention capability and its mechanism. Along with the virus retention capability, filterability is a key performance indicator for designing a robust and high-throughput virus filtration step. In order to obtain higher filterability, optimization of the feed solution conditions, and filter selection is essential; however, limited data are available regarding the filtration characteristics of Planova filters. Furthermore, for Planova 20N and Planova BioEX, the virus retention characteristics were reported to differ due to their respective membrane materials and layer structures. Whether these filters differ in their filtration characteristics is an interesting question, but no comparative evaluations have been reported. In this study, the filterability of the two filters was investigated and compared using 15 feed mAb solutions of a single mAb selected by design of experiments with different combinations of pH, NaCl concentration, and mAb concentration. The filterability of Planova 20N was affected not only by the feed solution viscosity, but also by the mAb aggregate content of the feed mAb solution and mAb-membrane electrostatic interactions. In contrast, the filterability of Planova BioEX decreased under some buffer conditions. These findings and the established design spaces of these filters provide valuable insights into the process optimization of virus filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Hashikawa-Muto
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Japan
| | - Yoshiro Yokoyama
- Technology Development Department, Bioprocess Division, Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd., Nobeoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Hamamoto
- Technology Development Department, Bioprocess Division, Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd., Nobeoka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Global Sales & Customer Services Department, Bioprocess Division, Asahi Kasei Medical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Masuda
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Japan
| | - Koichi Nonaka
- Biologics Technology Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Chiyoda-machi, Oura-gun, Japan
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15
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Heine RJSD, Thielen FW, Mathijssen RHJ, van Leeuwen RWF, Franken MG, Uyl-de Groot CA. Applying a cost-based pricing model for innovative cancer treatments subject to indication expansion: A case study for pembrolizumab and daratumumab. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293264. [PMID: 38300937 PMCID: PMC10833582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expanding the indication of already approved immuno-oncology drugs presents treatment opportunities for patients but also strains healthcare systems. Cost-based pricing models are discussed as a possibility for cost containment. This study focuses on two drugs, pembrolizumab (Keytruda) and daratumumab (Darzalex), to explore the potential effect of indication broadening on the estimated price when using the cost-based pricing (CBP) model proposed by Uyl-de Groot and Löwenberg (2018). METHODS The model was used to calculate cumulative yearly prices, cumulative prices per indication, and non-cumulative indication-based prices using inputs such as research and development (R&D) costs, manufacturing costs, eligible patient population, and a profit margin. A deterministic stepwise analysis and scenario analysis were conducted to examine how sensitive the estimated price is to the different input assumptions. RESULTS The yearly cumulative cost-based prices (CBPs) ranged from €52 to €885 for pembrolizumab per vial and €823 to €31,941 for daratumumab per vial. Prices were higher in initial years or indications due to smaller patient populations, decreased over time or after additional indications. Sensitivity analysis showed that the number of eligible patients had the most significant impact on the estimated price. In the scenario analysis the profit margin contributed most to a higher CBPs for both drugs. Lower estimates resulted from assumed lower R&D costs. DISCUSSION The estimated CBPs are consistently lower than Dutch list prices for pembrolizumab (€2,861), mainly resulting from larger patient populations in registered indications. However, daratumumab's list prices fall within the range of modeled CBPs depending on the year or indication (€4,766). Both CBPs decrease over time or with additional indications. The number of eligible patients and initial R&D costs have the most significant influence on the CBPs. These findings contribute to the ongoing discussions on pharmaceutical pricing, especially concerning cancer drugs with expanding indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. J. S. D. Heine
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (ESHPM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F. W. Thielen
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (ESHPM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. H. J. Mathijssen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R. W. F. van Leeuwen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. G. Franken
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (ESHPM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. A. Uyl-de Groot
- Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management (ESHPM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus Centre for Health Economics Rotterdam (EsCHER), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Dohadwala S, Geib MT, Politch JA, Anderson DJ. Innovations in monoclonal antibody-based multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) for the prevention of sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2024; 5:1337479. [PMID: 38264184 PMCID: PMC10803587 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2023.1337479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently being produced for a number of clinical applications including contraception and the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Combinations of contraceptive and anti-STI mAbs, including antibodies against HIV-1 and HSV-2, provide a powerful and flexible approach for highly potent and specific multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) products with desirable efficacy, safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. MAbs can be administered systemically by injection, or mucosally via topical products (e.g., films, gels, rings) which can be tailored for vaginal, penile or rectal administration to address the needs of different populations. The MPT field has faced challenges with safety, efficacy, production and cost. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of mAb MPTs that tackle these challenges with innovative strategies in mAb engineering, manufacturing, and delivery that could usher in a new generation of safe, efficacious, cost-effective, and scalable mAb MPTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dohadwala
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew T. Geib
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Politch
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Deborah J. Anderson
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Microbiology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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17
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Kelley B. The history and potential future of monoclonal antibody therapeutics development and manufacturing in four eras. MAbs 2024; 16:2373330. [PMID: 38946434 PMCID: PMC11218797 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2373330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibody (mAb) development and the processes for manufacturing drug substance have evolved since the first approval of the mAb in 1986. As the past is often the prologue to the future, the history of these technologies has been classified here into three eras, leading to speculation about what the next era may hold with regard to development and manufacturing strategies, as well as the potential impacts to patients. The substantial increase in production culture titers and bioreactor production volumes and the availability of large-scale contract manufacturing facilities could translate into improved global access for these therapies and an expansion of indications for therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Kelley
- Process & Product Development, Vir Biotechnology Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Zhang C, Chang F, Miao H, Fu Y, Tong X, Feng Y, Zheng W, Ma X. Construction and application of a multifunctional CHO cell platform utilizing Cre/ lox and Dre/ rox site-specific recombination systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1320841. [PMID: 38173869 PMCID: PMC10761530 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1320841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During the development of traditional Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, target genes randomly integrate into the genome upon entering the nucleus, resulting in unpredictable productivity of cell clones. The characterization and screening of high-yielding cell lines is a time-consuming and expensive process. Site-specific integration is recognized as an effective approach for overcoming random integration and improving production stability. We have designed a multifunctional expression cassette, called CDbox, which can be manipulated by the site-specific recombination systems Cre/lox and Dre/rox. The CDbox expression cassette was inserted at the Hipp11(H11) locus hotspot in the CHO-K1 genome using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and a compliant CHO-CDbox cell platform was screened and obtained. The CHO-CDbox cell platform was transformed into a pool of EGFP-expressing cells using Cre/lox recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) in only 2 weeks, and this expression remained stable for at least 75 generations without the need for drug stress. Subsequently, we used the Dre/rox system to directly eliminate the EGFP gene. In addition, two practical applications of the CHO-CDbox cell platform were presented. The first was the quick construction of the Pembrolizumab antibody stable expression strain, while the second was a protocol for the integration of surface-displayed and secreted antibodies on CHO cells. The previous research on site-specific integration of CHO cells has always focused on the single functionality of insertion of target genes. This newly developed CHO cell platform is expected to offer expanded applicability for protein production and gene function studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhui Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xikui Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyun Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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19
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Ito T, Wang H, Hwang SH, Wang B, Wang L, G S. Risk assessment for biopharmaceutical single-use manufacturing: A case study of upstream continuous processing. Biologicals 2023; 84:101713. [PMID: 37793309 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current transition to intensified upstream processing, the risks of adopting traditional single-use systems for high-titer, long-duration perfusion cultures, have thus far not been considered. This case study uses the Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method to evaluate the risks associated with implementing upstream single-use technology. The simulated model process was used to compare the risk level of single-use technology for a traditional fed-batch cell culture with that for perfusion culture, under the same annual protein production conditions. To provide a reasonable source of potential risk for FMEA, all single-use upstream operations for both fed-batch and perfusion processes were investigated using an analytical method developed to quantify the impact of process parameters and operating conditions on single-use system specifications and to ensure objectivity. Many of the risks and their levels, were similar in long-duration perfusion cultures and fed-batch cultures. However, differences were observed for high-risk components such as daily sampling and installation. The result of this analysis indicates that the reasons for risk are different for fed-batch cultures and perfusion cultures such as larger bioreactors in fed-batch and longer runs in perfusion, respectively. This risk assessment method could identify additional control measures and be part of a holistic contamination control strategy and help visualize their effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Ito
- Merck Ltd., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Japan, Tokyo, 135-0064, Japan.
| | - Hui Wang
- Merck Chemicals (Shanghai) Co Ltd., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Shanghai, 200126, China
| | - Soon-Hwa Hwang
- Merck Ltd., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Korea, Seoul, 06178, South Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- Merck Chemicals (Shanghai) Co Ltd., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Shanghai, 200126, China
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Merck Chemicals (Shanghai) Co Ltd., An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Shanghai, 200126, China
| | - Somasundaram G
- Merck Pte. Ltd, An Affiliate of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany, Singapore, 118222, Singapore
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20
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Webster TA, Hadley BC, Dickson M, Hodgkins J, Olin M, Wolnick N, Armstrong J, Mason C, Downey B. Automated Raman feed-back control of multiple supplemental feeds to enable an intensified high inoculation density fed-batch platform process. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:1457-1470. [PMID: 37633861 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-023-02912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologics manufacturing is increasingly moving toward intensified processes that require novel control strategies in order to achieve higher titers in shorter periods of time compared to traditional fed-batch cultures. In order to implement these strategies for intensified processes, continuous process monitoring is often required. To this end, inline Raman spectroscopy was used to develop partial least squares models to monitor changes in residual concentrations of glucose, phenylalanine and methionine during the culture of five different glutamine synthetase piggyBac® Chinese hamster ovary clones cultured using an intensified high inoculation density fed-batch platform process. Continuous monitoring of residual metabolite concentrations facilitated automated feed-rate adjustment of three supplemental feeds to maintain glucose, phenylalanine, and methionine at desired setpoints, while maintaining other nutrient concentrations at acceptable levels across all clones cultured on the high inoculation density platform process. Furthermore, all clones cultured on this process achieved high viable cell concentrations over the course of culture, indicating no detrimental impacts from the proposed feeding strategy. Finally, the automated control strategy sustained cultures inoculated at high cell densities to achieve product concentrations between 5 and 8.3 g/L over the course of 12 days of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian C Hadley
- Lonza Biologics, Inc, 101 International Dr, Portsmouth, NH, 03801, USA
| | - Marissa Dickson
- Lonza Biologics, Inc, 101 International Dr, Portsmouth, NH, 03801, USA
| | - Jessica Hodgkins
- Lonza Biologics, Inc, 101 International Dr, Portsmouth, NH, 03801, USA
| | | | | | | | - Carrie Mason
- Lonza Biologics, Inc, 101 International Dr, Portsmouth, NH, 03801, USA
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21
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Huang H, Dong X, Sun Y, Shi Q. Biomimetic affinity chromatography for antibody purification: Host cell protein binding and impurity removal. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464305. [PMID: 37607431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Peptide affinity chromatography has received increasing attention as an alternative to protein A chromatography in antibody purification. However, its lower selectivity than protein A chromatography has impeded its success in practical applications. In particular, efficient removal of contaminants, including host cell proteins (HCPs) and DNA, is a great challenge for peptide affinity chromatography in monoclonal antibody (mAb) manufacturing. In this work, a biomimetic peptide ligand (bPL), FYWHCLDE, was coupled onto Sepharose 6 Fast Flow (SepFF) to synthesize a peptide affinity gel, SepFF-bPL, for the investigation of the binding mechanism of HCP as well as the feasibility of antibody capture. The results showed that the SepFF-bPL column exhibited effective removal of mAb aggregates as well as mAb capture from feedstocks of various origins, whereas poor removal of HCP and DNA was found. Mechanistic studies of HCP binding indicated that electrostatic interactions dominated HCP binding on the SepFF-bPL gel and that ionic conductivity had a significant influence on HCP binding at low salt concentrations. Thus, combined chromatin extraction and anion exchange adsorption were introduced prior to SepFF-bPL chromatography for initial contaminant removal to reduce mAb aggregation induced by HCP and the loading burden of contaminants in SepFF-bPL chromatography. A proof-of-concept study of the purification train demonstrated a high recovery of mAb (68.7%) and low levels of HCP (23 ppm) and DNA (below the limit of detection) in the final product, which were acceptable for the mandatory requirements in clinical applications. This research provided a deep understanding of HCP binding on the peptide affinity column and led to the development of an effective purification train.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Huang
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qinghong Shi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering and Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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22
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Gibbons L, Maslanka F, Le N, Magill A, Singh P, Mclaughlin J, Madden F, Hayes R, McCarthy B, Rode C, O'Mahony J, Rea R, O'Mahony-Hartnett C. An assessment of the impact of Raman based glucose feedback control on CHO cell bioreactor process development. Biotechnol Prog 2023; 39:e3371. [PMID: 37365962 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) tools such as Raman Spectroscopy have become established tools for real time measurement of CHO cell bioreactor process variables and are aligned with the QbD approach to manufacturing. These tools can have a significant impact on process development if adopted early, creating an end-to-end PAT/QbD focused process. This study assessed the impact of Raman based feedback control on early and late phase development bioreactors by using a Raman based PLS model and PAT management system to control glucose in two CHO cell line bioreactor processes. The impact was then compared to bioreactor processes which used manual bolus fed methods for glucose feed delivery. Process improvements were observed in terms of overall bioreactor health, product output and product quality. Raman controlled batches for Cell Line 1 showed a reduction in glycation of 43.4% and 57.9%, respectively. Cell Line 2 batches with Raman based feedback control showed an improved growth profile with higher VCD and viability and a resulting 25% increase in overall product titer with an improved glycation profile. The results presented here demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be used in both early and late-stage process development and design for consistent and controlled glucose feed delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Gibbons
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Francis Maslanka
- BioTherapeutic Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nikky Le
- BioTherapeutic Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Al Magill
- BioTherapeutic Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pankaj Singh
- BioTherapeutic Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph Mclaughlin
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Madden
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ronan Hayes
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barry McCarthy
- Biotherapeutics Development, Janssen Sciences Ireland UC, Cork, Ireland
| | - Christopher Rode
- BioTherapeutic Development, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson and Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rosemary Rea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
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23
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Kozaili J, Shah A, Robbins D, Brinkman N, Burdick M, Strauss D. Serial virus filtration: A case study evaluating the product-dependent impact of control strategies on process efficiency. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200599. [PMID: 37218550 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The production of biopharmaceutical products carries an inherent risk of contamination by adventitious viruses. Historically, these manufacturing processes have incorporated a dedicated virus filtration step to ensure product safety. However, challenging process conditions can lead to passage of small viruses to the permeate pool and an overall decrease in the desired virus logarithmic reduction value (LRV) for the process. The implementation of serial virus filtration has improved the robustness of such processes, albeit concerns about increased operating times and process complexity have limited its implementation. This work focused on optimizing a serial filtration process and identifying process control strategies to provide maximum efficiency while ensuring proper controls for process complexity. Constant TMP was identified as the optimal control strategy, which combined with the optimal filter ratio, resulted in a robust and faster virus filtration process. To demonstrate this hypothesis, data with two filters connected in series (1:1 filter ratio) are presented for a representative non-fouling molecule. Similarly, for a fouling product, the optimal setup was a combination of a filter connected in series to two filters operated in parallel (2:1 filter ratio). The optimized filter ratios bring cost- and time-savings benefits to the virus filtration step, thereby offering improved productivity. The results of risk and cost analyses performed as part of this study combined with the control strategy, offer companies a toolbox of strategies to accommodate products with different filterability profiles in their downstream processes. This work demonstrates that the safety advantages of performing filters in series can be achieved with minimal increases in time, cost, and risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Kozaili
- Science and Technology Research and Development, Asahi Kasei Bioprocess America Inc., Glenview, Illinois, USA
| | - Aesha Shah
- Horizon Therapeutics, Deerfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Donna Robbins
- Plasma Product Development, CSL Behring, Kankakee, Illinois, USA
| | - Nathan Brinkman
- Plasma Product Development, CSL Behring, Kankakee, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Burdick
- Plasma Product Development, CSL Behring, Kankakee, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Strauss
- Science and Technology Research and Development, Asahi Kasei Bioprocess America Inc., Glenview, Illinois, USA
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24
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Bulaon CJI, Khorattanakulchai N, Rattanapisit K, Sun H, Pisuttinusart N, Strasser R, Tanaka S, Soon-Shiong P, Phoolcharoen W. Antitumor effect of plant-produced anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody in a murine model of colon cancer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1149455. [PMID: 37711295 PMCID: PMC10497774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1149455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) is an immune checkpoint regulator exclusively expressed on T cells that obstructs the cell's effector functions. Ipilimumab (Yervoy®), a CTLA-4 blocking antibody, emerged as a notable breakthrough in modern cancer treatment, showing upfront clinical benefits in multiple carcinomas. However, the exhilarating cost of checkpoint blockade therapy is discouraging and even utmost prominent in developing countries. Thereby, affordability of cancer care has become a point of emphasis in drug development pipelines. Plant expression system blossomed as a cutting-edge platform for rapid, facile to scale-up, and economical production of recombinant therapeutics. Here, we describe the production of an anti-CTLA-4 2C8 antibody in Nicotiana benthamiana. ELISA and bio-layer interferometry were used to analyze antigen binding and binding kinetics. Anticancer responses in vivo were evaluated using knocked-in mice implanted with syngeneic colon tumor. At 4 days post-infiltration, the antibody was transiently expressed in plants with yields of up to 39.65 ± 8.42 μg/g fresh weight. Plant-produced 2C8 binds to both human and murine CTLA-4, and the plant-produced IgG1 also binds to human FcγRIIIa (V158). In addition, the plant-produced 2C8 monoclonal antibody is as effective as Yervoy® in inhibiting tumor growth in vivo. In conclusion, our study underlines the applicability of plant platform to produce functional therapeutic antibodies with promising potential in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Joy I. Bulaon
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Nuttapat Pisuttinusart
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiho Tanaka
- ImmunityBio, Inc., Culver City, CA, United States
| | | | - Waranyoo Phoolcharoen
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Gopalakrishnan AV, Bradu P, Biswas A, Ganesan R, Renu K, Dey A, Vellingiri B, El Allali A, Alsamman AM, Zayed H, George Priya Doss C. Evolving strategies and application of proteins and peptide therapeutics in cancer treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114832. [PMID: 37150032 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several proteins and peptides have therapeutic potential and can be used for cancer therapy. By binding to cell surface receptors and other indicators uniquely linked with or overexpressed on tumors compared to healthy tissue, protein biologics enhance the active targeting of cancer cells, as opposed to the passive targeting of cells by conventional small-molecule chemotherapeutics. This study focuses on peptide medications that exist to slow or stop tumor growth and the spread of cancer, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of peptides in cancer treatment. As an alternative to standard chemotherapy, peptides that selectively kill cancer cells while sparing healthy tissue are developing. A mountain of clinical evidence supports the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines. Since a single treatment technique may not be sufficient to produce favourable results in the fight against cancer, combination therapy is emerging as an effective option to generate synergistic benefits. One example of this new area is the use of anticancer peptides in combination with nonpeptidic cytotoxic drugs or the combination of immunotherapy with conventional therapies like radiation and chemotherapy. This review focuses on the different natural and synthetic peptides obtained and researched. Discoveries, manufacture, and modifications of peptide drugs, as well as their contemporary applications, are summarized in this review. We also discuss the benefits and difficulties of potential advances in therapeutic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India.
| | - Pragya Bradu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Antara Biswas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, India
| | - Raja Ganesan
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, South Korea
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077 Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine/Translational Research, Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab (CUPB), Bathinda 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Achraf El Allali
- African Genome Center, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco.
| | - Alsamman M Alsamman
- Department of Genome Mapping, Molecular Genetics, and Genome Mapping Laboratory, Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of BioSciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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26
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Shekhawat LK, Markle T, Esfandiarfard K, Theel EK, Maloisel JL, Malmquist G. Next generation multimodal chromatography resins via an iterative mapping approach: Chemical diversity, high-throughput screening, and chromatographic modelling. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1699:464018. [PMID: 37119712 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal chromatography resins are becoming a key tool in the purification of biomolecules. The main objective of this research was the establishment of an iterative framework for the rapid development of new multimodal resins to provide novel selectivity for the future purification challenges. A large chemically diverse virtual library of 100 multimodal Capto™ MMC ligand analogues was created, and a broad array of chemical descriptors were calculated for each ligand in silico. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to map the chemical diversity and guide selection of ligands for synthesis and coupling to the Capto ImpRes agarose base matrix. Twelve new ligands were prepared in two groups: 'group one' consist of L00-L07 and 'group two' consist of L08-L12. These ligands are diverse in the influence of varied secondary interactions such as hydrophobic interactions, H-bonding, etc. Additional resin prototypes were also prepared to look at the chromatographic impact of ligand density variation. High-throughput plate-based studies were performed for parallel resin screening for batch-binding of six model proteins at different chromatographic binding pH and sodium chloride concentration conditions. Principal component analysis of the binding data provided a chromatographic diversity map leading to the identification of ligands with improved binding. Further, the new ligands have improved separation resolution between a monoclonal antibody (mAb1) and product related impurities, a Fab fragment and high molecular weight (HMW) aggregates, using linear salt gradient elutions. To quantify the importance of secondary interactions, analysis of the retention factor of mAb1 on the ligands at various isocratic conditions lead to estimations of (a) the total number of water molecules and counter salt ions released during adsorption, and (b) hydrophobic contact area (HCA). The iterative mapping approach of chemical and chromatography diversity maps described in the paper proves to be a promising method for identifying new chromatography ligands for biopharmaceutical purification challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Todd Markle
- Cytiva Sweden AB, Björkgatan 30, Uppsala, Sweden
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27
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Negulescu PG, Risner D, Spang ES, Sumner D, Block D, Nandi S, McDonald KA. Techno-economic modeling and assessment of cultivated meat: Impact of production bioreactor scale. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:1055-1067. [PMID: 36581609 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increases in global meat demands cannot be sustainably met with current methods of livestock farming, which has a substantial impact on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water consumption, and farm animal welfare. Cultivated meat is a rapidly advancing technology that produces meat products by proliferating and differentiating animal stem cells in large bioreactors, avoiding conventional live-animal farming. While many companies are working in this area, there is a lack of existing infrastructure and experience at commercial scale, resulting in many technical bottlenecks such as scale-up of cell culture and media availability and costs. In this study, we evaluate theoretical cultivated beef production facilities with the goal of envisioning an industry with multiple facilities to produce in total 100,000,000 kg of cultured beef per year or ~0.14% of the annual global beef production. Using the computer-aided process design software, SuperPro Designer®, facilities are modeled to create a comprehensive analysis to highlight improvements that can lower the cost of such a production system and allow cultivated meat products to be competitive. Three facility scenarios are presented with different sized production reactors; ~42,000 L stirred tank bioreactor (STR) with a base case cost of goods sold (COGS) of $35/kg, ~211,000 L STR with a COGS of $25/kg, and ~262,000 L airlift reactor (ALR) with a COGS of $17/kg. This study outlines how advances in scaled up bioreactors, alternative bioreactor designs, and decreased media costs are necessary for commercialization of cultured meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Negulescu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Derrick Risner
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Edward S Spang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Daniel Sumner
- Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - David Block
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Depertment of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Karen A McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California, USA
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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28
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Dhandapani G, Wachtel E, Patchornik G. Conjugated surfactant micelles: A non‐denaturing purification platform for concentrated human immunoglobulin G. NANO SELECT 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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29
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Wang JY(J, Khmelinskaia A, Sheffler W, Miranda MC, Antanasijevic A, Borst AJ, Torres SV, Shu C, Hsia Y, Nattermann U, Ellis D, Walkey C, Ahlrichs M, Chan S, Kang A, Nguyen H, Sydeman C, Sankaran B, Wu M, Bera AK, Carter L, Fiala B, Murphy M, Baker D, Ward AB, King NP. Improving the secretion of designed protein assemblies through negative design of cryptic transmembrane domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214556120. [PMID: 36888664 PMCID: PMC10089191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214556120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Computationally designed protein nanoparticles have recently emerged as a promising platform for the development of new vaccines and biologics. For many applications, secretion of designed nanoparticles from eukaryotic cells would be advantageous, but in practice, they often secrete poorly. Here we show that designed hydrophobic interfaces that drive nanoparticle assembly are often predicted to form cryptic transmembrane domains, suggesting that interaction with the membrane insertion machinery could limit efficient secretion. We develop a general computational protocol, the Degreaser, to design away cryptic transmembrane domains without sacrificing protein stability. The retroactive application of the Degreaser to previously designed nanoparticle components and nanoparticles considerably improves secretion, and modular integration of the Degreaser into design pipelines results in new nanoparticles that secrete as robustly as naturally occurring protein assemblies. Both the Degreaser protocol and the nanoparticles we describe may be broadly useful in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang (John) Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Alena Khmelinskaia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Transdisciplinary Research Area “Building Blocks of Matter and Fundamental Interactions”, University of Bonn, 53113Bonn, Germany
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53121Bonn, Germany
| | - William Sheffler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Marcos C. Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Andrew J. Borst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Susana V. Torres
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Chelsea Shu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Yang Hsia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Una Nattermann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Graduate Program in Biological Physics, Structure and Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Daniel Ellis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Carl Walkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Maggie Ahlrichs
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sidney Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Alex Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Hannah Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Claire Sydeman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA94720
| | - Mengyu Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Brooke Fiala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Michael Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative, Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA92037
| | - Neil P. King
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
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30
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Cordova LT, Dahodwala H, Elliott KS, Baik J, Odenewelder DC, Nmagu D, Skelton BA, Uy L, Klaubert SR, Synoground BF, Chitwood DG, Dhara VG, Naik HM, Morris CS, Yoon S, Betenbaugh M, Coffman J, Swartzwelder F, Gillmeister MP, Harcum SW, Lee KH. Generation of reference cell lines, media, and a process platform for CHO cell biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:715-725. [PMID: 36411514 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Due to the favorable attributes of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for therapeutic proteins and antibodies biomanufacturing, companies generate proprietary cells with desirable phenotypes. One key attribute is the ability to stably express multi-gram per liter titers in chemically defined media. Cell, media, and feed diversity has limited community efforts to translate knowledge. Moreover, academic, and nonprofit researchers generally cannot study "industrially relevant" CHO cells due to limited public availability, and the time and knowledge required to generate such cells. To address these issues, a university-industrial consortium (Advanced Mammalian Biomanufacturing Innovation Center, AMBIC) has acquired two CHO "reference cell lines" from different lineages that express monoclonal antibodies. These reference cell lines have relevant production titers, key performance outcomes confirmed by multiple laboratories, and a detailed technology transfer protocol. In commercial media, titers over 2 g/L are reached. Fed-batch cultivation data from shake flask and scaled-down bioreactors is presented. Using productivity as the primary attribute, two academic sites aligned with tight reproducibility at each site. Further, a chemically defined media formulation was developed and evaluated in parallel to the commercial media. The goal of this work is to provide a universal, industrially relevant CHO culture platform to accelerate biomanufacturing innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren T Cordova
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hussain Dahodwala
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Kathryn S Elliott
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jongyoun Baik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Douglas Nmagu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Bradley A Skelton
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa Uy
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Stephanie R Klaubert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Dylan G Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Venkata Gayatri Dhara
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Harnish Mukesh Naik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin S Morris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Seongkyu Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah W Harcum
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kelvin H Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA.,National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals, Newark, Delaware, USA
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31
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Nishida Y, Kodama K, Sengoku S. The gap between development and manufacturing in gene therapy: Strategic options for overcoming traps. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103429. [PMID: 36334648 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been one of the most promising therapeutic approaches in recent years. This study analyzed a research and development (R&D) system for adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies, and confirmed that there was a gap between the development and manufacturing capabilities. Although a start-up company that has no academic or manufacturing facilities can begin the clinical development process, it cannot successfully continue development activities without forming alliances and capital investment or, at a certain stage, without appropriate manufacturing and marketing strategies. We reviewed a series of case studies to categorize the acquisition patterns of pharmaceutical companies that are engaged in AAV gene therapy. These results provide insights into the R&D structures for AAV gene therapies from a technological management perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nishida
- Department of Innovation Science, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kota Kodama
- Graduate School of Technology Management, Ritsumeikan Uuniversity, Ibaraki-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sengoku
- Department of Innovation Science, School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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32
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Rathore AS, Thakur G, Kateja N. Continuous integrated manufacturing for biopharmaceuticals: A new paradigm or an empty promise? Biotechnol Bioeng 2023; 120:333-351. [PMID: 36111450 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Continuous integrated bioprocessing has elicited considerable interest from the biopharma industry for the many purported benefits it promises. Today many major biopharma manufacturers around the world are engaged in the development of continuous process platforms for their products. In spite of great potential, the path toward continuous integrated bioprocessing remains unclear for the biologics industry due to legacy infrastructure, process integration challenges, vague regulatory guidelines, and a diverging focus toward novel therapies. In this article, we present a review and perspective on this topic. We explore the status of the implementation of continuous integrated bioprocessing among biopharmaceutical manufacturers. We also present some of the key hurdles that manufacturers are likely to face during this implementation. Finally, we hypothesize that the real impact of continuous manufacturing is likely to come when the cost of manufacturing is a substantial portion of the cost of product development, such as in the case of biosimilar manufacturing and emerging economies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Garima Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Kateja
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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33
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Pons Royo MDC, De Santis T, Komuczki D, Satzer P, Jungbauer A. Continuous precipitation of antibodies by feeding of solid polyethylene glycol. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Xu WJ, Lin Y, Mi CL, Pang JY, Wang TY. Progress in fed-batch culture for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1063-1075. [PMID: 36648523 PMCID: PMC9843118 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 80% of the approved human therapeutic antibodies are produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. To achieve better cell growth and high-yield recombinant protein, fed-batch culture is typically used for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. According to the demand of nutrients consumption, feed medium containing multiple components in cell culture can affect the characteristics of cell growth and improve the yield and quality of recombinant protein. Fed-batch optimization should have a connection with comprehensive factors such as culture environmental parameters, feed composition, and feeding strategy. At present, process intensification (PI) is explored to maintain production flexible and meet forthcoming demands of biotherapeutics process. Here, CHO cell culture, feed composition in fed-batch culture, fed-batch culture environmental parameters, feeding strategies, metabolic byproducts in fed-batch culture, chemostat cultivation, and the intensified fed-batch are reviewed. KEY POINTS: • Fed-batch culture in CHO cells is reviewed. • Fed-batch has become a common technology for recombinant protein production. • Fed batch culture promotes recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Xu
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Yan Lin
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Nursing, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Chun-Liu Mi
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
| | - Jing-Ying Pang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of the First Clinical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000 Henan China
| | - Tian-Yun Wang
- grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XInternational Joint Research Laboratory for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Expression System of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China ,grid.495434.b0000 0004 1797 4346School of medicine, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, 453003 Henan China
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35
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Chen SW, Zheng ZY, Mahfut FB, Yang Y, Ogino M, Okada K, Sato K, Zhang W. Leveraging an advanced simulated moving bed approach to achieve 3-component separation for enhanced impurity removal in a non-affinity cation exchange capture step. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280760. [PMID: 36696419 PMCID: PMC9876269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the key challenges in downstream bioprocessing is to obtain products of high purity in a productive fashion through the effective removal of process and product related impurities. While a classical simulated moving bed (SMB) system operation can typically achieve a 2-component separation between the weakly bound impurities and target species, here we present an advanced SMB approach that can achieve a 3-component separation, including the removal of the strongly bound impurities from the target species. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate the enhanced removal of strongly bound host cell proteins (HCP) from the target monoclonal antibody (mAb) through the utilisation of the advanced SMB approach in a non-affinity cation exchange (CEX) capture step. In this way, 1 less polishing step was required to achieve the therapeutic requirements of < 100 ppm HCP and the overall process recovery was increased by ~ 6% compared to the corresponding process that utilised a batch CEX operation. The non-affinity CEX capture platform technology established through the utilisation of the advanced SMB approach presented here can potentially be further applied to address the downstream processing challenges presented by other challenging biotherapeutic modalities to yield a final target product with improved purity and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serene W. Chen
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zi Ying Zheng
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Farouq Bin Mahfut
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuansheng Yang
- Cell Line Development Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Masahiro Ogino
- Functional Materials Development, R&D Center, R&D and Engineering, Organo Corporation, Koto City, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okada
- Functional Materials Development, R&D Center, R&D and Engineering, Organo Corporation, Koto City, Japan
| | - Kohei Sato
- Functional Materials Development, R&D Center, R&D and Engineering, Organo Corporation, Koto City, Japan
| | - Wei Zhang
- Downstream Processing Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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36
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Kim K, Kim MG, Lee GM. Improving bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) production in CHO cells through understanding of BMP synthesis, signaling and endocytosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 62:108080. [PMID: 36526238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a group of growth factors with the clinical potential to regulate cartilage and bone formation. Functionally active mature recombinant human BMPs (rhBMPs), produced primarily in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells for clinical applications, are considered difficult to express because they undergo maturation processes, signaling pathways, or endocytosis. Although BMPs are a family of proteins with similar mature domain sequence identities, their individual properties are diverse. Thus, understanding the properties of individual rhBMPs is essential to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells. In this review, we discuss various approaches to improve rhBMP production in CHO cells by understanding the overall maturation process, signaling pathways and endocytosis of individual rhBMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Gyeom Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Min Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Linke JA, Rayat A, Ward JM. Production of indigo by recombinant bacteria. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:20. [PMID: 36936720 PMCID: PMC10011309 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00626-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Indigo is an economically important dye, especially for the textile industry and the dyeing of denim fabrics for jeans and garments. Around 80,000 tonnes of indigo are chemically produced each year with the use of non-renewable petrochemicals and the use and generation of toxic compounds. As many microorganisms and their enzymes are able to synthesise indigo after the expression of specific oxygenases and hydroxylases, microbial fermentation could offer a more sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing platform. Although multiple small-scale studies have been performed, several existing research gaps still hinder the effective translation of these biochemical approaches. No article has evaluated the feasibility and relevance of the current understanding and development of indigo biocatalysis for real-life industrial applications. There is no record of either established or practically tested large-scale bioprocess for the biosynthesis of indigo. To address this, upstream and downstream processing considerations were carried out for indigo biosynthesis. 5 classes of potential biocatalysts were identified, and 2 possible bioprocess flowsheets were designed that facilitate generating either a pre-reduced dye solution or a dry powder product. Furthermore, considering the publicly available data on the development of relevant technology and common bioprocess facilities, possible platform and process values were estimated, including titre, DSP yield, potential plant capacities, fermenter size and batch schedule. This allowed us to project the realistic annual output of a potential indigo biosynthesis platform as 540 tonnes. This was interpreted as an industrially relevant quantity, sufficient to provide an annual dye supply to a single industrial-size denim dyeing plant. The conducted sensitivity analysis showed that this anticipated output is most sensitive to changes in the reaction titer, which can bring a 27.8% increase or a 94.4% drop. Thus, although such a biological platform would require careful consideration, fine-tuning and optimization before real-life implementation, the recombinant indigo biosynthesis was found as already attractive for business exploitation for both, luxury segment customers and mass-producers of denim garments. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40643-023-00626-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Linke
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Chemical Engineering Department, University College London (UCL), Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE UK
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Medicine, University College London (UCL), 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF UK
| | - Andrea Rayat
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Biochemical Engineering Department, University College London (UCL), Gower St., London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - John M. Ward
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Biochemical Engineering Department, University College London (UCL), Gower St., London, WC1E 6BT UK
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38
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Xu R, Li Y, Zhu C, Liu D, Yang YR. Cellular Ingestible DNA Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202200119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yujie Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chenyou Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Dongsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education) Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Yuhe R. Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience National Center for Nanoscience and Technology Beijing 100190 China
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Kelley B, De Moor P, Douglas K, Renshaw T, Traviglia S. Monoclonal antibody therapies for COVID-19: lessons learned and implications for the development of future products. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102798. [PMID: 36179406 PMCID: PMC9436891 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several companies were authorized to treat COVID-19 patients with monoclonal antibodies within 1-2 years of the start of the pandemic. These products were discovered, developed, manufactured, clinically tested, and approved under emergency-use authorization at unprecedented speed. Pandemic urgency led to novel development approaches that reduced the time to clinical trials by 75% or more without creating unacceptable patient or product-safety risks. Hundreds of thousands of patients now benefit from these therapeutics that have reduced the rates of hospitalization and death. The chemistry, manufacturing, and control development strategies set a new precedent of speed, safety, and demonstrated clinical benefit and will likely have a lasting impact on the development of future monoclonal antibody therapies for not only infectious diseases but also for oncology, inflammation, and rare diseases.
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40
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Olshefsky A, Richardson C, Pun SH, King NP. Engineering Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2018-2034. [PMID: 35487503 PMCID: PMC9673152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances over the past several decades, many therapeutic nanomaterials fail to overcome major in vivo delivery barriers. Controlling immunogenicity, optimizing biodistribution, and engineering environmental responsiveness are key outstanding delivery problems for most nanotherapeutics. However, notable exceptions exist including some lipid and polymeric nanoparticles, some virus-based nanoparticles, and nanoparticle vaccines where immunogenicity is desired. Self-assembling protein nanoparticles offer a powerful blend of modularity and precise designability to the field, and have the potential to solve many of the major barriers to delivery. In this review, we provide a brief overview of key designable features of protein nanoparticles and their implications for therapeutic delivery applications. We anticipate that protein nanoparticles will rapidly grow in their prevalence and impact as clinically relevant delivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Olshefsky
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Institute
for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christian Richardson
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Institute
for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Suzie H. Pun
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Molecular
Engineering and Sciences Institute, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Neil P. King
- Institute
for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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41
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Continuous depth filtration in perfusion cell culture. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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Sarin D, Kumar S, Rathore AS. Multiattribute Monitoring of Charge-Based Heterogeneity of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies Using 2D HIC-WCX-MS. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15018-15026. [PMID: 36260865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Charged heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody (mAb) products is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA) depending on its impact on the safety and efficacy profile of the product. Hence, manufacturers are expected to perform a comprehensive characterization of the charge heterogeneity to ensure that the manufactured product meets its specifications. Further, monitoring is also expected during the product lifecycle to demonstrate consistency in product quality. However, conventional analytical methods for characterization of hydrophobic and charge variants are nonvolatile salt-based and require manual fraction collection and desalting steps before analysis through mass spectrometry can be performed. In the present study, a workflow of a two-dimensional liquid chromatography method using mass spectrometry (MS)-compatible buffers coupled with native mass spectrometry was performed to characterize hydrophobic variants in the first dimension and charge variants in the second dimension without any need for manual fractionation. This novel two-dimensional (2D) hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC)-weak cation-exchange chromatography (WCX)-MS workflow identified 10 variants in mAb A, out of which 2 variants are exclusive to the 2D orthogonal method. Similarly, for mAb B, a total of 11 variants are identified, including 5 variants exclusive to the 2D orthogonal workflow. When compared to stand-alone, HIC resolved only 4 variants for both mAbs and WCX resolved 7 variants for mAb A and 6 variants for mAb B. In addition, the proposed method allows direct characterization of hydrophobic/charge variant peaks through native mass spectrometry in a single-run workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Sarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, Delhi 110016, India
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43
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Tursi NJ, Reeder SM, Flores-Garcia Y, Bah MA, Mathis-Torres S, Salgado-Jimenez B, Esquivel R, Xu Z, Chu JD, Humeau L, Patel A, Zavala F, Weiner DB. Engineered DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies targeting Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein confer single dose protection in a murine malaria challenge model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14313. [PMID: 35995959 PMCID: PMC9395511 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18375-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches for malaria prophylaxis remain important. Synthetic DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) are a promising approach to generate rapid, direct in vivo host-generated mAbs with potential benefits in production simplicity and distribution coupled with genetic engineering. Here, we explore this approach in a malaria challenge model. We engineered germline-reverted DMAbs based on human mAb clones CIS43, 317, and L9 which target a junctional epitope, major repeat, and minor repeat of the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP) respectively. DMAb variants were encoded into a plasmid vector backbone and their expression and binding profiles were characterized. We demonstrate long-term serological expression of DMAb constructs resulting in in vivo efficacy of CIS43 GL and 317 GL in a rigorous mosquito bite mouse challenge model. Additionally, we engineered an Fc modified variant of CIS43 and L9-based DMAbs to ablate binding to C1q to test the impact of complement-dependent Fc function on challenge outcomes. Complement knockout variant DMAbs demonstrated similar protection to that of WT Fc DMAbs supporting the notion that direct binding to the parasite is sufficient for the protection observed. Further investigation of DMAbs for malaria prophylaxis appears of importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Tursi
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sophia M Reeder
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Mamadou A Bah
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Shamika Mathis-Torres
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Berenice Salgado-Jimenez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Rianne Esquivel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jacqueline D Chu
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting, PA, 19462, USA
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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44
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Sariahmed K, Kurian J, Singh AK, Leyton C, Minuti A, Jerschow E, Arora S, Jariwala SP. Social, political, and economic determinants of access to biologics: A scoping review of structural determinants in the clinical disparities literature. Res Social Adm Pharm 2022; 18:4038-4047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Purification challenges for the portable, on-demand point-of-care production of biologics. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2022.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Gyorgypal A, Chundawat SPS. Integrated Process Analytical Platform for Automated Monitoring of Monoclonal Antibody N-Linked Glycosylation. Anal Chem 2022; 94:6986-6995. [PMID: 35385654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutical industry is transitioning toward the adoption of continuous biomanufacturing practices that are often more flexible and efficient than traditional batch processes. Federal regulatory agencies are further urging the use of advanced process analytical technology (PAT) to analyze the design space to increase the process knowledge and enable high-quality biologic production. Post-translational modifications of proteins, such as N-linked glycosylation, are often critical quality attributes that affect biologics' safety and efficacy, requiring close monitoring during manufacturing. Here, we developed an online sequential-injection-based PAT system, called N-GLYcanyzer, which can rapidly monitor mAb glycosylation during upstream biomanufacturing. The key innovation includes the design of an integrated mAb sampling and fully automated sample derivation system for antibody titer and glycoform analysis within 3 h. The N-GLYcanyzer process includes mAb capture, deglycosylation, released glycan labeling with fluorescent dyes, and labeled glycan enrichment for direct injection/analysis on an integrated high-performance liquid chromatography system. Different fluorescent tags and reductants were tested to maximize glycan labeling efficiency under aqueous conditions, while porous graphitized carbon (PGC) was used for optimizing glycan recovery and enrichment. We found that 2-aminobenzamide labeling of glycans with 2-picoline borane as a reducing agent, using the N-GLYcanyzer workflow, shows higher glycan labeling efficiency under aqueous conditions, leading upward to a 5-fold increase in fluorescent product intensity. Finally, we showcase how the N-GLYcanyzer platform can be implemented at-/online in an upstream bioreactor for automated and near-real-time glycosylation monitoring of a Trastuzumab biosimilar produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron Gyorgypal
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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47
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McNulty MJ, Schwartz A, Delzio J, Karuppanan K, Jacobson A, Hart O, Dandekar A, Giritch A, Nandi S, Gleba Y, McDonald KA. Affinity Sedimentation and Magnetic Separation With Plant-Made Immunosorbent Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Protein Purification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:865481. [PMID: 35573255 PMCID: PMC9092175 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.865481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus-based immunosorbent nanoparticle is a nascent technology being developed to serve as a simple and efficacious agent in biosensing and therapeutic antibody purification. There has been particular emphasis on the use of plant virions as immunosorbent nanoparticle chassis for their diverse morphologies and accessible, high yield manufacturing via plant cultivation. To date, studies in this area have focused on proof-of-concept immunosorbent functionality in biosensing and purification contexts. Here we consolidate a previously reported pro-vector system into a single Agrobacterium tumefaciens vector to investigate and expand the utility of virus-based immunosorbent nanoparticle technology for therapeutic protein purification. We demonstrate the use of this technology for Fc-fusion protein purification, characterize key nanomaterial properties including binding capacity, stability, reusability, and particle integrity, and present an optimized processing scheme with reduced complexity and increased purity. Furthermore, we present a coupling of virus-based immunosorbent nanoparticles with magnetic particles as a strategy to overcome limitations of the immunosorbent nanoparticle sedimentation-based affinity capture methodology. We report magnetic separation results which exceed the binding capacity reported for current industry standards by an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. McNulty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Jesse Delzio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kalimuthu Karuppanan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Aaron Jacobson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Olivia Hart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Abhaya Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Somen Nandi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | | - Karen A. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Global HealthShare® Initiative, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karen A. McDonald,
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48
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Moehrle JJ. Development of New Strategies for Malaria Chemoprophylaxis: From Monoclonal Antibodies to Long-Acting Injectable Drugs. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7040058. [PMID: 35448833 PMCID: PMC9024890 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery for malaria has traditionally focused on orally available drugs that kill the abundant, parasitic blood stage. Recently, there has also been an interest in injectable medicines, in the form of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with long-lasting plasma half-lives or long-lasting depot formulations of small molecules. These could act as prophylactic drugs, targeting the sporozoites and other earlier parasitic stages in the liver, when the parasites are less numerous, or as another intervention strategy targeting the formation of infectious gametocytes. Generally speaking, the development of mAbs is less risky (costly) than small-molecule drugs, and they have an excellent safety profile with few or no off-target effects. Therefore, populations who are the most vulnerable to malaria, i.e., pregnant women and young children would have access to such new treatments much faster than is presently the case for new antimalarials. An analysis of mAbs that were successfully developed for oncology illustrates some of the feasibility aspects, and their potential as affordable drugs in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg J Moehrle
- Integrated Sciences, R&D, Medicines for Malaria Venture, Route de Pré Bois 20, CH-1215 Geneva 15, Switzerland
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49
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Kaiser J, Babi DK, Pinelo M, Krühne U. Early-Stage In Silico Flowsheet Analysis for a Monoclonal Antibody Platform. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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50
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Whitley J, Zwolinski C, Denis C, Maughan M, Hayles L, Clarke D, Snare M, Liao H, Chiou S, Marmura T, Zoeller H, Hudson B, Peart J, Johnson M, Karlsson A, Wang Y, Nagle C, Harris C, Tonkin D, Fraser S, Capiz L, Zeno CL, Meli Y, Martik D, Ozaki DA, Caparoni A, Dickens JE, Weissman D, Saunders KO, Haynes BF, Sempowski GD, Denny TN, Johnson MR. Development of mRNA manufacturing for vaccines and therapeutics: mRNA platform requirements and development of a scalable production process to support early phase clinical trials. Transl Res 2022; 242:38-55. [PMID: 34871810 PMCID: PMC8641981 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable success of SARS CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccines and the ensuing interest in mRNA vaccines and therapeutics have highlighted the need for a scalable clinical-enabling manufacturing process to produce such products, and robust analytical methods to demonstrate safety, potency, and purity. To date, production processes have either not been disclosed or are bench-scale in nature and cannot be readily adapted to clinical and commercial scale production. To address these needs, we have advanced an aqueous-based scalable process that is readily adaptable to GMP-compliant manufacturing, and developed the required analytical methods for product characterization, quality control release, and stability testing. We also have demonstrated the products produced at manufacturing scale under such approaches display good potency and protection in relevant animal models with mRNA products encoding both vaccine immunogens and antibodies. Finally, we discuss continued challenges in raw material identification, sourcing and supply, and the cold chain requirements for mRNA therapeutic and vaccine products. While ultimate solutions have yet to be elucidated, we discuss approaches that can be taken that are aligned with regulatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Whitley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christopher Zwolinski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christian Denis
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Maureen Maughan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Leonie Hayles
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David Clarke
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Meghan Snare
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hong Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sean Chiou
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tina Marmura
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Holly Zoeller
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ben Hudson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John Peart
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Monica Johnson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amelia Karlsson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cynthia Nagle
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cherell Harris
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel Tonkin
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie Fraser
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lieza Capiz
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Christina L Zeno
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yvonne Meli
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Diana Martik
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniel A Ozaki
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Amy Caparoni
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jason E Dickens
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Drew Weissman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas N Denny
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Matthew R Johnson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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