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Elsayed A, Jaber N, Al-Remawi M, Abu-Salah K. From cell factories to patients: Stability challenges in biopharmaceuticals manufacturing and administration with mitigation strategies. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123360. [PMID: 37657507 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Active ingredients of biopharmaceuticals consist of a wide array of biomolecular structures, including those of enzymes, monoclonal antibodies, nucleic acids, and recombinant proteins. Recently, these molecules have dominated the pharmaceutical industry owing to their safety and efficacy. However, their manufacturing is hindered by high cost, inadequate batch-to-batch equivalence, inherent instability, and other quality issues. This article is an up-to-date review of the challenges encountered during different stages of biopharmaceutical production and mitigation of problems arising during their development, formulation, manufacturing, and administration. It is a broad overview discussion of stability issues encountered during product life cycle i.e., upstream processing (aggregation, solubility, host cell proteins, color change), downstream bioprocessing (aggregation, fragmentation), formulation, manufacturing, and delivery to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Elsayed
- College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 1196, Jordan.
| | - Khalid Abu-Salah
- King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Department of Nanomedicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Schöneich C. Advanced Oxidation Processes in Pharmaceutical Formulations: Photo-Fenton Degradation of Peptides and Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158262. [PMID: 35897838 PMCID: PMC9332834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Formulations of therapeutic proteins are sensitive to photo-degradation by near UV and visible light. Mechanistically, especially the processes leading to protein modification under visible light exposure are not understood. Potentially, these processes may be triggered by a ligand to metal charge transfer in excipient-metal complexes. This article summarizes recent analytical and mechanistic work on such reactions under experimental conditions relevant to pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Simons Research Laboratories, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 2093 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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3
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Daghio M, Pini F, Espinoza-Tofalos A, Conte G, Mari E, Giannerini F, Giovannetti L, Buccioni A, Franzetti A, Granchi L, Mele M, Rampazzo G, Gazzotti T, Zironi E, Viti C. Characterization of the microbial community in ripened Pecorino Toscano cheese affected by pink discoloration. Food Microbiol 2022; 104:104006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Degradation Products of Tryptophan in Cell Culture Media: Contribution to Color and Toxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126221. [PMID: 34207579 PMCID: PMC8228365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomanufacturing processes may be optimized by storing cell culture media at room temperature, but this is currently limited by their instability and change in color upon long-term storage. This study demonstrates that one of the critical contributing factors toward media browning is tryptophan. LC-MS technology was utilized to identify tryptophan degradation products, which are likely formed primarily from oxidation reactions. Several of the identified compounds were shown to contribute significantly to color in solutions but also to exhibit toxicity against CHO cells. A cell-culture-compatible antioxidant, a-ketoglutaric acid, was found to be an efficient cell culture media additive for stabilizing components against degradation, inhibiting the browning of media formulations, and decreasing ammonia production, thus providing a viable method for developing room-temperature stable cell culture media.
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5
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The Different Colors of mAbs in Solution. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:antib10020021. [PMID: 34073775 PMCID: PMC8161444 DOI: 10.3390/antib10020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The color of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody solution is a critical quality attribute. Consistency of color is typically assessed at time of release and during stability studies against preset criteria for late stage clinical and commercial products. A therapeutic protein solution's color may be determined by visual inspection or by more quantitative methods as per the different geographical area compendia. The nature and intensity of the color of a therapeutic protein solution is typically determined relative to calibrated standards. This review covers the analytical methodologies used for determining the color of a protein solution and presents an overview of protein variants and impurities known to contribute to colored recombinant therapeutic protein solutions.
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6
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Schöneich C. Photo-Degradation of Therapeutic Proteins: Mechanistic Aspects. Pharm Res 2020; 37:45. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Das TK, Narhi LO, Sreedhara A, Menzen T, Grapentin C, Chou DK, Antochshuk V, Filipe V. Stress Factors in mAb Drug Substance Production Processes: Critical Assessment of Impact on Product Quality and Control Strategy. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:116-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Mechanisms of color formation in drug substance and mitigation strategies for the manufacture and storage of therapeutic proteins produced using mammalian cell culture. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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O’Mara B, Gao Z, Kuruganti M, Mallett R, Nayar G, Smith L, Meyer JD, Therriault J, Miller C, Cisney J, Fann J. Impact of depth filtration on disulfide bond reduction during downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies from CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1669-1683. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian O’Mara
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Zhong‐Hua Gao
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Manju Kuruganti
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Robert Mallett
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Gautam Nayar
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Laura Smith
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Jeffrey D. Meyer
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Jon Therriault
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - Cameron Miller
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - John Cisney
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
| | - John Fann
- BioProcess DevelopmentBristol‐Myers Squibb Co.Seattle Washington
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Vijayasankaran N, Varma S, Yang Y, Meier S, Kiss R. Effect of cell culture medium additives on color and acidic charge variants of a monoclonal antibody. Biotechnol Prog 2018; 34:1298-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharat Varma
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Yi Yang
- Protein Analytical ChemistryGenentech, Inc.South San Francisco CA 94080
| | - Steven Meier
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Robert Kiss
- Late Stage Cell Culture, South San Francisco, CA 94080
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Ambrogelly A, Gozo S, Katiyar A, Dellatore S, Kune Y, Bhat R, Sun J, Li N, Wang D, Nowak C, Neill A, Ponniah G, King C, Mason B, Beck A, Liu H. Analytical comparability study of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. MAbs 2018; 10:513-538. [PMID: 29513619 PMCID: PMC5973765 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1438797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Process changes are inevitable in the life cycle of recombinant monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Products made using pre- and post-change processes are required to be comparable as demonstrated by comparability studies to qualify for continuous development and commercial supply. Establishment of comparability is a systematic process of gathering and evaluating data based on scientific understanding and clinical experience of the relationship between product quality attributes and their impact on safety and efficacy. This review summarizes the current understanding of various modifications of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. It further outlines the critical steps in designing and executing successful comparability studies to support process changes at different stages of a product's lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ambrogelly
- Biologics Analytical Operations, Pharmaceutical & Biologics Development, Gilead Sciences, Ocean Ranch Blvd, Oceanside, CA
| | - Stephen Gozo
- Analytical Research & Development-Biologics, Celgene Corporation, Morris Avenue, Summit, NJ
| | - Amit Katiyar
- Analytical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington Rocky Road, Pennington, NJ
| | - Shara Dellatore
- Biologics & Vaccines Bioanalytics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ USA
| | - Yune Kune
- Fortress Biologicals, Sawyer Road, Suite, Waltham, MA
| | - Ram Bhat
- Millennium Research laboratories, New Boston Street, Woburn, MA
| | - Joanne Sun
- Product Development, Innovent Biologics, Dongping Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, China
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Old Saw Mill River Road, Tarrytown, NY
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Analytical Department, BioAnalytix, Inc., Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Cory King
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Bruce Mason
- Pre-formulation, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
| | - Alain Beck
- Analytical Chemistry, NBEs, Center d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex, France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, College Street, New Haven, CT
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13
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Xu J, Rehmann MS, Xu X, Huang C, Tian J, Qian NX, Li ZJ. Improving titer while maintaining quality of final formulated drug substance via optimization of CHO cell culture conditions in low-iron chemically defined media. MAbs 2018; 10:488-499. [PMID: 29388872 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1433978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During biopharmaceutical process development, it is important to improve titer to reduce drug manufacturing costs and to deliver comparable quality attributes of therapeutic proteins, which helps to ensure patient safety and efficacy. We previously reported that relative high-iron concentrations in media increased titer, but caused unacceptable coloration of a fusion protein during early-phase process development. Ultimately, the fusion protein with acceptable color was manufactured using low-iron media, but the titer decreased significantly in the low-iron process. Here, long-term passaging in low-iron media is shown to significantly improve titer while maintaining acceptable coloration during late-phase process development. However, the long-term passaging also caused a change in the protein charge variant profile by significantly increasing basic variants. Thus, we systematically studied the effect of media components, seed culture conditions, and downstream processing on productivity and quality attributes. We found that removing β-glycerol phosphate (BGP) from basal media reduced basic variants without affecting titer. Our goals for late-phase process development, improving titer and matching quality attributes to the early-phase process, were thus achieved by prolonging seed culture age and removing BGP. This process was also successfully scaled up in 500-L bioreactors. In addition, we demonstrated that higher concentrations of reactive oxygen species were present in the high-iron Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures compared to that in the low-iron cultures, suggesting a possible mechanism for the drug substance coloration caused by high-iron media. Finally, hypotheses for the mechanisms of titer improvement by both high-iron and long-term culture are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Xu
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Matthew S Rehmann
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Chao Huang
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Jun Tian
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Nan-Xin Qian
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- a Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , Devens , MA , United States
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14
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Du C, Martin R, Huang Y, Borwankar A, Tan Z, West J, Singh N, Borys M, Ghose S, Ludwig R, Tao L, Li ZJ. Vitamin B 12 association with mAbs: Mechanism and potential mitigation strategies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:900-909. [PMID: 29205285 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Process control for manufacturing biologics is critical for ensuring product quality, safety, and lot to lot consistency of therapeutic proteins. In this study, we investigated the root cause of the pink coloration observed for various in-process pools and drug substances in the antibody manufacturing process. Vitamin B12 is covalently bound to mAbs via a cobalt-sulfur coordinate bond via the cysteine residues. The vitamin B12 was identified to attach to an IgG4 molecule at cysteine residues on light chain (Cys-214), and heavy chain (Cys-134, Cys-321, Cys-367, and Cys-425). Prior to attachment to mAbs, the vitamin B12 needs to be in its active form of hydroxocobalamin. During culture media preparation, storage and cell culture processing, cyanocobalamin, the chemical form of vitamin B12 added to media, is converted to hydroxocobalamin by white fluorescence light (about 50% degradation in 11-14 days at room temperature and with room light intensity about 500-1,000 lux) and by short-wavelength visible light (400-550 nm). However, cyanocobalamin is stable under red light (wavelength >600 nm) exposure and does not convert to hydroxocobalamin. Our findings suggests that the intensity of pink color depends on concentrations of both free sulfhydryl groups on reduced mAb and hydroxocobalamin, the active form of vitamin B12 . Both reactants are necessary and neither one of them is sufficient to generate pink color, therefore process control strategy can consider limiting either one or both factors. A process control strategy to install red light (wavelength >600 nm) in culture media preparation, storage and culture processing areas is proposed to provide safe light for biologics and to prevent light-induced color variations in final products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Du
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Robert Martin
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Yunping Huang
- Molecular and Analytic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey
| | - Ameya Borwankar
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Jay West
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Nripen Singh
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Borys
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Ludwig
- Molecular and Analytic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey
| | - Li Tao
- Molecular and Analytic Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pennington, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Process Development, Bristle-Myers Squibb, Devens, Massachusetts
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15
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Liu H, Nowak C, Shao M, Ponniah G, Neill A. Impact of cell culture on recombinant monoclonal antibody product heterogeneity. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:1103-1112. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Liu
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Christine Nowak
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Mei Shao
- Late Stage Upstream Development, Global Process Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Gomathinayagam Ponniah
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
| | - Alyssa Neill
- Product Characterization, Global Analytical and Pharmaceutical Development; Alexion Pharmaceuticals; CT06410 Cheshire
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16
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Effect of ambient light on IgG1 monoclonal antibodies during drug product processing and development. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 100:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Song H, Xu J, Jin M, Huang C, Bongers J, Bai H, Wu W, Ludwig R, Li Z, Tao L, Das TK. Investigation of Color in a Fusion Protein Using Advanced Analytical Techniques: Delineating Contributions from Oxidation Products and Process Related Impurities. Pharm Res 2015; 33:932-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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19
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Derfus GE, Dizon-Maspat J, Broddrick JT, Velayo AC, Toschi JD, Santuray RT, Hsu SK, Winter CM, Krishnan R, Amanullah A. Red colored IgG4 caused by vitamin B12 from cell culture media combined with disulfide reduction at harvest. MAbs 2014; 6:679-88. [PMID: 24552690 PMCID: PMC4011912 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.28257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
While many antibody therapeutics are formulated at low concentration (~10–20 mg/mL) for intravenous administration, high concentration (> 100 mg/mL) formulations may be required for subcutaneous delivery in certain clinical indications. For such high concentration formulations, product color is more apparent due to the higher molecular density across a given path-length. Color is therefore a product quality attribute that must be well-understood and controlled, to demonstrate process consistency and enable clinical trial blinding. Upon concentration of an IgG4 product at the 2000 L manufacturing scale, variability in product color, ranging from yellow to red, was observed. A small-scale experimental model was developed to assess the effect of processing conditions (medium composition and harvest conditions) on final bulk drug substance (BDS) color. The model was used to demonstrate that, for two distinct IgG4 products, red coloration occurred only in the presence of disulfide reduction-mediated antibody dissociation. The red color-causing component was identified as vitamin B12, in the hydroxocobalamin form, and the extent of red color was correlated with the cobalt (vitamin B12) concentration in the final pools. The intensity of redness in the final BDS was modulated by changing the concentration of vitamin B12 in the cell culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle E Derfus
- Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA
| | | | | | | | - Josh D Toschi
- Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA
| | | | - Stephen K Hsu
- Biologics Development; Gilead Sciences; Oceanside, CA USA
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Xu J, Jin M, Song H, Huang C, Xu X, Tian J, Qian NX, Steger K, Lewen NS, Tao L, Li ZJ. Brown drug substance color investigation in cell culture manufacturing using chemically defined media: A case study. Process Biochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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