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Keating SM, Higgins BW. New technologies in therapeutic antibody development: The next frontier for treating infectious diseases. Antiviral Res 2024; 227:105902. [PMID: 38734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to viral infections requires time to neutralize and clear viruses to resolve infection. Fast growing and pathogenic viruses are quickly established, are highly transmissible and cause significant disease burden making it difficult to mount effective responses, thereby prolonging infection. Antibody-based passive immunotherapies can provide initial protection during acute infection, assist in mounting an adaptive immune response, or provide protection for those who are immune suppressed or immune deficient. Historically, plasma-derived antibodies have demonstrated some success in treating diseases caused by viral pathogens; nonetheless, limitations in access to product and antibody titer reduce success of this treatment modality. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven an effective alternative, as it is possible to manufacture highly potent and specific mAbs against viral targets on an industrial scale. As a result, innovative technologies to discover, engineer and manufacture specific and potent antibodies have become an essential part of the first line of treatment in pathogenic viral infections. However, a mAb targeting a specific epitope will allow escape variants to outgrow, causing new variant strains to become dominant and resistant to treatment with that mAb. Methods to mitigate escape have included combining mAbs into cocktails, creating bi-specific or antibody drug conjugates but these strategies have also been challenged by the potential development of escape mutations. New technologies in developing antibodies made as recombinant polyclonal drugs can integrate the strength of poly-specific antibody responses to prevent mutational escape, while also incorporating antibody engineering to prevent antibody dependent enhancement and direct adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), 75 Shoreway Road, San Carlos, CA, 94070, USA.
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2
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Schreiber S, Dressler LS, Loffredo-Verde E, Asen T, Färber S, Wang W, Groll T, Chakraborty A, Kolbe F, Kreer C, Kosinska AD, Simon S, Urban S, Klein F, Riddell SR, Protzer U. CARs derived from broadly neutralizing, human monoclonal antibodies identified by single B cell sorting target hepatitis B virus-positive cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1340619. [PMID: 38711498 PMCID: PMC11072186 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1340619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
To design new CARs targeting hepatitis B virus (HBV), we isolated human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the HBV envelope proteins from single B cells of a patient with a resolved infection. HBV-specific memory B cells were isolated by incubating peripheral blood mononuclear cells with biotinylated hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), followed by single-cell flow cytometry-based sorting of live, CD19+ IgG+ HBsAg+ cells. Amplification and sequencing of immunoglobulin genes from single memory B cells identified variable heavy and light chain sequences. Corresponding immunoglobulin chains were cloned into IgG1 expression vectors and expressed in mammalian cells. Two antibodies named 4D06 and 4D08 were found to be highly specific for HBsAg, recognized a conformational and a linear epitope, respectively, and showed broad reactivity and neutralization capacity against all major HBV genotypes. 4D06 and 4D08 variable chain fragments were cloned into a 2nd generation CAR format with CD28 and CD3zeta intracellular signaling domains. The new CAR constructs displayed a high functional avidity when expressed on primary human T cells. CAR-grafted T cells proved to be polyfunctional regarding cytokine secretion and killed HBV-positive target cells. Interestingly, background activation of the 4D08-CAR recognizing a linear instead of a conformational epitope was consistently low. In a preclinical model of chronic HBV infection, murine T cells grafted with the 4D06 and the 4D08 CAR showed on target activity indicated by a transient increase in serum transaminases, and a lower number of HBV-positive hepatocytes in the mice treated. This study demonstrates an efficient and fast approach to identifying pathogen-specific monoclonal human antibodies from small donor cell numbers for the subsequent generation of new CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schreiber
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa S. Dressler
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Loffredo-Verde
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Asen
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie Färber
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wenshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Groll
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fenna Kolbe
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Sylvain Simon
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stanley R. Riddell
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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3
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Lan HR, Chen M, Yao SY, Chen JX, Jin KT. Bispecific antibodies revolutionizing breast cancer treatment: a comprehensive overview. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1266450. [PMID: 38111570 PMCID: PMC10725925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1266450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) is known as a complex and prevalent disease requiring the development of novel anticancer therapeutic approaches. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have emerged as a favorable strategy for BCa treatment due to their unique ability to target two different antigens simultaneously. By targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) on cancer cells, engaging immune effector cells, or blocking critical signaling pathways, BsAbs offer enhanced tumor specificity and immune system involvement, improving anti-cancer activity. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the potential of BsAbs in BCa. For example, BsAbs targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have shown the ability to redirect immune cells to HER2-positive BCa cells, resulting in effective tumor cell killing. Moreover, targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway by BsAbs has demonstrated promising outcomes in overcoming immunosuppression and enhancing immune-mediated tumor clearance. Combining BsAbs with existing therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, or immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), has also revealed synergistic effects in preclinical models and early clinical trials, emphasizing the usefulness and potential of BsAbs in BCa treatment. This review summarizes the latest evidence about BsAbs in treating BCa and the challenges and opportunities of their use in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Hangzhou Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shi-Ya Yao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Xia Chen
- Department of Gynecology, Shaoxing People’s Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Beretta M, Mouquet H. Advances in human monoclonal antibody therapy for HBV infection. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 53:101205. [PMID: 35123237 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HBV neutralizing antibodies target the viral envelope antigens (HBsAg) and confer long-term immune protection in vaccinees and infected humans who seroconvert. They recognize various HBsAg epitopes, and can be armed with Fc-dependent effector functions essential for eliminating infected cells and stimulating adaptive immunity. Hundreds of HBsAg-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced from the early 80's, but it is only recently that bona fide human anti-HBV mAbs were generated from vaccinees and seroconverters. Neutralizing HBV mAbs have in vivo prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy in animal models, and the capacity to decrease antigenemia and viremia in infected humans. Thus, polyfunctional, potent and broad human HBV neutralizing mAbs offer novel opportunities to develop effective interventions to prevent and treat HBV infection. Here, we summarize recent findings on the humoral immune response to HBV, and explore the potential of human HBV neutralizing mAbs as immunotherapeutics to help achieving a functional cure for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Beretta
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris, 75015, France.
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5
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Moon D, Tae N, Park Y, Lee SW, Kim DH. Development of Bispecific Antibody for Cancer Immunotherapy: Focus on T Cell Engaging Antibody. Immune Netw 2022; 22:e4. [PMID: 35291652 PMCID: PMC8901699 DOI: 10.4110/in.2022.22.e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of immunotherapeutic control of cancers, many advances in biotechnology, especially in Ab engineering, have provided multiple new candidates as therapeutic immuno-oncology modalities. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) that recognize 2 different antigens in one molecule are promising drug candidates and have inspired an upsurge in research in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry. Among several BsAbs, T cell engaging BsAb (TCEB), a new class of therapeutic agents designed to simultaneously bind to T cells and tumor cells via tumor cell specific antigens in immunotherapy, is the most promising BsAb. Herein, we are providing an overview of the current status of the development of TCEBs. The diverse formats and characteristics of TCEBs, in addition to the functional mechanisms of BsAbs are discussed. Several aspects of a new TCEB-Blinatumomab-are reviewed, including the current clinical data, challenges of patient treatment, drawbacks regarding toxicities, and resistance of TCEB therapy. Development of the next generation of TCEBs is also discussed in addition to the comparison of TCEB with current chimeric antigen receptor-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain Moon
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Nara Tae
- Global/Gangwon Innovative Biologics Regional Leading Research Center (GIB-RLRC), Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Yunji Park
- Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) Biotech Center, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Dae Hee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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6
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Potent Bispecific Neutralizing Antibody Targeting Glycoprotein B and the gH/gL/pUL128/130/131 Complex of Human Cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.02422-20. [PMID: 33361306 PMCID: PMC8092496 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02422-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a ubiquitous pathogen that can cause developmental disorders following congenital infection and life-threatening complications among transplant patients. Potent neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are promising drug candidates against HCMV infection. HCMV can infect a broad range of cell types. Therefore, single neutralizing antibodies targeting one HCMV glycoprotein often lack either potency or broad cell-type coverage. We previously characterized two human-derived HCMV neutralizing MAbs. One was the broadly neutralizing MAb 3-25, which targets the antigenic domain 2 of glycoprotein B (gB). The other was the highly potent MAb 2-18, which specifically recognizes the gH/gL/pUL128/130/131 complex (pentamer). To combine the strengths of gB- and pentamer-targeting MAbs, we developed an IgG-single-chain variable fragment (scFv) bispecific antibody by fusing the 2-18 scFv to the heavy-chain C terminus of MAb 3-25. The resulting bispecific antibody showed high-affinity binding to both gB and pentamer. Functionally, the bispecific antibody demonstrated a combined neutralization breadth and potency of the parental MAbs in multiple cell lines and inhibited postinfection viral spreading. Furthermore, the bispecific antibody was easily produced in CHO cells at a yield above 1 g/liter and showed a single-dose pharmacokinetic profile comparable to that of parental MAb 3-25 in rhesus macaques. Importantly, the bispecific antibody retained broadly and potent neutralizing activity after 21 days in circulation. Taken together, our research provides a proof-of-concept study for developing bispecific neutralizing antibody therapies against HCMV infection.
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7
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Zankharia US, Kudchodkar S, Khoshnejad M, Perales-Puchalt A, Choi H, Ho M, Zaidi F, Ugen KE, Kim JJ, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. Neutralization of hepatitis B virus by a novel DNA-encoded monoclonal antibody. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:2156-2164. [PMID: 32463327 PMCID: PMC7553714 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1763686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes a potentially life-threatening liver infection that frequently results in life-long chronic infection. HBV is responsible for 887,000 deaths each year, most resulting from chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma. Presently, there are 250 million chronic HBV carriers worldwide who are at a high risk for developing cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is the most common type of liver cancer with a strong association with HBV infection. HBV transmission through blood transfusions and perinatal transfer from infected mother to child have been common routes of infection. In the present study, we describe the development of a synthetic DNA plasmid encoding an anti-HBV human monoclonal antibody specific for the common “a determinant region” of HBsAg of hepatitis B virus and demonstrate the ability of this platform at directing in vivo antibody expression. In vivo delivery of this DNA encoded monoclonal antibody (DMAb) plasmid in mice resulted in expression of human IgG over a period of one month following a single injection. Serum antibody was found to recognize the relevant conformational epitope from plasma purified native HBsAg as well as bound HBV in HepG2.2.15 cells. The serum DMAb efficiently neutralized HBV and prevented infection of HepaRG cells in vitro. Additional study of these HBV-DMAb as a possible therapy or immunoprophylaxis for HBV infection is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi S Zankharia
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sagar Kudchodkar
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Hyeree Choi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michelle Ho
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faraz Zaidi
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Ugen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Joseph J Kim
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth Meeting , PA, USA
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine & Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Hong B, Wen Y, Ying T. Recent Progress on Neutralizing Antibodies against Hepatitis B Virus and its Implications. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2020; 19:213-223. [PMID: 29952267 DOI: 10.2174/1871526518666180628122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health problem. As "cure" for chronic hepatitis B is of current priority, hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) has been utilized for several decades to provide post-exposure prophylaxis. In recent years, a number of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting HBV have been developed and demonstrated with high affinity, specificity, and neutralizing potency. OBJECTIVE HBV neutralizing antibodies may play a potentially significant role in the search for an HBV cure. In this review, we will summarize the recent progress in developing HBV-neutralizing antibodies, describing their characteristics and potential clinical applications. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HBV neutralizing antibodies could be a promising alternative in the prevention and treatment of HBV infection. More importantly, global collaboration and coordinated approaches are thus needed to facilitate the development of novel therapies for HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Central Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, China
| | - Yumei Wen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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9
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Dibo M, Battocchio EC, dos Santos Souza LM, da Silva MDV, Banin-Hirata BK, Sapla MM, Marinello P, Rocha SP, Faccin-Galhardi LC. Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2019; 20:1108-1121. [DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190809112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Dibo
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Eduardo C. Battocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lucas M. dos Santos Souza
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna K. Banin-Hirata
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Milena M.M. Sapla
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Poliana Marinello
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Sérgio P.D. Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
| | - Lígia C. Faccin-Galhardi
- Department of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Parana, Brazil
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10
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Zhou B, Xu L, Zhu R, Tang J, Wu Y, Su R, Yin Z, Liu D, Jiang Y, Wen C, You M, Dai L, Lin Y, Chen Y, Yang H, An Z, Fan C, Cheng T, Luo W, Xia N. A bispecific broadly neutralizing antibody against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 with therapeutic potential. Antiviral Res 2018; 161:28-35. [PMID: 30419253 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) are the major pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which affects children worldwide and is often associated with neurological complications. At present, there is no vaccine or cure available for simultaneous EV71 and CA16 infection, posing a great need to develop novel strategies for the treatment of this disease. Here, we engineered four bispecific antibodies using variable fragments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from EV71- and CA16-specific neutralizing antibodies. The engineered bispecific antibody Bs(scFv)4-IgG-1 exhibits remarkable cross-reactivity against EV71 and CA16 and has a more potent cross-neutralization than its parental antibodies. Furthermore, we showed that Bs(scFv)4-IgG-1 conferred 100% therapeutic efficacy against single or mixed EV71 and CA16 infections in mice. Our study provides important insights into bispecific antibody engineering against enterovirus and will inform new curative treatment options for HFMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Longfa Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Jixian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yangtao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Ruopeng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Zhichao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Dongxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yichao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Can Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Min You
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Linlin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yuanzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Haijie Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- The Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
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11
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Mohebbi A, Lorestani N, Tahamtan A, Kargar NL, Tabarraei A. An Overview of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Secretion Inhibitors. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:662. [PMID: 29675010 PMCID: PMC5895781 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) regimen do not meet ideal result due to emerging resistance strains, cytotoxicity, and unfavorable adverse effects. In chronic HBV infection, high rates of sub-viral particles (SVPs) bearing HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) is a major obstacle regarding to raise effective immune responses and subsequently virus clearance. Development of potent HBsAg secretion inhibitors would provide a better insight into HBV immunopathogenesis and therapy. Investigating new non-toxic HBsAg secretion inhibitors targeting either viral or cellular factors could restore the immune response to remove virally infected hepatocytes after inhibiting SVPs. In this study, we overview several classes of HBV inhibitors with focus on their limitations and advantages over anti-HBsAg secretion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mohebbi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Nazanin Lorestani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alireza Tahamtan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Niki L Kargar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Infectious Disease Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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12
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Kruse RL, Shum T, Legras X, Barzi M, Pankowicz FP, Gottschalk S, Bissig KD. In Situ Liver Expression of HBsAg/CD3-Bispecific Antibodies for HBV Immunotherapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2017; 7:32-41. [PMID: 29018834 PMCID: PMC5626922 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current therapies against hepatitis B virus (HBV) do not reliably cure chronic infection, necessitating new therapeutic approaches. The T cell response can clear HBV during acute infection, and the adoptive transfer of antiviral T cells during bone marrow transplantation can cure patients of chronic HBV infection. To redirect T cells to HBV-infected hepatocytes, we delivered plasmids encoding bispecific antibodies directed against the viral surface antigen (HBsAg) and CD3, expressed on almost all T cells, directly into the liver using hydrodynamic tail vein injection. We found a significant reduction in HBV-driven reporter gene expression (184-fold) in a mouse model of acute infection, which was 30-fold lower than an antibody only recognizing HBsAg. While bispecific antibodies triggered, in part, antigen-independent T cell activation, antibody production within hepatocytes was non-cytotoxic. We next tested the bispecific antibodies in a different HBV mouse model, which closely mimics the transcriptional template for HBV, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). We found that the antiviral effect was noncytopathic, mediating a 495-fold reduction in HBsAg levels at day 4. At day 33, bispecific antibody-treated mice exhibited 35-fold higher host HBsAg immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody production versus untreated groups. Thus, gene therapy with HBsAg/CD3-bispecific antibodies represents a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kruse
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thomas Shum
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xavier Legras
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Frank P Pankowicz
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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13
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Erdag B, Balcioglu KB, Bahadir AO, Hinc D, Ibrahimoglu O, Bahar A, Basalp A, Yucel F. Cloning of anti-HBsAg single-chain variable fragments from hybridoma cells for one-step ELISA. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2017.1348256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Erdag
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Koray Bertan Balcioglu
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aylin Ozdemir Bahadir
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Duygu Hinc
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ibrahimoglu
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aydin Bahar
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Aynur Basalp
- Sağlık Yüksekokulu, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi, Department of Health Managment, İstiklal Yerleşkesi, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Fatima Yucel
- TUBITAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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14
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Abstract
Bispecific antibody engineering, in which binding specificities toward 2 distinct epitopes are combined into a single molecule, can greatly enhance immunotherapeutic properties of monoclonal antibodies. While the bispecific antibody approach has been applied widely to targets for indications such as cancer and inflammation, the development of such agents for viral immunotherapy is only now emerging. Here, we review recent advances in the development of bispecific antibodies for viral immunotherapy, highlighting promising in vitro and in vivo results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth K Nyakatura
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Alexandra Y Soare
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- a Department of Biochemistry , Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
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15
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Shi X, Deng Y, Wang H, Ji G, Tan W, Jiang T, Li X, Zhao H, Xia T, Meng Y, Wang C, Yu X, Yang Y, Li B, Qin ED, Dai J, Qin CF, Guo Y. A bispecific antibody effectively neutralizes all four serotypes of dengue virus by simultaneous blocking virus attachment and fusion. MAbs 2016; 8:574-84. [PMID: 26905804 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1148850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although dengue virus (DENV) infection severely threatens the health of humans, no specific antiviral drugs are currently approved for clinical use against DENV infection. Attachment and fusion are 2 critical steps for the flavivirus infection, and the corresponding functional epitopes are located at E protein domain III (E-DIII) and domain II (E-DII), respectively. Here, we constructed a bispecific antibody (DVD-1A1D-2A10) based on the 2 well-characterized anti-DENV monoclonal antibodies 1A1D-2 (1A1D) and 2A10G6 (2A10). The 1A1D antibody binds E-DIII and can block the virus attaching to the cell surface, while the 2A10 antibody binds E-DII and is able to prevent the virus from fusing with the endosomal membrane. Our data showed that DVD-1A1D-2A10 retained the antigen-binding activity of both parental antibodies. Importantly, it was demonstrated to be significantly more effective at neutralizing DENV than its parental antibodies both in vitro and in vivo, even better than the combination of them. To eliminate the potential antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect, this bispecific antibody was successfully engineered to prevent Fc-γ-R interaction. Overall, we generated a bispecific anti-DENV antibody targeting both attachment and fusion stages, and this bispecific antibody broadly neutralized all 4 serotypes of DENV without risk of ADE, suggesting that it has great potential as a novel antiviral strategy against DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yongqiang Deng
- b Department of Virology , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing , China
| | - Huajing Wang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Guanghui Ji
- e Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Navy General Hospital , Beijing , China
| | - Wenlong Tan
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Tao Jiang
- b Department of Virology , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing , China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- b Department of Virology , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Hui Zhao
- b Department of Virology , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Tian Xia
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yanchun Meng
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Chao Wang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Yang Yang
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China
| | - Bohua Li
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,d State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeting Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - E-De Qin
- b Department of Virology , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China
| | - Jianxin Dai
- a International Joint Cancer Institute, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai , China.,d State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeting Therapy , Shanghai , China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- b Department of Virology , Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology , Beijing , China.,c State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity , Beijing , China
| | - Yajun Guo
- d State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeting Therapy , Shanghai , China
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16
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Kucinskaite-Kodze I, Pleckaityte M, Bremer CM, Seiz PL, Zilnyte M, Bulavaite A, Mickiene G, Zvirblis G, Sasnauskas K, Glebe D, Zvirbliene A. New broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis B virus surface antigen. Virus Res 2016; 211:209-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Zhang E, Kosinska A, Lu M, Yan H, Roggendorf M. Current status of immunomodulatory therapy in chronic hepatitis B, fifty years after discovery of the virus: Search for the "magic bullet" to kill cccDNA. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:193-203. [PMID: 26476376 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is currently treated with IFN-α and nucleos(t)ide analogues, which have many clinical benefits, but there is no ultimate cure. The major problem consists in the persistence of cccDNA in infected hepatocytes. Because no antiviral drug has been evaluated which significantly reduces copies of cccDNA, cytolytic and noncytolytic approaches are needed. Effective virus-specific T- and B-cell responses remain crucial in eliminating cccDNA-carrying hepatocytes and for the long-term control of HBV infection. Reduction of viremia by antiviral drugs provides a window for reconstitution of an HBV-specific immune response. Preclinical studies in mice and woodchucks have shown that immunostimulatory strategies, such as prime-boost vaccination and PD-1 blockade, can boost a weak virus-specific T cell response and lead to effective control of HBV infection. Based on data obtained in our preclinical studies, the combination of antiviral drugs and immunomodulators may control HBV viremia during a patient's drug-off period. In this article, we review current immune-modulatory approaches for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B and the elimination of cccDNA in preclinical models. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis".
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejuan Zhang
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anna Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Huimin Yan
- Mucosal Immunity Research Group, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Michael Roggendorf
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany; Institute for Virology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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18
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Shriver Z, Trevejo JM, Sasisekharan R. Antibody-Based Strategies to Prevent and Treat Influenza. Front Immunol 2015; 6:315. [PMID: 26217334 PMCID: PMC4500096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization using antibodies is a promising alternative to other antiviral treatment options. The potential for seasonal protection arising from a single injection of antibodies is appealing and has been pursued for a number of infectious agents. However, until recently, antibody-based strategies to combat infectious agents have been hampered due to the fact that most antibodies have been found to be strain specific, with the virus evolving resistance in many cases. The discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) in influenza, dengue virus, and HIV, which bind to multiple, structurally diverse strains, has provided renewed interest in this area. This review will focus on new technologies that enable the discovery of bNAbs, the challenges and opportunities of immunotherapies as an important addition to existing antiviral therapy, and the role of antibody discovery in informing rational vaccine discovery - with agents targeting influenza specifically addressed. Multiple candidates have entered the clinic and raise the possibility that a single antibody or small combination of antibodies can effectively neutralize a wide variety of strains. However, challenges remain - including combating escape variants, pharmacodynamics of antibody distribution, and development of efficacy biomarkers beyond virologic endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ram Sasisekharan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute of Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Diseases Interdisciplinary Research Group, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Zeng J, Liu R, Wang J, Fang Y. A bispecific antibody directly induces lymphoma cell death by simultaneously targeting CD20 and HLA-DR. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1899-907. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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