1
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Kook E, Lee J, Kim DH. YES1 as a potential target to overcome drug resistance in EGFR-deregulated non-small cell lung cancer. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1437-1455. [PMID: 38443724 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03693-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as gefitinib and osimertinib have primarily been used as first-line treatments for patients with EGFR-activating mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Novel biomarkers are required to distinguish patients with lung cancer who are resistant to EGFR-TKIs. The aim of the study is to investigate the expression and functional role of YES1, one of the Src-family kinases, in EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC. YES1 expression was elevated in gefitinib-resistant HCC827 (HCC827/GR) cells, harboring EGFR mutations. Moreover, HCC827/GR cells exhibited increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels compared to those of the parent cells, resulting in the phosphorylation/activation of YES1 due to oxidation of the cysteine residue. HCC827/GR cells showed elevated expression levels of YES1-associated protein 1 (YAP1), NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), cancer stemness-related markers, and antioxidant proteins compared to those of the parent cells. Knockdown of YES1 in HCC827/GR cells suppressed YAP1 phosphorylation, leading to the inhibition of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Cyclin D1 expression. Silencing YES1 markedly attenuated the proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity of HCC827/GR cells. Dasatinib inhibited the proliferation of HCC827/GR cells by targeting YES1-mediated signaling pathways. Furthermore, the combination of gefitinib and dasatinib demonstrated a synergistic effect in suppressing the proliferation of HCC827/GR cells. Notably, YES1- and Nrf2-regulated genes showed a positive regulatory relationship in patients with lung cancer and in TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines. Taken together, these findings suggest that modulation of YES1 expression and activity may be an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of drug-resistant NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Kook
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - JungYeol Lee
- New Drug Discovery Center, DGMIF, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Kokot A, Gadakh S, Saha I, Gajda E, Łaźniewski M, Rakshit S, Sengupta K, Mollah AF, Denkiewicz M, Górczak K, Claesen J, Burzykowski T, Plewczynski D. Unveiling the Molecular Mechanism of Trastuzumab Resistance in SKBR3 and BT474 Cell Lines for HER2 Positive Breast Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2713-2740. [PMID: 38534787 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer among women worldwide. Generally, the molecular characteristics of this breast cancer include activation of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and hormone receptor activation. HER2-positive is associated with a higher death rate, which led to the development of a monoclonal antibody called trastuzumab, specifically targeting HER2. The success rate of HER2-positive breast cancer treatment has been increased; however, drug resistance remains a challenge. This fact motivated us to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance. For this purpose, a two-fold approach was taken by considering well-known breast cancer cell lines SKBR3 and BT474. In the first fold, trastuzumab treatment doses were optimized separately for both cell lines. This was done based on the proliferation rate of cells in response to a wide variety of medication dosages. Thereafter, each cell line was cultivated with a steady dosage of herceptin for several months. During this period, six time points were selected for further in vitro analysis, ranging from the untreated cell line at the beginning to a fully resistant cell line at the end of the experiment. In the second fold, nucleic acids were extracted for further high throughput-based microarray experiments of gene and microRNA expression. Such expression data were further analyzed in order to infer the molecular mechanisms involved in the underlying development of trastuzumab resistance. In the list of differentially expressed genes and miRNAs, multiple genes (e.g., BIRC5, E2F1, TFRC, and USP1) and miRNAs (e.g., hsa miR 574 3p, hsa miR 4530, and hsa miR 197 3p) responsible for trastuzumab resistance were found. Downstream analysis showed that TFRC, E2F1, and USP1 were also targeted by hsa-miR-8485. Moreover, it indicated that miR-4701-5p was highly expressed as compared to TFRC in the SKBR3 cell line. These results unveil key genes and miRNAs as molecular regulators for trastuzumab resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokot
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sachin Gadakh
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Indrajit Saha
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Ewa Gajda
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michał Łaźniewski
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Somnath Rakshit
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Kaustav Sengupta
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Michał Denkiewicz
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Górczak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Claesen
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Burzykowski
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
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3
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Carlson E, Savardekar H, Hu X, Lapurga G, Johnson C, Sun SH, Carson WE, Peterson BR. Fluorescent Detection of Peroxynitrite Produced by Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer and Inhibition by Dasatinib. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:738-747. [PMID: 37200815 PMCID: PMC10186365 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature myeloid cells that expand dramatically in many cancer patients. This expansion contributes to immunosuppression in cancer and reduces the efficacy of immune-based cancer therapies. One mechanism of immunosuppression mediated by MDSCs involves production of the reactive nitrogen species peroxynitrite (PNT), where this strong oxidant inactivates immune effector cells through destructive nitration of tyrosine residues in immune signal transduction pathways. As an alternative to analysis of nitrotyrosines indirectly generated by PNT, we used an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted fluorescent sensor termed PS3 that allows direct detection of PNT produced by MDSCs. When the MDSC-like cell line MSC2 and primary MDSCs from mice and humans were treated with PS3 and antibody-opsonized TentaGel microspheres, phagocytosis of these beads led to production of PNT and generation of a highly fluorescent product. Using this method, we show that splenocytes from a EMT6 mouse model of cancer, but not normal control mice, produce high levels of PNT due to elevated numbers of granulocytic (PMN) MDSCs. Similarly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from blood of human melanoma patients produced substantially higher levels of PNT than healthy human volunteers, coincident with higher peripheral MDSC levels. The kinase inhibitor dasatinib was found to potently block the production of PNT both by inhibiting phagocytosis in vitro and by reducing the number of granulocytic MDSCs in mice in vivo, providing a chemical tool to modulate the production of this reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick
J. Carlson
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Himanshu Savardekar
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Gabriella Lapurga
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Courtney Johnson
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Steven H. Sun
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - William E. Carson
- Division
of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Blake R. Peterson
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Yang S, Wang B, Liao J, Hong Z, Zhong X, Chen S, Wu Z, Zhang X, Zuo Q. Molecular mechanism of XB130 adaptor protein mediates trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:685-695. [PMID: 36284062 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02974-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is an essential molecular mechanism participating in trastuzumab resistance in HER2 + GC (gastric cancer). However, how can we effectively inhibit AKT activity associated with drug resistance during trastuzumab treatment? Screening inhibitors against the upstream receptors of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway or interacting proteins of members has become an important way. METHODS In this study, western blot, qRT-PCR, CCK8, Co-IP and other techniques were used to explore possible mechanisms participating in trastuzumab resistance in vitro. Besides, the xenograft mouse model and GC tissue samples from patients were used to further validate the in-vitro results. RESULTS The expression of XB130 adaptor protein was remarkably increased in GC cell lines resistant to trastuzumab, and knockdown of XB130 could reverse the resistance via downregulating p-AKT. In addition, p-SRC (Tyr416) was increased in resistant cells, which could facilitate the binding of XB130 to PI3K p85α. It was also discovered that XB130 could negatively regulate PTEN gene transcription, and thus a positive feedback loop was formed between SRC-XB130-PTEN. CONCLUSIONS In HER2 + GC, XB130 contributes to trastuzumab resistance by stimulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through binding to PI3K p85α under the mediation of SRC kinase and regulating PTEN gene transcription, and in turn forming a positive feedback loop between SRC-XB130-PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Liao
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ziyang Hong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuxian Zhong
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Suling Chen
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ziqing Wu
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xingyu Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiang Zuo
- Department of Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, China.
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5
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Song X, Hou L, Zhao Y, Guan Q, Li Z. Metal-dependent programmed cell death-related lncRNA prognostic signatures and natural drug sensitivity prediction for gastric cancer. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1039499. [PMID: 36339625 PMCID: PMC9634547 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1039499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most important malignancies with poor prognosis. Ferroptosis and cuproptosis are newly discovered metal-dependent types of programmed cell death, which may directly affect the outcome of gastric cancer. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can affect the prognosis of cancer with stable structures, which could be potential prognostic prediction factors for gastric cancer. Methods: Differentially expressed metal-dependent programmed cell death (PCD)-related lncRNAs were identified with DESeq2 and Pearson’s correlation analysis. Through GO and KEGG analyses and GSEA , we identified the potential effects of metal-dependent PCD-related lncRNAs on prognosis. Using Cox regression analysis with the LASSO method, we constructed a 12-lncRNA prognostic signature model. Also, we evaluated the prognostic efficiency with Kaplan–Meier (K-M) survival curve, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) methods. The sensitivities for antitumor drugs were then predicted with the pRRophetic method. Also, we discuss Chinese patent medicines and plant extracts that could induce metal-dependent programmed cell death. Results: We constructed a metal-dependent PCD-related lncRNA-gene co-expression network. Also, a metal-dependent PCD-related gastric cancer prognostic signature model including 12 lncRNAs was constructed. The K-M survival curve revealed a poor prognosis in the high-risk group. ROC curve analysis shows that the AUC of our model is 0.766, which is better than that of other published models. Moreover, the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) for dasatinib, lapatinib, sunitinib, cytarabine, saracatinib, and vinorelbine was much lower among the high-risk group. Conclusion: Our 12 metal-dependent PCD-related lncRNA prognostic signature model may improve the OS prediction for gastric cancer. The antitumor drug sensitivity analysis results may also be helpful for individualized chemotherapy regimen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingtian Guan
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Li,
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6
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Zhang Y, Li J, Feng D, Peng X, Wang B, Han T, Zhang Y. Systematic Analysis of Molecular Characterization and Clinical Relevance of Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation Regulators in Digestive System Neoplasms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:820174. [PMID: 35252219 PMCID: PMC8891544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.820174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) in cancer has also attracted more and more attention, which is found to affect transcriptional regulation, maintaining genomic stability and signal transduction, and contribute to the occurrence and progression of tumors. However, the role of LLPS in digestive system tumors is still largely unknown. Results: Here, we characterized the expression profiles of LLPS regulators in 3 digestive tract tumor types such as COAD, STAD, and ESCA with The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Our results for the first time showed that LLPS regulatory factors, such as Brd4, FBN1, and TP53, were frequently mutated in all types of digestive system tumors. Variant allele frequency (VAF) and APOBEC analysis demonstrated that genetic alterations of LLPS regulators were related to the progression of digestive system neoplasms (DSNs), such as TP53, NPHS1, TNRC6B, ITSN1, TNPO1, PML, AR, BRD4, DLG4, and PTPN1. KM plotter analysis showed that the mutation status of LLPS regulators was significantly related to the overall survival (OS) time of DSNs, indicating that they may contribute to the progression of DSN. The expression analysis of LLPS regulatory factors showed that a variety of LLPS regulatory factors were significantly dysregulated in digestive system tumors, such as SYN2 and MAPT. It is worth noting that we first found that LLPS regulatory factors were significantly correlated with tumor immune infiltration of B cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in digestive system tumors. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the LLPS regulators’ expression was closely related to multiple signaling, including the ErbB signaling pathway and T-cell receptor signaling pathway. Finally, several LLPS signatures were constructed and had a strong prognostic stratification ability in different digestive gland tumors. Finally, the results demonstrated the LLPS regulators’ signature score was significantly positively related to the infiltration levels of CD4+ T cells, neutrophil cells, macrophage cells, and CD8+ T cells. Conclusion: Our study for the first time showed the potential roles of LLPS regulators in carcinogenesis and provide novel insights to identify novel biomarkers for the prediction of immune therapy and prognosis of DSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Feng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Peng
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang, ; Ting Han, ; Yingyi Zhang,
| | - Ting Han
- Departments of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang, ; Ting Han, ; Yingyi Zhang,
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Wang, ; Ting Han, ; Yingyi Zhang,
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7
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Liu G, Qi X, Li X, Sun F. Ginsenoside Rg2 protects cardiomyocytes against trastuzumab-induced toxicity by inducing autophagy. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:473. [PMID: 33767768 PMCID: PMC7976377 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab (TZM) significantly improves the outcomes of patients with breast cancer; however, it is associated with severe cardiotoxicity. Ginsenoside Rg2 was reported to exert protective effects against myocardial injury and apoptosis in human cardiomyocytes (HCMs). However, whether ginsenoside Rg2 protects HCMs against TZM-induced toxicity remains unclear. The present study investigated the proliferation of HCMs using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and Ki67 immunofluorescence staining. Apoptotic cells were detected by Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Furthermore, monodansylcadaverine staining was performed to detect cell autophagy. In addition, western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-Akt, p-mTOR, beclin 1, microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3α (LC3) and autophagy protein 5 (ATG5) in HCMs. Pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg2 significantly protected HCMs against TZM-induced cytotoxicity by inhibiting apoptosis. Furthermore, pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg2 induced autophagy in HCMs by upregulating the expression levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR, beclin 1, LC3 and ATG5. The results obtained in the present study suggested that ginsenoside Rg2 could protect HCMs against TZM-induced cardiotoxicity by activating autophagy. Therefore, ginsenoside Rg2 may serve as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent TZM-related cardiotoxicity in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyong Qi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xingtao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Fangyi Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Lorusso G, Rüegg C, Kuonen F. Targeting the Extra-Cellular Matrix-Tumor Cell Crosstalk for Anti-Cancer Therapy: Emerging Alternatives to Integrin Inhibitors. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1231. [PMID: 32793493 PMCID: PMC7387567 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network composed of a multitude of different macromolecules. ECM components typically provide a supportive structure to the tissue and engender positional information and crosstalk with neighboring cells in a dynamic reciprocal manner, thereby regulating tissue development and homeostasis. During tumor progression, tumor cells commonly modify and hijack the surrounding ECM to sustain anchorage-dependent growth and survival, guide migration, store pro-tumorigenic cell-derived molecules and present them to enhance receptor activation. Thereby, ECM potentially supports tumor progression at various steps from initiation, to local growth, invasion, and systemic dissemination and ECM-tumor cells interactions have long been considered promising targets for cancer therapy. Integrins represent key surface receptors for the tumor cell to sense and interact with the ECM. Yet, attempts to therapeutically impinge on these interactions using integrin inhibitors have failed to deliver anticipated results, and integrin inhibitors are still missing in the emerging arsenal of drugs for targeted therapies. This paradox situation should urge the field to reconsider the role of integrins in cancer and their targeting, but also to envisage alternative strategies. Here, we review the therapeutic targets implicated in tumor cell adhesion to the ECM, whose inhibitors are currently in clinical trials and may offer alternatives to integrin inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girieca Lorusso
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Curzio Rüegg
- Experimental and Translational Oncology, Department of Oncology Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - François Kuonen
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital de Beaumont, Lausanne University Hospital Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
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9
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Nrf2 Inhibitor, Brusatol in Combination with Trastuzumab Exerts Synergistic Antitumor Activity in HER2-Positive Cancers by Inhibiting Nrf2/HO-1 and HER2-AKT/ERK1/2 Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9867595. [PMID: 32765809 PMCID: PMC7387975 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9867595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab has shown effectiveness in treating HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers; however, its responses are limited. Currently, Nrf2 has been deemed as a key transcription factor in promoting cancer progression and resistance by crosstalk with other proliferative signaling pathways. Brusatol as a novel Nrf2 inhibitor has been deemed as an efficacious and safe drug candidate in cancer therapy. In this study, we firstly reported that brusatol exerted the growth-inhibitory effects on HER2-positive cancer cells by regressing Nrf2/HO-1 and HER2-AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathways in these cells. More importantly, we found that brusatol synergistically enhanced the antitumor activity of trastuzumab against HER2-positive SK-OV-3 and BT-474 cells, which may be attributed to the inhibition of Nrf2/HO-1 and HER2-AKT/ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Furthermore, the synergistic effects were also observed in BT-474 and SK-OV-3 tumor xenografts. In addition, our results showed that trastuzumab markedly enhanced brusatol-induced ROS accumulation and apoptosis level, which could further explain the synergistic effects. To conclude, the study provided a new insight on exploring Nrf2 inhibition in combination with HER2-targeted trastuzumab as a potential clinical treatment regimen in treating HER2-positive cancers.
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10
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Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang Y, Peng J, Yuan C, Zhou L, Xu S, Lin Y, Du Y, Yang F, Zhang J, Dai H, Yin W, Lu J. Serum miR-222-3p as a Double-Edged Sword in Predicting Efficacy and Trastuzumab-Induced Cardiotoxicity for HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Target Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:631. [PMID: 32426280 PMCID: PMC7212359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We aimed to explore whether the expression of serum miR-222-3p might contribute to early prediction of therapeutic response, clinical outcomes, and adverse events for HER2-positive breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). Methods: A total of 65 HER2-positive breast cancer patients receiving NAT were analyzed. The concentration of serum miR-222-3p was detected by quantitative real-time PCR. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association of serum miR-222-3p with pathological complete response (pCR). The relationship of serum miR-222-3p with disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) was examined via log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards analysis. The ordered logistic regression was applied to evaluate the association between serum miR-222-3p and adverse events. Results: The miR-222-3p low group was more likely to achieve pCR [odds ratio (OR) = 0.258, P = 0.043]. The interaction between miR-222-3p and presenting Ki67 level was also detected for pCR (OR = 49.230, Pinteraction = 0.025). The miR-222-3p low group was correlated with superior DFS (P = 0.029) and OS (P = 0.0037). The expression of serum miR-222-3p was the independent protective factor for trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity (P < 0.05) and anemia (P = 0.013). Conclusions: Serum miR-222-3p is the potential factor to predict pCR, survival benefit and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity for HER2-positive breast cancer patients receiving NAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenwei Yuan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liheng Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuguang Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanping Lin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueyao Du
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijuan Dai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjin Yin
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinsong Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Takeda T, Yamamoto H, Suzawa K, Tomida S, Miyauchi S, Araki K, Nakata K, Miura A, Namba K, Shien K, Soh J, Shien T, Kitamura Y, Sendo T, Toyooka S. YES1 activation induces acquired resistance to neratinib in HER2-amplified breast and lung cancers. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:849-856. [PMID: 31856375 PMCID: PMC7060468 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular‐targeted therapies directed against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are evolving for various cancers. Neratinib is an irreversible pan‐HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor and has been approved by the FDA as an effective drug for HER2‐positive breast cancer. However, acquired resistance of various cancers to molecular‐targeted drugs is an issue of clinical concern, and emergence of resistance to neratinib is also considered inevitable. In this study, we established various types of neratinib‐resistant cell lines from HER2‐amplified breast and lung cancer cell lines using several drug exposure conditions. We analyzed the mechanisms of emergence of the resistance in these cell lines and explored effective strategies to overcome the resistance. Our results revealed that amplification of YES1, which is a member of the SRC family, was amplified in two neratinib‐resistant breast cancer cell lines and one lung cancer cell line. Knockdown of YES1 by siRNA and pharmacological inhibition of YES1 by dasatinib restored the sensitivity of the YES1‐amplified cell lines to neratinib in vitro. Combined treatment with dasatinib and neratinib inhibited tumor growth in vivo. This combination also induced downregulation of signaling molecules such as HER2, AKT and MAPK. Our current results indicate that YES1 plays an important role in the emergence of resistance to HER2‐targeted drugs, and that dasatinib enables such acquired resistance to neratinib to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Takeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Suzawa
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shunsaku Miyauchi
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kota Araki
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakata
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Miura
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Namba
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junichi Soh
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Shien
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sendo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.,Center for Comprehensive Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Hospital, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Ashrafizadeh M, Mohammadinejad R, Samarghandian S, Yaribeygi H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Anti-Tumor Effects of Osthole on Different Malignant Tissues: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:918-931. [PMID: 32108003 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200228110704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer management and/or treatment require a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and signaling pathways involved. Recently, much attention has been directed to these molecular and signaling pathways, and it has been suggested that a number of biomolecules/players involved in such pathways, such as PI3K/Akt, NF-kB, STAT, and Nrf2 contribute to the progression, invasion, proliferation, and metastasis of malignant cells. Synthetic anti-tumor agents and chemotherapeutic drugs have been a mainstay in cancer therapy and are widely used to suppress the progression and, hopefully, halt the proliferation of malignant cells. However, these agents have some undesirable side-effects and, therefore, naturally-occurring compounds with high potency and fewer side-effects are now of great interest. Osthole is a plant-derived chemical compound that can inhibit the proliferation of malignant cells and provide potent anti-cancer effects in various tissues. Therefore, in this review, we presented the main findings concerning the potential anti-tumor effects of osthole and its derivatives and described possible molecular mechanisms by which osthole may suppress malignant cell proliferation in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeed Samarghandian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
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13
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Sampera A, Sánchez-Martín FJ, Arpí O, Visa L, Iglesias M, Menéndez S, Gaye É, Dalmases A, Clavé S, Gelabert-Baldrich M, Poulsen TT, Kragh M, Bellosillo B, Albanell J, Rovira A, Montagut C. HER-Family Ligands Promote Acquired Resistance to Trastuzumab in Gastric Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2135-2145. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Yoshioka T, Shien K, Takeda T, Takahashi Y, Kurihara E, Ogoshi Y, Namba K, Torigoe H, Sato H, Tomida S, Yamamoto H, Soh J, Fujiwara T, Toyooka S. Acquired resistance mechanisms to afatinib in HER2-amplified gastric cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2549-2557. [PMID: 31162771 PMCID: PMC6676122 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment, especially that for breast and lung cancer, has entered a new era and continues to evolve, with the development of genome analysis technology and the advent of molecular targeted drugs including tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Nevertheless, acquired drug resistance to molecular targeted drugs is unavoidable, creating a clinically challenging problem. We recently reported the antitumor effect of a pan-HER inhibitor, afatinib, against human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-amplified gastric cancer cells. The purpose of the present study was to identify the mechanisms of acquired afatinib resistance and to investigate the treatment strategies for HER2-amplified gastric cancer cells. Two afatinib-resistant gastric cancer cell lines were established from 2 HER2-amplified cell lines, N87 and SNU216. Subsequently, we investigated the molecular profiles of resistant cells. The activation of the HER2 pathway was downregulated in N87-derived resistant cells, whereas it was upregulated in SNU216-derived resistant cells. In the N87-derived cell line, both MET and AXL were activated, and combination treatment with afatinib and cabozantinib, a multikinase inhibitor that inhibits MET and AXL, suppressed the cell growth of cells with acquired resistance both in vitro and in vivo. In the SNU216-derived cell line, YES1, which is a member of the Src family, was remarkably activated, and dasatinib, a Src inhibitor, exerted a strong antitumor effect in these cells. In conclusion, we identified MET and AXL activation in addition to YES1 activation as novel mechanisms of afatinib resistance in HER2-driven gastric cancer. Our results also indicated that treatment strategies targeting individual mechanisms of resistance are key to overcoming such resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yoshioka
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Takeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eisuke Kurihara
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ogoshi
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kei Namba
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidejiro Torigoe
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Bioinformatics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junichi Soh
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiyoshi Fujiwara
- Departments of Gastroenterological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- General Thoracic Surgery, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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15
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Pan Y, Yang Z, Xu Y, Bai Z, Pan D, Yang R, Wang L, Guan W, Yang M. Targeting HER2-positive gastric cancer with a novel 18F-labeled ZHER2:342 probe. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10990-10998. [PMID: 35515328 PMCID: PMC9062611 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra10271f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To realize the diagnosis of HER2-positive gastric cancer via PET imaging, herein, a new kind of 18F-labeled HER2 affibody probe was created; the bifunctional maleimide derivative 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (NOTA-MAL) was first coupled to a polypeptide, and the resulting compound was subsequently labeled with the 18FAl complex. The binding characteristics of the probe were assessed using both in vitro studies and in vivo microPET imaging and biodistribution experiments. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to confirm the expression level of HER2 in the studied cell lines and tumors. The probe was successfully produced with the radiochemical purity of more than 95%. The NCI N87 cell-associated radioactivity was 19.31 ± 1.01% AD, and it decreased to 0.83 ± 0.04% AD per 106 cells after blocking HER2 as early as 15 minutes post-incubation (p < 0.05). A competition binding assay between radiolabeled and non-radioactive affibody molecules with NCI N87 indicated that the IC50 was 8.10 nM. The microPET imaging and biodistribution of human gastric cancer xenografts demonstrated that the probe could specifically accumulate in tumors at early time points. Protein detection confirmed a strong HER2 expression in NCIN87 and a weak HER2 expression in SGC7901. In conclusion, 18FAl-NOTA-MAL-Cys-GGGRDN(M0)-ZHER2:342 was successfully prepared via a one-step method. The favorable preclinical data showed specific and effective tumor targeting capacity of the proposed probe; this revealed that the probe proposed herein might have potential application in gastric cancer imaging. Tumor targeting of the novel 18F-labeled ZHER2:342 probe in HER2-positive gastric cancer xenograft models.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Pan
- Department of General Surgery
- Drum Tower Hospital
- Medical School of Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Zhengyang Yang
- Department of General Surgery
- Drum Tower Hospital
- Medical School of Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Yuping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Zhicheng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Donghui Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Runlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Lizhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery
- Drum Tower Hospital
- Medical School of Nanjing University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine
- Ministry of Health
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine
- Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine
- Wuxi
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16
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Yang Y, Ren F, Tian Z, Song W, Cheng B, Feng Z. Osthole Synergizes With HER2 Inhibitor, Trastuzumab in HER2-Overexpressed N87 Gastric Cancer by Inducing Apoptosis and Inhibition of AKT-MAPK Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1392. [PMID: 30538636 PMCID: PMC6277458 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Although trastuzumab has shown considerable activity in the treatment of HER2-positive breast and gastric cancers, a significant proportion of patients do not respond to trastuzumab. Recent studies revealed that osthole, an active coumarin isolated from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson possesses potent anti-tumor activity. Here, we for the first time investigated the anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab in combination with osthole in HER2-overexpressing cancers. Materials and Methods: N87 and SK-BR-3 cell lines, which were HER2-overexpressing cancer cells were used in our study. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was utilized to test the inhibitory effects of trastuzumab plus osthole. Combination index (CI) values were calculated using the Chou-Talalay method. Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) assay was used to examine the cell cycle change and apoptosis upon combinatorial treatment. N87 tumor xenografts were established to evaluate in vivo effects of trastuzumab plus osthole. In addition, molecular mechanisms were analyzed by Western blot in vitro and in vivo. Results: As shown in our study, osthole alone exhibited effective anti-tumor activity against HER2-overexpressed N87 gastric cancer cells and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells, which may be attributed to cell cycle arrest on G2/M phase and apoptosis. More importantly, our data demonstrated that trastuzumab plus osthole was much more potent than either agent alone in inhibiting the growth of N87 cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, which may be partly explained by the enhanced apoptosis upon the combinatorial treatment. Besides these, we also observed a significant decrease on the phosphorylation of AKT and MAPK in N87 cells when treated with trastuzumab plus osthole compared to either agent alone. Further data from N87 tumor xenografts revealed that trastuzumab plus osthole exerted their synergistic effects mainly on AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion: Collectively, these results support the clinical development of combination osthole with trastuzumab for the treatment of HER2-overexpressed gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Antibody Medicine and Targeted Therapy, Shanghai, China.,Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Molecular Diagnosis and Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang, China
| | - Feng Ren
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ziyin Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wei Song
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Henan University of Urban Construction, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Binfeng Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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17
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Xiang Z, Huang X, Wang J, Zhang J, Ji J, Yan R, Zhu Z, Cai W, Yu Y. Cross-Database Analysis Reveals Sensitive Biomarkers for Combined Therapy for ERBB2+ Gastric Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:861. [PMID: 30123134 PMCID: PMC6085474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring ERBB2-related pathways will help us finding sensitive molecules and potential combined therapeutic targets of ERBB2-targeted therapy for ERBB2+ gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we performed a cross-databases study focused on ERBB2+ GC. The data of ERBB2+ GC deposited in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA), gene expression omnibus (GEO), InBio MapTM, cancer cell line encyclopedia (CCLE), and cancer therapeutics response portal (CTRP) were analyzed. The correlation of expression levels of candidate and IC50 of candidate genes-targeted drugs were verified on NCI-N87 and MKN-45 GC cell lines. We found that RARA, THRA, CACNB1, and TOP2A are drug sensitive biomarkers of ERBB2-targeted treatment with FDA-approved drugs. All these genes act through Myc signaling pathway. Myc is the downstream hub gene of both ERBB2 and RARA. The expression of RARA, THRA, and CACNB1 were negatively correlated with Myc activation, while ERBB2 and TOP2A positively correlated with Myc activation. SH3BGRL3, SH3BGRL, and NRG2 were identified as potential ligands of ERBB2. The ERBB2+ GC with RARA amplification demonstrated better prognosis than those without RARA amplification, while overexpression of NRG2 and SH3BGRL correlated with poor prognosis in ERBB2+ GC. About 90% of ERBB2+ GC was compatible with chromosome instability (CIN) subtype of TCGA, which overlaps with intestinal-type GC in Lauren classification. In validating experiments, combination of Lapatinib and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) synergistically suppresses cell growth, and accompanied by decreased expression of MYC. In conclusions, we identified several predicting biomarkers for ERBB2-targeted therapy and corresponding histological features of ERBB2+ GC. Combination of ERBB2 antagonist or RARA agonist may be effective synergistic regimens for ERBB2+ GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xiang
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Huang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiexuan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Ranlin Yan
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingyan Yu
- Department of Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms, Shanghai, China
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18
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Keller S, Zwingenberger G, Ebert K, Hasenauer J, Wasmuth J, Maier D, Haffner I, Schierle K, Weirich G, Luber B. Effects of trastuzumab and afatinib on kinase activity in gastric cancer cell lines. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:441-462. [PMID: 29325228 PMCID: PMC5891041 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of action of the HER2‐targeted antibody trastuzumab is only partially understood, and the direct effects of trastuzumab on the gastric cancer signaling network are unknown. In this study, we compared the molecular effect of trastuzumab and the HER kinase inhibitor afatinib on the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) network and the downstream‐acting intracellular kinases in gastric cancer cell lines. The molecular effects of trastuzumab and afatinib on the phosphorylation of 49 RTKs and 43 intracellular kinase phosphorylation sites were investigated in three gastric cancer cell lines (NCI‐N87, MKN1, and MKN7) using proteome profiling. To evaluate these effects, data were analyzed using mixed models and clustering. Moreover, proliferation assays were performed. Our comprehensive quantitative analysis of kinase activity in gastric cancer cell lines indicates that trastuzumab and afatinib selectively influenced the HER family RTKs. The effects of trastuzumab differed between cell lines, depending on the presence of activated HER2. The effects of trastuzumab monotherapy were not transduced to the intracellular kinase network. Afatinib alone or in combination with trastuzumab influenced HER kinases in all cell lines; that is, the effects of monotherapy and combination therapy were transduced to the intracellular kinase network. These results were confirmed by proliferation analysis. Additionally, the MET‐amplified cell line Hs746T was identified as afatinib nonresponder. The dependence of the effect of trastuzumab on the presence of activated HER2 might explain the clinical nonresponse of some patients who are routinely tested for HER2 expression and gene amplification in the clinic but not for HER2 activation. The consistent effects of afatinib on HER RTKs and downstream kinase activation suggest that afatinib might be an effective candidate in the future treatment of patients with gastric cancer irrespective of the presence of activated HER2. However, MET amplification should be taken into account as potential resistance factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Keller
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Gwen Zwingenberger
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Karolin Ebert
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Jan Hasenauer
- Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (GmbH), Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Center for Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Wasmuth
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | | | | | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gregor Weirich
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Birgit Luber
- Institut für Allgemeine Pathologie und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Germany
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19
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Xiong L, Ding L, Ning H, Wu C, Fu K, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou L. CD147 knockdown improves the antitumor efficacy of trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57737-57751. [PMID: 27363028 PMCID: PMC5295386 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trastuzumab is widely used in the clinical treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, but the patient response rate is low. CD147 stimulates cancer cell proliferation, migration, metastasis and differentiation and is involved in chemoresistance in many types of cancer cells. Whether CD147 alters the effect of trastuzumab on HER2-positive breast cancer cells has not been previously reported. Our study confirmed that CD147 suppression enhances the effects of trastuzumab both in vitro and in vivo. CD147 suppression increased the inhibitory rate of trastuzumab and cell apoptosis in SKBR3, BT474, HCC1954 and MDA-MB453 cells compared with the controls. Furthermore, CD147 knockdown increased expression of cleaved Caspase-3/9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and decreased both mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt phosphorylation in the four cell lines. In an HCC1954 xenograft model, trastuzumab achieved greater suppression of tumor growth in the CD147-knockdown group than in the shRNA negative control (NC) group. These data indicated that enhancement of the effect of trastuzumab on HER2-positive cells following CD147 knockdown might be attributed to increased apoptosis and decreased phosphorylation of signaling proteins. CD147 may be a key protein for enhancing the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Li Ding
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, P.R.China
| | - Haoyong Ning
- Department of Pathology, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Chenglin Wu
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Kaifei Fu
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yuxiao Wang
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Third School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, P.R.China
| | - Lijun Zhou
- Central Laboratory, Navy General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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Shi Y, Chen X, Xi B, Yu X, Ouyang J, Han C, Qin Y, Wu D, Shen H. SNP rs3202538 in 3'UTR region of ErbB3 regulated by miR-204 and miR-211 promote gastric cancer development in Chinese population. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:81. [PMID: 28924391 PMCID: PMC5599891 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0449-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/aims ErbB3 is an oncogene which has proliferation and metastasis promotion effects by several signaling pathways. However, the individual expression difference regulated by miRNA was almost still unknown. We focused on the miRNAs associated SNPs in the 3′-UTR of ErbB3 to investigate the further relationship of the SNPs with miRNAs among Chinese gastric cancer (GC) patients. Methods We performed case–control study including 851 GC patients and 799 cancer-free controls. Genotyping, real-time PCR assay, cell transfection, the dual luciferase reporter assay, western-blot, cell proliferation and trans-well based cell invasion assay were used to investigate the effects of the SNP on ErbB3 expression. Moreover, a 5-years-overall survival and relapse free survival were investigated between different genotypes. Results We found that patients suffering from Helicobacter pylori (Hp.) infection indicated to be the susceptible population by comparing with controls. Besides, SNP rs3202538 (G/T) in ErbB3 3′-UTR was involved in the occurrence of GC by acting as tumor risk factors. SNP rs3202538 (G/T) could be regulated by both miR-204 and miR-211 which caused an upregulation of ErbB3 in patients. Furthermore, the carriers of T genotype was related to the significantly high expression of ErbB3, and to big tumor size, poor differentiation as well as the high probability of metastasis. Both miR-211 and miR-204 can significantly decrease cell proliferation, metastasis as well as downstream AKT activation through G but not T allele of ErbB3 3′UTR. Moreover, the SNP of G/T was associated with shorter survival of post-surgery GC patients with 5 years of follow up study. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings have shown that the SNP rs3202538 (G/T) in ErbB3 3′-UTR acted as promotion factors in the GC development through disrupting the regulatory role of miR-204 and miR-211 in ErbB3 expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-017-0449-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiang Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Biao Xi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- College of Jingjiang, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chunxia Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yucheng Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Defeng Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang Affiliated Hosptial of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of TCM, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of TCM, Nanjing, China
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Jin MH, Nam AR, Park JE, Bang JH, Bang YJ, Oh DY. Resistance Mechanism against Trastuzumab in HER2-Positive Cancer Cells and Its Negation by Src Inhibition. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1145-1154. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Takeda T, Yamamoto H, Kanzaki H, Suzawa K, Yoshioka T, Tomida S, Cui X, Murali R, Namba K, Sato H, Torigoe H, Watanabe M, Shien K, Soh J, Asano H, Tsukuda K, Kitamura Y, Miyoshi S, Sendo T, Toyooka S. Yes1 signaling mediates the resistance to Trastuzumab/Lap atinib in breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171356. [PMID: 28158234 PMCID: PMC5291431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is observed in approximately 15–23% of breast cancers and these cancers are classified as HER2-positive breast cancer. Trastuzumab is the first-line targeted therapeutic drug for HER2-positive breast cancer and has improved patient overall survival. However, acquired resistance to trastuzumab is still a critical issue in breast cancer treatment. We previously established a trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cell line (named as BT-474-R) from a trastuzumab-sensitive HER2-amplified cell line BT-474. Lapatinib is also a molecular-targeted drug for HER2-positive breast cancer, which acquired the resistance to trastuzumab. Acquired resistance to lapatinib is also an issue to be conquered. Methods We established trastuzumab/lapatinib-dual resistant cell line (named as BT-474-RL2) by additionally treating BT-474-R with lapatinib. We analyzed the mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib. Besides, we analyzed the effect of the detected resistance mechanism in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Results Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Yes1, which is one of the Src family members, was amplified, overexpressed and activated in BT-474-R and BT-474-RL2. Silencing of Yes1 by siRNA induced both BT-474-R and BT-474-RL2 to restore the sensitivity to trastuzumab and lapatinib. Pharmaceutical inhibition of Yes1 by the Src inhibitor dasatinib was also effective to restore the sensitivity to trastuzumab and lapatinib in the two resistant cell lines. Combination treatment with dasatinib and trastuzumab induced down-regulation of signaling molecules such as HER2 and Akt. Moreover, the combination treatments induced G1-phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Consistent with cell line data, high expression of Yes1 mRNA was correlated with worse prognosis in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer. Conclusion Yes1 plays an important role in acquired resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib in HER2-positive breast cancer. Our data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of Yes1 may be an effective strategy to overcome resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuaki Takeda
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yamamoto
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kanzaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Ken Suzawa
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshioka
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuta Tomida
- Department of Biobank, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kei Namba
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hidejiro Torigoe
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Watanabe
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Shien
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Junichi Soh
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Asano
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tsukuda
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Kitamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Miyoshi
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Sendo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Toyooka
- Department of Thoracic, Breast and Endocrinological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Yu X, Dong J, Meng Y, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang C, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Wang H, Lu C, Li B. Combined SRC inhibitor saracatinib and anti-ErbB2 antibody H2-18 produces a synergistic antitumor effect on trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:563-570. [PMID: 27666484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite of the effectiveness of the anti-ErbB2 humanized antibody trastuzumab, trastuzumab resistance emerges as a major and common clinical problem. Thus, circumventing trastuzumab resistance has become an urgent need. Recently, Src inhibitor saracatinib has drawn great attention for its key role in trastuzumab response. As shown in our previous study, H2-18, an anti-ErbB2 antibody, could potently induce programmed cell death (PCD) in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells. Here we combined H2-18 and a Src inhibitor, saracatinib, and studied the antitumor activity of this drug combination in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cell lines. The results showed that H2-18 and saracatinib could synergistically inhibit cell proliferation of BT-474, SKBR-3, HCC-1954 and HCC-1419 breast cancer cell lines in vitro. H2-18 plus saracatinib could also inhibit the HCC-1954 tumor growth more effectively in vivo than each drug alone. H2-18 plus saracatinib showed a significantly more potent PCD-inducing activity compared with either H2-18 or saracatinib alone. We conclude that enhanced PCD may contribute to the superior antitumor efficacy of this combination therapy. The combination of H2-18 and SRC inhibitor has the potential to be translated into clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfei Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajing Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yirong Zhao
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhao
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Cuihua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bohua Li
- International Joint Cancer Institute, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Z, Guo L, Liu D, Sun L, Chen H, Deng Q, Liu Y, Yu M, Ma Y, Guo N, Shi M. Acquisition of resistance to trastuzumab in gastric cancer cells is associated with activation of IL-6/STAT3/Jagged-1/Notch positive feedback loop. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5072-87. [PMID: 25669984 PMCID: PMC4467134 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we demonstrate that prolonged treatment by trastuzumab induced resistance of NCI-N87 gastric cancer cells to trastuzumab. The resistant cells possessed typical characteristics of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT)/cancer stem cells and acquired more invasive and metastatic potentials both in vitro and in vivo. Long term treatment with trastuzumab dramatically inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, but triggered the activation of STAT3. The level of IL-6 was remarkably increased, implicating that the release of IL-6 that drives the STAT3 activation initiates the survival signaling transition. Furthermore, the Notch activities were significantly enhanced in the resistant cells, companied by upregulation of the Notch ligand Jagged-1 and the Notch responsive genes Hey1 and Hey2. Inhibiting the endogenous Notch pathway reduced the IL-6 expression and restored the sensitivities of the resistant cells to trastuzumab. Blocking of the STAT3 signaling abrogated IL-6-induced Jagged-1 expression, effectively inhibited the growth of the trastuzumab resistant cells, and enhanced the anti-tumor activities of trastuzumab in the resistant cells. These findings implicate that the IL-6/STAT3/Jagged-1/Notch axis may be a useful target and that combination of the Notch or STAT3 inhibitors with trastuzumab may prevent or delay clinical resistance and improve the efficacy of trastuzumab in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Limin Sun
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Que Deng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Medical School of Henan University, Kaifeng, P.R. China
| | - Ning Guo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ming Shi
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Feedback activation of STAT3 mediates trastuzumab resistance via upregulation of MUC1 and MUC4 expression. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8317-29. [PMID: 25327561 PMCID: PMC4226685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HER2-targeting antibody trastuzumab confers a substantial benefit for patients with HER2-overexpressing breast and gastric cancer, overcoming trastuzumab resistance remains a large unmet need. In this study, we revealed a STAT3-centered positive feedback loop that mediates the resistance of trastuzumab. Mechanistically, chronic exposure of trastuzumab causes the upregulation of fibronection (FN), EGF and IL-6 in parental trastuzumab-sensitive breast and gastric cells and convergently leads to STAT3 hyperactivation. Activated STAT3 enhances the expression of FN, EGF and IL-6, thus constituting a positive feedback loop which amplifies and maintains the STAT3 signal; furthermore, hyperactivated STAT3 signal promotes the expression of MUC1 and MUC4, consequently mediating trastuzumab resistance via maintenance of persistent HER2 activation and masking of trastuzumab binding to HER2 respectively. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of STAT3 disrupted STAT3-dependent positive feedback loop and recovered the trastuzumab sensitivity partially due to increased apoptosis induction. Combined trastuzumab with STAT3 inhibition synergistically suppressed the growth of the trastuzumab-resistant tumor xenografts in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that feedback activation of STAT3 constitutes a key node mediating trastuzumab resistance. Combinatorial targeting on both HER2 and STAT3 may enhance the efficacy of trastuzumab or other HER2-targeting agents in HER2-positive breast and gastric cancer.
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Dokmanovic M, Wu WJ. Monitoring Trastuzumab Resistance and Cardiotoxicity: A Tale of Personalized Medicine. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 70:95-130. [PMID: 26231486 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While approval of trastuzumab, a recombinant monoclonal antibody directed against HER2, along with a diagnostic kit to detect breast cancers which are positive for HER2 overexpression, has advanced a new era of stratified and personalized medicine, it also created several challenges to our scientific and clinical practice. These problems include trastuzumab resistance and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity. In this review, we will summarize data from the literature regarding mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance and trastuzumab-induced cardiotoxicity and present some promising model systems that may advance our understanding of these mechanisms. Our discussion will include development of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA for monitoring tumor burden, of patient-derived xenograft models for preclinical testing of novel therapies, and of novel therapeutic strategies for trastuzumab-resistance and possible integration of these strategies in the design of co-clinical studies for testing in relevant patient subpopulations.
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Sanabria-Figueroa E, Donnelly SM, Foy KC, Buss MC, Castellino RC, Paplomata E, Taliaferro-Smith L, Kaumaya PTP, Nahta R. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor signaling increases the invasive potential of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-overexpressing breast cancer cells via Src-focal adhesion kinase and forkhead box protein M1. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:150-61. [PMID: 25391374 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to the human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2)-targeted antibody trastuzumab is a major clinical concern in the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Increased expression or signaling from the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been reported to be associated with trastuzumab resistance. However, the specific molecular and biologic mechanisms through which IGF-1R promotes resistance or disease progression remain poorly defined. In this study, we found that the major biologic effect promoted by IGF-1R was invasion, which was mediated by both Src-focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling and Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1). Cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 using either IGF-1R antibodies or IGF-1R short hairpin RNA in combination with trastuzumab resulted in significant but modest growth inhibition. Reduced invasion was the most significant biologic effect achieved by cotargeting IGF-1R and HER2 in trastuzumab-resistant cells. Constitutively active Src blocked the anti-invasive effect of IGF-1R/HER2 cotargeted therapy. Furthermore, knockdown of FoxM1 blocked IGF-1-mediated invasion, and dual targeting of IGF-1R and HER2 reduced expression of FoxM1. Re-expression of FoxM1 restored the invasive potential of IGF-1R knockdown cells treated with trastuzumab. Overall, our results strongly indicate that therapeutic combinations that cotarget IGF-1R and HER2 may reduce the invasive potential of cancer cells that are resistant to trastuzumab through mechanisms that depend in part on Src and FoxM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Sanabria-Figueroa
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Siobhan M Donnelly
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Kevin C Foy
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Meghan C Buss
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Robert C Castellino
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Elisavet Paplomata
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Latonia Taliaferro-Smith
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Pravin T P Kaumaya
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
| | - Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology (E.S.-F., S.M.D., R.N.) and Hematology and Medical Oncology (E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), School of Medicine, and Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (E.S.-F., R.N.), and Winship Cancer Institute (R.C.C., E.P., L.T.-S., R.N.), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia (M.C.B., R.C.C.); and Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Microbiology, James Cancer Hospital, Solove Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (K.C.F., P.T.P.K.)
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Hong YS, Kim J, Pectasides E, Fox C, Hong SW, Ma Q, Wong GS, Peng S, Stachler MD, Thorner AR, Van Hummelen P, Bass AJ. Src mutation induces acquired lapatinib resistance in ERBB2-amplified human gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109440. [PMID: 25350844 PMCID: PMC4211679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ERBB2-directed therapy is now a routine component of therapy for ERBB2-amplified metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas. However, there is little knowledge of the mechanisms by which these tumors develop acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition. To investigate this question we sought to characterize cell line models of ERBB2-amplified gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma with acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition. We generated lapatinib-resistant (LR) subclones from an initially lapatinib-sensitive ERBB2-amplified esophageal adenocarcinoma cell line, OE19. We subsequently performed genomic characterization and functional analyses of resistant subclones with acquired lapatinib resistance. We identified a novel, acquired SrcE527K mutation in a subset of LR OE19 subclones. Cells with this mutant allele harbour increased Src phosphorylation. Genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of Src resensitized these subclones to lapatinib. Biochemically, Src mutations could activate both the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways in the lapatinib-treated LR OE19 cells. Ectopic expression of SrcE527K mutation also was sufficient to induce lapatinib resistance in drug-naïve cells. These results indicate that pathologic activation of Src is a potential mechanism of acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition in ERBB2-amplified gastroesophageal cancer. Although Src mutation has not been described in primary tumor samples, we propose that the Src hyperactivation should be investigated in the settings of acquired resistance to ERBB2 inhibition in esophageal and gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sang Hong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eirini Pectasides
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cameron Fox
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Seung-Woo Hong
- Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Qiuping Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gabrielle S. Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shouyong Peng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew D. Stachler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul Van Hummelen
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Program, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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