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Acs-Szabo L, Papp LA, Miklos I. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of human diseases: the benefits of fission yeasts. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2024; 11:288-311. [PMID: 39104724 PMCID: PMC11299203 DOI: 10.15698/mic2024.08.833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The role of model organisms such as yeasts in life science research is crucial. Although the baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is the most popular model among yeasts, the contribution of the fission yeasts (Schizosaccharomyces) to life science is also indisputable. Since both types of yeasts share several thousands of common orthologous genes with humans, they provide a simple research platform to investigate many fundamental molecular mechanisms and functions, thereby contributing to the understanding of the background of human diseases. In this review, we would like to highlight the many advantages of fission yeasts over budding yeasts. The usefulness of fission yeasts in virus research is shown as an example, presenting the most important research results related to the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Vpr protein. Besides, the potential role of fission yeasts in the study of prion biology is also discussed. Furthermore, we are keen to promote the uprising model yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which is a dimorphic species in the fission yeast genus. We propose the hyphal growth of S. japonicus as an unusual opportunity as a model to study the invadopodia of human cancer cells since the two seemingly different cell types can be compared along fundamental features. Here we also collect the latest laboratory protocols and bioinformatics tools for the fission yeasts to highlight the many possibilities available to the research community. In addition, we present several limiting factors that everyone should be aware of when working with yeast models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lajos Acs-Szabo
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
| | - Laszlo Attila Papp
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
| | - Ida Miklos
- Department of Genetics and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of DebrecenDebrecen, 4032Hungary
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2
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Prieto-Ruiz F, Gómez-Gil E, Vicente-Soler J, Franco A, Soto T, Madrid M, Cansado J. Divergence of cytokinesis and dimorphism control by myosin II regulatory light chain in fission yeasts. iScience 2023; 26:107611. [PMID: 37664581 PMCID: PMC10470405 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-muscle myosin II activation by regulatory light chain (Rlc1Sp) phosphorylation at Ser35 is crucial for cytokinesis during respiration in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We show that in the early divergent and dimorphic fission yeast S. japonicus non-phosphorylated Rlc1Sj regulates the activity of Myo2Sj and Myp2Sj heavy chains during cytokinesis. Intriguingly, Rlc1Sj-Myo2Sj nodes delay yeast to hyphae onset but are essential for mycelial development. Structure-function analysis revealed that phosphorylation-induced folding of Rlc1Sp α1 helix into an open conformation allows precise regulation of Myo2Sp during cytokinesis. Consistently, inclusion of bulky tryptophan residues in the adjacent α5 helix triggered Rlc1Sp shift and supported cytokinesis in absence of Ser35 phosphorylation. Remarkably, unphosphorylated Rlc1Sj lacking the α1 helix was competent to regulate S. pombe cytokinesis during respiration. Hence, early diversification resulted in two efficient phosphorylation-independent and -dependent modes of Rlc1 regulation of myosin II activity in fission yeasts, the latter being conserved through evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Prieto-Ruiz
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elisa Gómez-Gil
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Campus de Excelencia Internacional de Ámbito Regional (CEIR) Campus Mare Nostrum, Universidad de Murcia, 30071 Murcia, Spain
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3
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Leech V, Hazel JW, Gatlin JC, Lindsay AE, Manhart A. Mathematical modeling accurately predicts the dynamics and scaling of nuclear growth in discrete cytoplasmic volumes. J Theor Biol 2022; 533:110936. [PMID: 34695383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scaling of nuclear size with cell size has been observed in many species and cell types. In this work we formulate a modeling framework based on the limiting component hypothesis. We derive a family of spatio-temporal mathematical models for nuclear size determination based on different transport and growth mechanisms. We analyse model properties and use in vitro experimental data to identify the most probable mechanism. This suggests that nuclear volume scales with cell volume and that a nucleus controls its import rate as it grows. We further test the model by comparing to data of early frog development, where rapid cell divisions set the relevant time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Leech
- Dept. of Mathematics, University College London, London WC1H 0AY, UK.
| | - J W Hazel
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, U. Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Cell Division and Organization Group, Marine Biological laboratory, Woods Hole 02543, MA, USA
| | - J C Gatlin
- Dept. of Molecular Biology, U. Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Cell Division and Organization Group, Marine Biological laboratory, Woods Hole 02543, MA, USA.
| | - A E Lindsay
- Dept. of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, University of Notre Dame, South Bend 46656, IN, USA.
| | - A Manhart
- Dept. of Mathematics, University College London, London WC1H 0AY, UK.
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4
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The Cyclin Cln1 Controls Polyploid Titan Cell Formation following a Stress-Induced G 2 Arrest in Cryptococcus. mBio 2021; 12:e0250921. [PMID: 34634930 PMCID: PMC8510536 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02509-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans produces polyploid titan cells in response to the host lung environment that are critical for host adaptation and subsequent disease. We analyzed the in vivo and in vitro cell cycles to identify key aspects of the C. neoformans cell cycle that are important for the formation of titan cells. We identified unbudded 2C cells, referred to as a G2 arrest, produced both in vivo and in vitro in response to various stresses. Deletion of the nonessential cyclin Cln1 resulted in overproduction of titan cells in vivo and transient morphology defects upon release from stationary phase in vitro. Using a copper-repressible promoter PCTR4-CLN1 strain and a two-step in vitro titan cell formation assay, our in vitro studies revealed Cln1 functions after the G2 arrest. These studies highlight unique cell cycle alterations in C. neoformans that ultimately promote genomic diversity and virulence in this important fungal pathogen.
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Gómez-Gil E, Franco A, Vázquez-Marín B, Prieto-Ruiz F, Pérez-Díaz A, Vicente-Soler J, Madrid M, Soto T, Cansado J. Specific Functional Features of the Cell Integrity MAP Kinase Pathway in the Dimorphic Fission Yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060482. [PMID: 34198697 PMCID: PMC8232204 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways execute essential functions in eukaryotic organisms by transducing extracellular stimuli into adaptive cellular responses. In the fission yeast model Schizosaccharomyces pombe the cell integrity pathway (CIP) and its core effector, MAPK Pmk1, play a key role during regulation of cell integrity, cytokinesis, and ionic homeostasis. Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, another fission yeast species, shows remarkable differences with respect to S. pombe, including a robust yeast to hyphae dimorphism in response to environmental changes. We show that the CIP MAPK module architecture and its upstream regulators, PKC orthologs Pck1 and Pck2, are conserved in both fission yeast species. However, some of S. pombe's CIP-related functions, such as cytokinetic control and response to glucose availability, are regulated differently in S. japonicus. Moreover, Pck1 and Pck2 antagonistically regulate S. japonicus hyphal differentiation through fine-tuning of Pmk1 activity. Chimeric MAPK-swapping experiments revealed that S. japonicus Pmk1 is fully functional in S. pombe, whereas S. pombe Pmk1 shows a limited ability to execute CIP functions and promote S. japonicus mycelial development. Our findings also suggest that a modified N-lobe domain secondary structure within S. japonicus Pmk1 has a major influence on the CIP signaling features of this evolutionarily diverged fission yeast.
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6
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Dey G, Baum B. Nuclear envelope remodelling during mitosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 70:67-74. [PMID: 33421755 PMCID: PMC8129912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The defining feature of the eukaryotic cell, the nucleus, is bounded by a double envelope. This envelope and the nuclear pores within it play a critical role in separating the genome from the cytoplasm. It also presents cells with a challenge. How are cells to remodel the nuclear compartment boundary during mitosis without compromising nuclear function? In the two billion years since the emergence of the first cells with a nucleus, eukaryotes have evolved a range of strategies to do this. At one extreme, the nucleus is disassembled upon entry into mitosis and then reassembled anew in the two daughter cells. At the other, cells maintain an intact nuclear compartment boundary throughout the division process. In this review, we discuss common features of the division process that underpin remodelling mechanisms, the topological challenges involved and speculate on the selective pressures that may drive the evolution of distinct modes of division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Buzz Baum
- Lab of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; Lab for Molecular Cell Biology, UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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7
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Dey G, Culley S, Curran S, Schmidt U, Henriques R, Kukulski W, Baum B. Closed mitosis requires local disassembly of the nuclear envelope. Nature 2020; 585:119-123. [PMID: 32848252 PMCID: PMC7610560 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
At the end of mitosis, eukaryotic cells must segregate the two copies of their replicated genome into two new nuclear compartments1. They do this either by first dismantling and later reassembling the nuclear envelope in an 'open mitosis' or by reshaping an intact nucleus and then dividing it into two in a 'closed mitosis'2,3. Mitosis has been studied in a wide variety of eukaryotes for more than a century4, but how the double membrane of the nuclear envelope is split into two at the end of a closed mitosis without compromising the impermeability of the nuclear compartment remains unknown5. Here, using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (a classical model for closed mitosis5), genetics, live-cell imaging and electron tomography, we show that nuclear fission is achieved via local disassembly of nuclear pores within the narrow bridge that links segregating daughter nuclei. In doing so, we identify the protein Les1, which is localized to the inner nuclear envelope and restricts the process of local nuclear envelope breakdown to the bridge midzone to prevent the leakage of material from daughter nuclei. The mechanism of local nuclear envelope breakdown in a closed mitosis therefore closely mirrors nuclear envelope breakdown in open mitosis3, revealing an unexpectedly high conservation of nuclear remodelling mechanisms across diverse eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Dey
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
| | - Siân Culley
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK
| | | | - Uwe Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Buzz Baum
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, London, UK.
- Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London, UK.
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8
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Expósito-Serrano M, Sánchez-Molina A, Gallardo P, Salas-Pino S, Daga RR. Selective Nuclear Pore Complex Removal Drives Nuclear Envelope Division in Fission Yeast. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3212-3222.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Cantwell H, Nurse P. A homeostatic mechanism rapidly corrects aberrant nucleocytoplasmic ratios maintaining nuclear size in fission yeast. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.235911. [PMID: 31649142 PMCID: PMC6899009 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.235911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear size scales with cell size across a wide range of cell types. The mechanism by which this scaling is maintained in growing cells remains unclear. Here, we investigate the mechanism of nuclear size homeostasis in the simple eukaryote fission yeast, by monitoring the recovery of aberrant nuclear volume to cell volume (N/C) ratios following perturbation. We demonstrate that both high and low N/C ratios correct rapidly, maintaining nuclear size homeostasis. We assess the kinetics of nuclear and cellular growth and of N/C ratio correction, and demonstrate that nuclear and cellular growth rates are not directly coupled. We propose that the mechanism underlying nuclear size homeostasis involves multiple limiting factors implicated in processes including nucleocytoplasmic transport, lipid biogenesis and RNA processing. We speculate that these link cellular size increases to changes in nuclear contents, which in turn lead to changes in nuclear membrane surface area. Our study reveals that there is rapid nuclear size homeostasis in cells, informing understanding of nuclear size control and size homeostasis of other membrane-bound organelles. Summary: Nuclear size homeostasis is achieved by a rapid correction mechanism modulating nuclear growth rate in growing fission yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Cantwell
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.,Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Cell Biology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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10
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Gómez-Gil E, Franco A, Madrid M, Vázquez-Marín B, Gacto M, Fernández-Breis J, Vicente-Soler J, Soto T, Cansado J. Quorum sensing and stress-activated MAPK signaling repress yeast to hypha transition in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008192. [PMID: 31150379 PMCID: PMC6561576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), a mechanism of microbial communication dependent on cell density, governs developmental decisions in many bacteria and in some pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi including yeasts. In these simple eukaryotes this response is mediated by the release into the growth medium of quorum-sensing molecules (QSMs) whose concentration increases proportionally to the population density. To date the occurrence of QS is restricted to a few yeast species. We show that a QS mediated by the aromatic alcohols phenylethanol and tryptophol represses the dimorphic yeast to hypha differentiation in the fission yeast S. japonicus in response to an increased population density. In addition, the stress activated MAPK pathway (SAPK), which controls cell cycle progression and adaptation to environmental changes in this organism, constitutively represses yeast to hypha differentiation both at transcriptional and post-translational levels. Moreover, deletion of its main effectors Sty1 MAPK and Atf1 transcription factor partially suppressed the QS-dependent block of hyphal development under inducing conditions. RNAseq analysis showed that the expression of nrg1+, which encodes a putative ortholog of the transcription factor Nrg1 that represses yeast to hypha dimorphism in C. albicans, is downregulated both by QS and the SAPK pathway. Remarkably, Nrg1 may act in S. japonicus as an activator of hyphal differentiation instead of being a repressor. S. japonicus emerges as an attractive and amenable model organism to explore the QS mechanisms that regulate cellular differentiation in fungi. Quorum sensing is a relevant mechanism of communication dependent on population density that controls cell development and pathogenesis in microorganisms including fungi. We describe a quorum sensing mediated by the release of aromatic alcohols in the growth medium that blocks hyphal development in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus. This is the first description of such a mechanism in the fission yeast lineage, and confirms its expansion along Ascomycota fungi. The stress-responsive pathway (SAPK), which regulates fungal growth and differentiation, limits hyphal growth in S. japonicus in a constitutive fashion, and nonfunctional SAPK mutants are partially insensitive to quorum sensing and able to form hyphae in high cell density cultures. Nrg1, an important factor that blocks hyphal development in the pathogen Candida albicans, activates hyphal growth in S. japonicus, and its expression is counteracted by both quorum sensing and the SAPK pathway. Nrg1 function may thus have diverged evolutionary in this organism from being a repressor to an activator of hyphal development. S. japonicus emerges as a suitable model organism to explore the intricate mechanisms regulating fungal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gómez-Gil
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Franco
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marisa Madrid
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vázquez-Marín
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mariano Gacto
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jesualdo Fernández-Breis
- Departamento de Informática y Sistemas, Facultad de Informática. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jero Vicente-Soler
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Teresa Soto
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail: (TS); (JC)
| | - José Cansado
- Yeast Physiology Group, Departmento de Genética y Microbiología, Facultad de Biología. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail: (TS); (JC)
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11
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Zach R, Převorovský M. The phenomenon of lipid metabolism "cut" mutants. Yeast 2018; 35:631-637. [PMID: 30278108 DOI: 10.1002/yea.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Every cell cycle iteration culminates with the resolution of a mitotic nucleus into a pair of daughter nuclei, which are distributed between the two daughter cells. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the faithful division of a mitotic nucleus depends on unperturbed lipogenesis. Upon genetically or chemically induced perturbation of lipid anabolism, S. pombe cells fail to separate the two daughter nuclei and subsequently initiate lethal cytokinesis resulting in the so-called "cut" terminal phenotype. Evidence supporting a critical role of lipid biogenesis in successful mitosis in S. pombe has been accumulating for almost two decades, but the exact mechanism explaining the reported observations had been elusive. Recently, several studies established a functional link between biosynthesis of structural phospholipids, nuclear membrane growth, and the fidelity of "closed" mitosis in S. pombe. These novel insights suggest a mechanistic explanation for the mitotic defects characteristic for some S. pombe mutants deficient in lipid anabolism and extend our knowledge of metabolic modulation within the context of the cell cycle. In this review, we cover the essential role of lipogenesis in "closed" mitosis, focusing mainly on S. pombe as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Zach
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Martin Převorovský
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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12
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Oliferenko S. Understanding eukaryotic chromosome segregation from a comparative biology perspective. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/14/jcs203653. [PMID: 30030298 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-appreciated variation in fundamental cell biological processes between different species is becoming increasingly tractable due to recent breakthroughs in whole-genome analyses and genome editing techniques. However, the bulk of our mechanistic understanding in cell biology continues to come from just a few well-established models. In this Review, I use the highly diverse strategies of chromosome segregation in eukaryotes as an instrument for a more general discussion on phenotypic variation, possible rules underlying its emergence and its utility in understanding conserved functional relationships underlying this process. Such a comparative approach, supported by modern molecular biology tools, might provide a wider, holistic view of biology that is difficult to achieve when concentrating on a single experimental system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezhana Oliferenko
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK .,Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
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13
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Yang HJ, Iwamoto M, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T. Function of nuclear membrane proteins in shaping the nuclear envelope integrity during closed mitosis. J Biochem 2017; 161:471-477. [PMID: 28398483 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvx020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear envelope (NE) not only protects the genome from being directly accessed by detrimental agents but also regulates genome organization. Breaches in NE integrity threaten genome stability and impede cellular function. Nonetheless, the NE constantly remodels, and NE integrity is endangered in dividing or differentiating cells. Specifically, in unicellular eukaryotes undergoing closed mitosis, the NE expands instead of breaking down during chromosome segregation. The newly assembling nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) penetrate the existing NE in interphase. A peculiar example of NE remodelling during nuclear differentiation in Tetrahymena involves formation of the redundant NE and clustered NPCs. Even under these conditions, the NE remains intact. Many recent studies on unicellular organisms have revealed that nuclear membrane proteins, such as LEM-domain proteins, play a role in maintaining NE integrity. This review summarizes and discusses how nuclear membrane proteins participate in NE integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Yang
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaaki Iwamoto
- Advance ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advance ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Advance ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 588-2 Iwaoka, Iwaoka-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
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14
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Seike T, Niki H. Mating response and construction of heterothallic strains of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces octosporus. FEMS Yeast Res 2017; 17:3888668. [DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fox045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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15
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Makarova M, Oliferenko S. Mixing and matching nuclear envelope remodeling and spindle assembly strategies in the evolution of mitosis. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2016; 41:43-50. [PMID: 27062548 PMCID: PMC7100904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, cellular genome is enclosed inside a membrane-bound organelle called the nucleus. The nucleus compartmentalizes genome replication, repair and expression, keeping these activities separated from protein synthesis and other metabolic processes. Each proliferative division, the duplicated chromosomes must be equipartitioned between the daughter cells and this requires precise coordination between assembly of the microtubule-based mitotic spindle and nuclear remodeling. Here we review a surprising variety of strategies used by modern eukaryotes to manage these processes and discuss possible mechanisms that might have led to the emergence of this diversity in evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Makarova
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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16
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Prasad R, Barral Y. Posttranslational Regulation: A Way to Evolve. Curr Biol 2016; 26:R119-21. [PMID: 26859269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new study shows that differences in the regulation of lipin can account for the different strategies of nuclear division in two closely related fission yeast species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Prasad
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Asakawa H, Yang HJ, Hiraoka Y, Haraguchi T. Virtual Nuclear Envelope Breakdown and Its Regulators in Fission Yeast Meiosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:5. [PMID: 26870731 PMCID: PMC4735346 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ran, a small GTPase, is required for the spindle formation and nuclear envelope (NE) formation. After NE breakdown (NEBD) during mitosis in metazoan cells, the Ran-GTP gradient across the NE is lost and Ran-GTP becomes concentrated around chromatin, thus affecting the stability of microtubules and promoting the assembly of spindle microtubules and segregation of chromosomes. Mitosis in which chromosomes are segregated subsequent to NEBD is called “open mitosis.” In contrast, many fungi undergo a process termed “closed mitosis” in which chromosome segregation and spindle formation occur without NEBD. Although the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe undergoes a closed mitosis, it exhibits a short period during meiosis (anaphase of the second meiosis; called “anaphase II”) when nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins are mixed in the presence of intact NE and nuclear pore complexes (NPC). This “virtual” nuclear envelope breakdown (vNEBD) involves changes in the localization of RanGAP1, an activator of Ran-GTP hydrolysis. Recently, Nup132, a component of the structural core Nup107-160 subcomplex of the NPC, has been shown to be involved in the maintenance of the nuclear cytoplasmic barrier in yeast meiosis. In this review, we highlight the possible roles of RanGAP1 and Nup132 in vNEBD and discuss the biological significance of vNEBD in S. pombe meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Asakawa
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Hui-Ju Yang
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hiraoka
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; Cell Biology Group, Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications TechnologyKobe, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Department of Biology, Osaka UniversityToyonaka, Japan
| | - Tokuko Haraguchi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; Cell Biology Group, Advanced ICT Research Institute Kobe, National Institute of Information and Communications TechnologyKobe, Japan; Graduate School of Science, Department of Biology, Osaka UniversityToyonaka, Japan
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18
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Makarova M, Gu Y, Chen JS, Beckley JR, Gould KL, Oliferenko S. Temporal Regulation of Lipin Activity Diverged to Account for Differences in Mitotic Programs. Curr Biol 2016; 26:237-243. [PMID: 26774782 PMCID: PMC4728079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotes remodel the nucleus during mitosis using a variety of mechanisms that differ in the timing and the extent of nuclear envelope (NE) breakdown. Here, we probe the principles enabling this functional diversity by exploiting the natural divergence in NE management strategies between the related fission yeasts Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Schizosaccharomyces japonicus [1-3]. We show that inactivation of Ned1, the phosphatidic acid phosphatase of the lipin family, by CDK phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient to promote NE expansion required for "closed" mitosis in S. pombe. In contrast, Ned1 is not regulated during division in S. japonicus, thus limiting membrane availability and necessitating NE breakage. Interspecies gene swaps result in phenotypically normal divisions with the S. japonicus lipin acquiring an S. pombe-like mitotic phosphorylation pattern. Our results provide experimental evidence for the mitotic regulation of phosphatidic acid flux and suggest that the regulatory networks governing lipin activity diverged in evolution to give rise to strikingly dissimilar mitotic programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Makarova
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ying Gu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jun-Song Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Janel Renée Beckley
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Kathleen Louise Gould
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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19
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Baum DA, Baum B. An inside-out origin for the eukaryotic cell. BMC Biol 2014; 12:76. [PMID: 25350791 PMCID: PMC4210606 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the origin of the eukaryotic cell has long been recognized as the single most profound change in cellular organization during the evolution of life on earth, this transition remains poorly understood. Models have always assumed that the nucleus and endomembrane system evolved within the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell. RESULTS Drawing on diverse aspects of cell biology and phylogenetic data, we invert the traditional interpretation of eukaryotic cell evolution. We propose that an ancestral prokaryotic cell, homologous to the modern-day nucleus, extruded membrane-bound blebs beyond its cell wall. These blebs functioned to facilitate material exchange with ectosymbiotic proto-mitochondria. The cytoplasm was then formed through the expansion of blebs around proto-mitochondria, with continuous spaces between the blebs giving rise to the endoplasmic reticulum, which later evolved into the eukaryotic secretory system. Further bleb-fusion steps yielded a continuous plasma membrane, which served to isolate the endoplasmic reticulum from the environment. CONCLUSIONS The inside-out theory is consistent with diverse kinds of data and provides an alternative framework by which to explore and understand the dynamic organization of modern eukaryotic cells. It also helps to explain a number of previously enigmatic features of cell biology, including the autonomy of nuclei in syncytia and the subcellular localization of protein N-glycosylation, and makes many predictions, including a novel mechanism of interphase nuclear pore insertion.
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20
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He Y, Yam C, Pomraning K, Chin JSR, Yew JY, Freitag M, Oliferenko S. Increase in cellular triacylglycerol content and emergence of large ER-associated lipid droplets in the absence of CDP-DG synthase function. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:4083-95. [PMID: 25318672 PMCID: PMC4263451 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-03-0832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cds1 is an evolutionarily conserved CDP-DG synthase. Fission yeast are used to demonstrate that cells deficient in its function exhibit markedly increased triacylglycerol content and assemble unusual ER-associated lipid droplets that recruit the triacylglycerol synthesis machinery and grow by expansion. Excess fatty acids and sterols are stored as triacylglycerols and sterol esters in specialized cellular organelles, called lipid droplets. Understanding what determines the cellular amount of neutral lipids and their packaging into lipid droplets is of fundamental and applied interest. Using two species of fission yeast, we show that cycling cells deficient in the function of the ER-resident CDP-DG synthase Cds1 exhibit markedly increased triacylglycerol content and assemble large lipid droplets closely associated with the ER membranes. We demonstrate that these unusual structures recruit the triacylglycerol synthesis machinery and grow by expansion rather than by fusion. Our results suggest that interfering with the CDP-DG route of phosphatidic acid utilization rewires cellular metabolism to adopt a triacylglycerol-rich lifestyle reliant on the Kennedy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue He
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Candice Yam
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Kyle Pomraning
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jacqueline S R Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Joanne Y Yew
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 117604 Singapore Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore
| | - Michael Freitag
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Snezhana Oliferenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
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21
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Partitioning and remodeling of the Schizosaccharomyces japonicus mitotic nucleus require chromosome tethers. Curr Biol 2013; 23:2303-2310. [PMID: 24184107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During cellular proliferation, the mother nucleus divides into two daughters, each carrying a full complement of chromosomes and capable of driving the next cell cycle. Mitotic chromosome segregation must be coordinated with remodeling of other nuclear components, including the nuclear envelope (NE) and the non-membrane-bound nucleolus. Here, we show that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces japonicus, which breaks and reforms the NE during mitosis, the evolutionary conserved LEM-domain protein Man1 promotes equal partitioning of the nuclear membrane, nucleolar remodeling, and efficient inheritance of the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) by the daughter nuclei. Analyses of man1 mutants and results obtained using an artificial chromatin-nuclear pore tether suggest that Man1 may exert its function by linking the NPCs to segregating chromatin. By integrating the partitioning of the nuclear membrane and nucleolar material with chromosome segregation, cells build two nearly identical copies of the original nucleus.
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