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Beavis PA, Slaney CY, Kershaw MH, Gyorki D, Neeson PJ, Darcy PK. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to enhance adoptive cellular therapy. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Beavis PA, Slaney CY, Kershaw MH, Neeson PJ, Darcy PK. Enhancing the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy by targeting tumor-induced immunosuppression. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:499-512. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies aimed at stimulating the immune system against cancer have signaled a new era for designing new effective therapies for patients. Recent breakthroughs in adoptive cellular therapy and in using checkpoint inhibitors for some patients have renewed much enthusiasm in this field. However, it has become apparent that tumors can use a multitude of inhibitory networks to effectively reduce antitumor immunity. This review discusses our current knowledge of these immune suppressive mechanisms used by tumors and describes potential new strategies that may counteract this problem resulting in significantly increasing therapeutic outcomes of adoptive immunotherapy in a higher proportion of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Apetoh L, Ladoire S, Coukos G, Ghiringhelli F. Combining immunotherapy and anticancer agents: the right path to achieve cancer cure? Ann Oncol 2015; 26:1813-1823. [PMID: 25922066 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical trials revealed the impressive efficacy of immunological checkpoint blockade in different types of metastatic cancers. Such data underscore that immunotherapy is one of the most promising strategies for cancer treatment. In addition, preclinical studies provide evidence that some cytotoxic drugs have the ability to stimulate the immune system, resulting in anti-tumor immune responses that contribute to clinical efficacy of these agents. These observations raise the hypothesis that the next step for cancer treatment is the combination of cytotoxic agents and immunotherapies. The present review aims to summarize the immune-mediated effects of chemotherapeutic agents and their clinical relevance, the biological and clinical features of immune checkpoint blockers and finally, the preclinical and clinical rationale for novel therapeutic strategies combining anticancer agents and immune checkpoint blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Apetoh
- Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, INSERM, U866, Dijon; Department of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon; Department of Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - S Ladoire
- Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, INSERM, U866, Dijon; Department of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon; Department of Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - G Coukos
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Ghiringhelli
- Lipids, Nutrition, Cancer, INSERM, U866, Dijon; Department of Medicine, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon; Department of Oncology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France.
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Kershaw MH, Devaud C, John LB, Westwood JA, Darcy PK. Enhancing immunotherapy using chemotherapy and radiation to modify the tumor microenvironment. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e25962. [PMID: 24327938 PMCID: PMC3850060 DOI: 10.4161/onci.25962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex assortment of cells that includes a variety of leukocytes. The overall effect of the microenvironment is to support the growth of tumors and suppress immune responses. Immunotherapy is a highly promising form of cancer treatment, but its efficacy can be severely compromised by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment can mediate tumor reduction through cytotoxic effects, but it is becoming increasingly clear that these forms of treatment can be used to modify the tumor microenvironment to liberate tumor antigens and decrease immunosuppression. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used to modulate the tumor microenvironment to enhance immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research Program; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology; University of Melbourne; Parkville, VIC Australia ; Department of Immunology; Monash University; Prahran, VIC Australia
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Ma Y, Yamazaki T, Yang H, Kepp O, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L, Smyth MJ, Kroemer G. Tumor necrosis factor is dispensable for the success of immunogenic anticancer chemotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e24786. [PMID: 23894723 PMCID: PMC3716758 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The antineoplastic effects of anthracyclines have been shown to rely, at least in part, on a local immune response that involves dendritic cells (DCs) and several distinct subsets of T lymphocytes. Here, we show that the administration of anthracyclines to mice bearing established neoplasms stimulates the intratumoral secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). However, blocking the TNFα/TNF receptor (TNFR) system by three different strategies—namely, (1) neutralizing antibodies, (2) etanercept, a recombinant protein in which TNFR is fused to the constant domain of an IgG1 molecule, and (3) gene knockout—failed to negatively affect the therapeutic efficacy of anthracyclines in three distinct tumor models. In particular, TNFα-blocking strategies did not influence the antineoplastic effects of doxorubicin (a prototypic anthracycline) against MCA205 fibrosarcomas growing in C57BL/6 mice, F244 sarcomas developing in 129/Sv hosts and H2N100 mammary carcinomas arising in BALB/c mice. These findings imply that, in contrast to other cytokines (such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-17 and interferon γ), TNFα is not required for anthracyclines to elicit therapeutic anticancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France ; Université Paris Sud/Paris XI; Le Kremlin Bicêtre; Paris, France
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Chopra AS, Kuratnik A, Scocchera EW, Wright DL, Giardina C. Identification of novel compounds that enhance colon cancer cell sensitivity to inflammatory apoptotic ligands. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:436-49. [PMID: 23377828 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.23787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune and inflammatory death ligands expressed within neoplastic tissue could potentially target apoptosis to transformed cells. To develop approaches that accentuate the anti-cancer potential of the inflammatory response, the Chembridge DIVERSet (TM) library was screened for compounds that accentuated apoptosis in a strictly TNF-dependent manner. We identified a number of novel compounds with this activity, the most active of these, AK3 and AK10, sensitized colon cancer cells to TNF at 0.5 μM and 2 μM, respectively, without inducing apoptosis on their own. The activity of these compounds was structure-dependent and general, as they accentuated cell death by TNF or Fas ligation in multiple colon cancer cell lines. Both AK3 and AK10 arrested cells in mitosis, with live cell imaging indicating that mitotically arrested cells were the source of apoptotic bodies. AK3 accentuated caspase-8 and caspase-9 activation with little effect on NFκB target gene activation. Enhanced caspase activation corresponded to an increased expression of TNFR1 on the cell surface. To determine the general interplay between mitotic arrest and TNF sensitivity, Aurora kinase (MLN8054 and MLN8237) and PLK1 (BI2536) inhibitors were tested for their ability to sensitize cells to TNF. PLK1 inhibition was particularly effective and influenced TNFR1 surface presentation and caspase cleavage like AK3, even though it arrested mitosis at an earlier stage. We propose that AK3 and AK10 represent a new class of mitotic inhibitor and that selected mitotic inhibitors may be useful for treating colon cancers or earlier lesions that have a high level of inflammatory cell infiltrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijeet S Chopra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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