1
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Amyloid Fragmentation and Disaggregation in Yeast and Animals. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121884. [PMID: 34944528 PMCID: PMC8699242 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are filamentous protein aggregates that are associated with a number of incurable diseases, termed amyloidoses. Amyloids can also manifest as infectious or heritable particles, known as prions. While just one prion is known in humans and animals, more than ten prion amyloids have been discovered in fungi. The propagation of fungal prion amyloids requires the chaperone Hsp104, though in excess it can eliminate some prions. Even though Hsp104 acts to disassemble prion fibrils, at normal levels it fragments them into multiple smaller pieces, which ensures prion propagation and accelerates prion conversion. Animals lack Hsp104, but disaggregation is performed by the same complement of chaperones that assist Hsp104 in yeast—Hsp40, Hsp70, and Hsp110. Exogenous Hsp104 can efficiently cooperate with these chaperones in animals and promotes disaggregation, especially of large amyloid aggregates, which indicates its potential as a treatment for amyloid diseases. However, despite the significant effects, Hsp104 and its potentiated variants may be insufficient to fully dissolve amyloid. In this review, we consider chaperone mechanisms acting to disassemble heritable protein aggregates in yeast and animals, and their potential use in the therapy of human amyloid diseases.
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2
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Wayne NJ, Dembny KE, Pease T, Saba F, Zhao X, Masison DC, Greene LE. Huntingtin Polyglutamine Fragments Are a Substrate for Hsp104 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Cell Biol 2021; 41:e0012221. [PMID: 34424055 PMCID: PMC8547424 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00122-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of huntingtin fragments with expanded polyglutamine repeat regions (HttpolyQ) that cause Huntington's disease depends on the presence of a prion with an amyloid conformation in yeast. As a result of this relationship, HttpolyQ aggregation indirectly depends on Hsp104 due to its essential role in prion propagation. We find that HttQ103 aggregation is directly affected by Hsp104 with and without the presence of [RNQ+] and [PSI+] prions. When we inactivate Hsp104 in the presence of prion, yeast cells have only one or a few large HttQ103 aggregates rather than numerous smaller aggregates. When we inactivate Hsp104 in the absence of prion, there is no significant aggregation of HttQ103, whereas with active Hsp104, HttQ103 aggregates accumulate slowly due to the severing of spontaneously nucleated aggregates by Hsp104. We do not observe either effect with HttQ103P, which has a polyproline-rich region downstream of the polyglutamine region, because HttQ103P does not spontaneously nucleate and Hsp104 does not efficiently sever the prion-nucleated HttQ103P aggregates. Therefore, the only role of Hsp104 in HttQ103P aggregation is to propagate yeast prion. In conclusion, because Hsp104 efficiently severs the HttQ103 aggregates but not HttQ103P aggregates, it has a marked effect on the aggregation of HttQ103 but not HttQ103P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Wayne
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katherine E. Dembny
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Pease
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Farrin Saba
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel C. Masison
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Genetics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lois E. Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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3
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Manjrekar J, Shah H. Protein-based inheritance. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:138-155. [PMID: 31344459 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms of inheritance have come to occupy a prominent place in our understanding of living systems, primarily eukaryotes. There has been considerable and lively discussion of the possible evolutionary significance of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. One particular type of epigenetic inheritance that has not figured much in general discussions is that based on conformational changes in proteins, where proteins with altered conformations can act as templates to propagate their own structure. An increasing number of such proteins - prions and prion-like - are being discovered. Phenotypes due to the structurally altered proteins are transmitted along with their structures. This review discusses the properties and implications of "classical" amyloid-forming prions, as well as the broader class of proteins with intrinsically disordered domains, which are proving to have fascinating properties that appear to play important roles in cell organisation and function, especially during stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Manjrekar
- Microbiology Department and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India.
| | - Hiral Shah
- Microbiology Department and Biotechnology Centre, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, 390002, India
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4
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Urakov VN, Mitkevich OV, Dergalev AA, Ter-Avanesyan MD. The Pub1 and Upf1 Proteins Act in Concert to Protect Yeast from Toxicity of the [PSI⁺] Prion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3663. [PMID: 30463309 PMCID: PMC6275000 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The [PSI⁺] nonsense-suppressor determinant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is based on the formation of heritable amyloids of the Sup35 (eRF3) translation termination factor. [PSI⁺] amyloids have variants differing in amyloid structure and in the strength of the suppressor phenotype. The appearance of [PSI⁺], its propagation and manifestation depend primarily on chaperones. Besides chaperones, the Upf1/2/3, Siw14 and Arg82 proteins restrict [PSI⁺] formation, while Sla2 can prevent [PSI⁺] toxicity. Here, we identify two more non-chaperone proteins involved in [PSI⁺] detoxification. We show that simultaneous lack of the Pub1 and Upf1 proteins is lethal to cells harboring [PSI⁺] variants with a strong, but not with a weak, suppressor phenotype. This lethality is caused by excessive depletion of the Sup45 (eRF1) termination factor due to its sequestration into Sup35 polymers. We also show that Pub1 acts to restrict excessive Sup35 prion polymerization, while Upf1 interferes with Sup45 binding to Sup35 polymers. These data allow consideration of the Pub1 and Upf1 proteins as a novel [PSI⁺] detoxification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery N Urakov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Olga V Mitkevich
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Alexander A Dergalev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Michael D Ter-Avanesyan
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Center "Fundamentals of Biotechnology" of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
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5
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Bondarev SA, Antonets KS, Kajava AV, Nizhnikov AA, Zhouravleva GA. Protein Co-Aggregation Related to Amyloids: Methods of Investigation, Diversity, and Classification. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082292. [PMID: 30081572 PMCID: PMC6121665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are unbranched protein fibrils with a characteristic spatial structure. Although the amyloids were first described as protein deposits that are associated with the diseases, today it is becoming clear that these protein fibrils play multiple biological roles that are essential for different organisms, from archaea and bacteria to humans. The appearance of amyloid, first of all, causes changes in the intracellular quantity of the corresponding soluble protein(s), and at the same time the aggregate can include other proteins due to different molecular mechanisms. The co-aggregation may have different consequences even though usually this process leads to the depletion of a functional protein that may be associated with different diseases. The protein co-aggregation that is related to functional amyloids may mediate important biological processes and change of protein functions. In this review, we survey the known examples of the amyloid-related co-aggregation of proteins, discuss their pathogenic and functional roles, and analyze methods of their studies from bacteria and yeast to mammals. Such analysis allow for us to propose the following co-aggregation classes: (i) titration: deposition of soluble proteins on the amyloids formed by their functional partners, with such interactions mediated by a specific binding site; (ii) sequestration: interaction of amyloids with certain proteins lacking a specific binding site; (iii) axial co-aggregation of different proteins within the same amyloid fibril; and, (iv) lateral co-aggregation of amyloid fibrils, each formed by different proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Bondarev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Kirill S Antonets
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Kajava
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (CRBM), UMR 5237 CNRS, Université Montpellier 1919 Route de Mende, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France.
- Institut de Biologie Computationnelle (IBC), 34095 Montpellier, France.
- University ITMO, Institute of Bioengineering, Kronverksky Pr. 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - Anton A Nizhnikov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg 196608, Russia.
| | - Galina A Zhouravleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, Russia, Universitetskaya nab., 7/9, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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6
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Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS, Bondarev SA, Inge-Vechtomov SG, Derkatch IL. Prions, amyloids, and RNA: Pieces of a puzzle. Prion 2017; 10:182-206. [PMID: 27248002 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1181253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are protein aggregates consisting of fibrils rich in β-sheets. Growth of amyloid fibrils occurs by the addition of protein molecules to the tip of an aggregate with a concurrent change of a conformation. Thus, amyloids are self-propagating protein conformations. In certain cases these conformations are transmissible / infectious; they are known as prions. Initially, amyloids were discovered as pathological extracellular deposits occurring in different tissues and organs. To date, amyloids and prions have been associated with over 30 incurable diseases in humans and animals. However, a number of recent studies demonstrate that amyloids are also functionally involved in a variety of biological processes, from biofilm formation by bacteria, to long-term memory in animals. Interestingly, amyloid-forming proteins are highly overrepresented among cellular factors engaged in all stages of mRNA life cycle: from transcription and translation, to storage and degradation. Here we review rapidly accumulating data on functional and pathogenic amyloids associated with mRNA processing, and discuss possible significance of prion and amyloid networks in the modulation of key cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A Nizhnikov
- a Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology , St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Branch , St. Petersburg , Russia.,c All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Kirill S Antonets
- a Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology , St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Branch , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Stanislav A Bondarev
- a Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology , St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Sergey G Inge-Vechtomov
- a Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology , St. Petersburg State University , St. Petersburg , Russia.,b Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg Branch , St. Petersburg , Russia
| | - Irina L Derkatch
- d Department of Neuroscience , College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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7
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Alexandrov AI, Serpionov GV, Kushnirov VV, Ter-Avanesyan MD. Wild type huntingtin toxicity in yeast: Implications for the role of amyloid cross-seeding in polyQ diseases. Prion 2017; 10:221-7. [PMID: 27220690 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2016.1176659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) regions are prone to form amyloids, which can cause diseases in humans and toxicity in yeast. Recently, we showed that in yeast non-toxic amyloids of Q-rich proteins can induce aggregation and toxicity of wild type huntingtin (Htt) with a short non-pathogenic polyglutamine tract. Similarly to mutant Htt with an elongated N-terminal polyQ sequence, toxicity of its wild type counterpart was mediated by induced aggregation of the essential Sup35 protein, which contains a Q-rich region. Notably, polymerization of Sup35 was not caused by the initial benign amyloids and, therefore, aggregates of wild type Htt acted as intermediaries in seeding Sup35 polymerization. This exemplifies a protein polymerization cascade which can generate a network of interdependent polymers. Here we discuss cross-seeded protein polymerization as a possible mechanism underlying known interrelations between different polyQ diseases. We hypothesize that similar mechanisms may enable proteins, which possess expanded Q-rich tracts but are not associated with diseases, to promote the development of polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Alexandrov
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - G V Serpionov
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - V V Kushnirov
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
| | - M D Ter-Avanesyan
- a Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow , Russia
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8
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Ryzhova TA, Sopova JV, Zadorsky SP, Siniukova VA, Sergeeva AV, Galkina SA, Nizhnikov AA, Shenfeld AA, Volkov KV, Galkin AP. Screening for amyloid proteins in the yeast proteome. Curr Genet 2017; 64:469-478. [PMID: 29027580 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-017-0759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The search for novel pathological and functional amyloids represents one of the most important tasks of contemporary biomedicine. Formation of pathological amyloid fibrils in the aging brain causes incurable neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's Huntington's diseases. At the same time, a set of amyloids regulates vital processes in archaea, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Our knowledge of the prevalence and biological significance of amyloids is limited due to the lack of universal methods for their identification. Here, using our original method of proteomic screening PSIA-LC-MALDI, we identified a number of proteins that form amyloid-like detergent-resistant aggregates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We revealed in yeast strains of different origin known yeast prions, prion-associated proteins, and a set of proteins whose amyloid properties were not shown before. A substantial number of the identified proteins are cell wall components, suggesting that amyloids may play important roles in the formation of this extracellular protective sheath. Two proteins identified in our screen, Gas1 and Ygp1, involved in biogenesis of the yeast cell wall, were selected for detailed analysis of amyloid properties. We show that Gas1 and Ygp1 demonstrate amyloid properties both in vivo in yeast cells and using the bacteria-based system C-DAG. Taken together, our data show that this proteomic approach is very useful for identification of novel amyloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Ryzhova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Julia V Sopova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey P Zadorsky
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Siniukova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandra V Sergeeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Galkina
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Anton A Nizhnikov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksandr A Shenfeld
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill V Volkov
- Research Park, Research Resource Center "Molecular and Cell Technologies", St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey P Galkin
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, St. Petersburg Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. .,Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.
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9
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Urakov VN, Mitkevich OV, Safenkova IV, Ter‐Avanesyan MD. Ribosome‐bound Pub1 modulates stop codon decoding during translation termination in yeast. FEBS J 2017; 284:1914-1930. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery N. Urakov
- Federal Research Center ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bach Institute of Biochemistry Moscow Russia
| | - Olga V. Mitkevich
- Federal Research Center ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bach Institute of Biochemistry Moscow Russia
| | - Irina V. Safenkova
- Federal Research Center ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bach Institute of Biochemistry Moscow Russia
| | - Michael D. Ter‐Avanesyan
- Federal Research Center ‘Fundamentals of Biotechnology’ of the Russian Academy of Sciences Bach Institute of Biochemistry Moscow Russia
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10
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Barbitoff YA, Matveenko AG, Moskalenko SE, Zemlyanko OM, Newnam GP, Patel A, Chernova TA, Chernoff YO, Zhouravleva GA. To CURe or not to CURe? Differential effects of the chaperone sorting factor Cur1 on yeast prions are mediated by the chaperone Sis1. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:242-257. [PMID: 28431189 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Yeast self-perpetuating protein aggregates (prions) provide a convenient model for studying various components of the cellular protein quality control system. Molecular chaperones and chaperone-sorting factors, such as yeast Cur1 protein, play key role in proteostasis via tight control of partitioning and recycling of misfolded proteins. In this study, we show that, despite the previously described ability of Cur1 to antagonize the yeast prion [URE3], it enhances propagation and phenotypic manifestation of another prion, [PSI+ ]. We demonstrate that both curing of [URE3] and enhancement of [PSI+ ] in the presence of excess Cur1 are counteracted by the cochaperone Hsp40-Sis1 in a dosage-dependent manner, and show that the effect of Cur1 on prions parallels effects of the attachment of nuclear localization signal to Sis1, indicating that Cur1 acts on prions via its previously reported ability to relocalize Sis1 from the cytoplasm to nucleus. This shows that the direction in which Cur1 influences a prion depends on how this specific prion responds to relocalization of Sis1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury A Barbitoff
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrew G Matveenko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Svetlana E Moskalenko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Olga M Zemlyanko
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Gary P Newnam
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA
| | - Ayesha Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA
| | - Tatiana A Chernova
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yury O Chernoff
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-2000, USA.,Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Galina A Zhouravleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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11
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Antonets KS, Sargsyan HM, Nizhnikov AA. A Glutamine/Asparagine-Rich Fragment of Gln3, but not the Full-Length Protein, Aggregates in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:407-13. [PMID: 27293098 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid sequence of protein Gln3 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a region enriched with Gln (Q) and Asn (N) residues. In this study, we analyzed the effects of overexpression of Gln3 and its Q/N-rich fragment fused with yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Being overexpressed, full-length Gln3-YFP does not form aggregates, inhibits vegetative growth, and demonstrates nuclear localization, while the Q/N-rich fragment (Gln3QN) fused with YFP forms aggregates that do not colocalize with the nucleus and do not affect growth of the cells. Although detergent-resistant aggregates of Gln3QN are formed in the absence of yeast prions, the aggregation of Gln3QN significantly increases in the presence of [PIN(+)] prion, while in the presence of two prions, [PSI(+)] and [PIN(+)], the percentage of cells with Gln3QN aggregates is significantly lower than in the strain bearing only [PIN(+)]. Data on colocalization demonstrate that this effect is mediated by interaction between Gln3QN aggregates and [PSI(+)] and [PIN(+)] prions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Antonets
- St. Petersburg State University, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
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12
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Serpionov GV, Alexandrov AI, Ter-Avanesyan MD. Distinct mechanisms of mutant huntingtin toxicity in different yeast strains. FEMS Yeast Res 2016; 17:fow102. [PMID: 27915242 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fow102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Expansion of polyglutamine stretches in several proteins causes neurodegenerative amyloidoses, including Huntington disease. In yeast, mutant huntingtin (mHtt) with a stretch of 103 glutamine residues (HttQ103) forms toxic aggregates. A range of yeast strains have been used to elucidate the mechanisms of mHtt toxicity, and have revealed perturbations of various unrelated processes. HttQ103 aggregates can induce aggregation of cellular proteins, many of which contain glutamine/asparagine-rich regions, including Sup35 and Def1. In the strain 74-D694 HttQ103, toxicity is related to aggregation-mediated depletion of soluble Sup35 and its interacting partner Sup45. Def1 was also implicated in mHtt toxicity, since its lack detoxified HttQ103 in another yeast strain, BY4741. Here we show that in BY4742, deletion of DEF1 lowers HttQ103 toxicity and decreases the amount of its polymers, but does not affect copolymerization of Sup35. Furthermore, in contrast to 74-D694, increasing the levels of soluble Sup35 and Sup45 does not alleviate toxicity of HttQ103 in BY4742. These data demonstrate a difference in the mechanisms underlying mHtt toxicity in different yeast strains and suggest that in humans with Huntington disease, neurons of different brain compartments and cells in other tissues can also be damaged by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genrikh V Serpionov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander I Alexandrov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Michael D Ter-Avanesyan
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russia
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13
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Matveenko AG, Drozdova PB, Belousov MV, Moskalenko SE, Bondarev SA, Barbitoff YA, Nizhnikov AA, Zhouravleva GA. SFP1-mediated prion-dependent lethality is caused by increased Sup35 aggregation and alleviated by Sis1. Genes Cells 2016; 21:1290-1308. [DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G. Matveenko
- St Petersburg Branch; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Polina B. Drozdova
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Belousov
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Svetlana E. Moskalenko
- St Petersburg Branch; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Bondarev
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Yury A. Barbitoff
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- St Petersburg Branch; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; St Petersburg Russia
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology; Pushkin St Petersburg Russia
| | - Galina A. Zhouravleva
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
- Laboratory of Amyloid Biology; Saint Petersburg State University; St Petersburg Russia
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14
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Serpionov GV, Alexandrov AI, Antonenko YN, Ter-Avanesyan MD. A protein polymerization cascade mediates toxicity of non-pathological human huntingtin in yeast. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18407. [PMID: 26673834 PMCID: PMC4682096 DOI: 10.1038/srep18407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative amyloidoses, including Huntington disease, are caused by expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches in otherwise unrelated proteins. In a yeast model, an N-terminal fragment of mutant huntingtin with a stretch of 103 glutamine residues aggregates and causes toxicity, while its non-toxic wild type variant with a sequence of 25 glutamines (Htt25Q) does not aggregate. Here, we observed that non-toxic polymers of various proteins with glutamine-rich domains could seed polymerization of Htt25Q, which caused toxicity by seeding polymerization of the glutamine/asparagine-rich Sup35 protein thus depleting the soluble pools of this protein and its interacting partner, Sup45. Importantly, only polymers of Htt25Q, but not of the initial benign polymers, induced Sup35 polymerization, indicating an intermediary role of Htt25Q in cross-seeding Sup35 polymerization. These data provide a novel insight into interactions between amyloidogenic proteins and suggest a possible role for these interactions in the pathogenesis of Huntington and other polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genrikh V Serpionov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Alexander I Alexandrov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Yuri N Antonenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gori, 1, bldg. 40, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Michael D Ter-Avanesyan
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 33, bld. 2 Leninsky Ave., Moscow 119071, Russia
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15
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Mason RP, Breda C, Kooner GS, Mallucci GR, Kyriacou CP, Giorgini F. Modeling Huntington Disease in Yeast and Invertebrates. Mov Disord 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Nizhnikov AA, Alexandrov AI, Ryzhova TA, Mitkevich OV, Dergalev AA, Ter-Avanesyan MD, Galkin AP. Proteomic screening for amyloid proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116003. [PMID: 25549323 PMCID: PMC4280166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive study, progress in elucidation of biological functions of amyloids and their role in pathology is largely restrained due to the lack of universal and reliable biochemical methods for their discovery. All biochemical methods developed so far allowed only identification of glutamine/asparagine-rich amyloid-forming proteins or proteins comprising amyloids that form large deposits. In this article we present a proteomic approach which may enable identification of a broad range of amyloid-forming proteins independently of specific features of their sequences or levels of expression. This approach is based on the isolation of protein fractions enriched with amyloid aggregates via sedimentation by ultracentrifugation in the presence of strong ionic detergents, such as sarkosyl or SDS. Sedimented proteins are then separated either by 2D difference gel electrophoresis or by SDS-PAGE, if they are insoluble in the buffer used for 2D difference gel electrophoresis, after which they are identified by mass-spectrometry. We validated this approach by detection of known yeast prions and mammalian proteins with established capacity for amyloid formation and also revealed yeast proteins forming detergent-insoluble aggregates in the presence of human huntingtin with expanded polyglutamine domain. Notably, with one exception, all these proteins contained glutamine/asparagine-rich stretches suggesting that their aggregates arose due to polymerization cross-seeding by human huntingtin. Importantly, though the approach was developed in a yeast model, it can easily be applied to any organism thus representing an efficient and universal tool for screening for amyloid proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Tatyana A. Ryzhova
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga V. Mitkevich
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Dergalev
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey P. Galkin
- Dept. of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg Branch, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Li X, Rayman JB, Kandel ER, Derkatch IL. Functional role of Tia1/Pub1 and Sup35 prion domains: directing protein synthesis machinery to the tubulin cytoskeleton. Mol Cell 2014; 55:305-18. [PMID: 24981173 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tia1/Pub1 is a stress granule component carrying a Q/N-rich prion domain. We provide direct evidence that Tia1 forms a prion in yeast. Moreover, Tia1/Pub1 acts cooperatively with release factor Sup35/eRF3 to establish a two-protein self-propagating state. This two-protein prion driven by the Q/N-rich prion domains of Sup35 and Tia1/Pub1 can be visualized as distinctive line structures along tubulin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we find that tubulin-associated complex containing Pub1 and Sup35 oligomers normally exists in yeast, and its assembly depends on prion domains of Pub1 and Sup35. This Sup35/Pub1 complex, which also contains TUB1 mRNA and components of translation machinery, is important for the integrity of the tubulin cytoskeleton: PUB1 disruption and Sup35 depletion from the complex lead to cytoskeletal defects. We propose that the complex is implicated in protein synthesis at the site of microtubule assembly. Thus our study identifies the role for prion domains in the assembly of multiprotein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 645 Kolb Research Annex, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Joseph B Rayman
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 645 Kolb Research Annex, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Eric R Kandel
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 645 Kolb Research Annex, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Kavli Institute for Brain Science, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Irina L Derkatch
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, 645 Kolb Research Annex, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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18
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Holmes WM, Klaips CL, Serio TR. Defining the limits: Protein aggregation and toxicity in vivo. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:294-303. [PMID: 24766537 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.914151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract others complementary, to resolve mis-folded proteins when they arise, ranging from refolding through the action of molecular chaperones to elimination through regulated proteolytic mechanisms. These protein quality control pathways are sufficient, under normal conditions, to maintain a functioning proteome, but in response to diverse environmental, genetic and/or stochastic events, protein mis-folding exceeds the corrective capacity of these pathways, leading to the accumulation of aggregates and ultimately toxicity. Particularly devastating examples of these effects include certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington's Disease, which are associated with the expansion of polyglutamine tracks in proteins. In these cases, protein mis-folding and aggregation are clear contributors to pathogenesis, but uncovering the precise mechanistic links between the two events remains an area of active research. Studies in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other model systems have uncovered previously unanticipated complexity in aggregation pathways, the contributions of protein quality control processes to them and the cellular perturbations that result from them. Together these studies suggest that aggregate interactions and localization, rather than their size, are the crucial considerations in understanding the molecular basis of toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Holmes
- Biology Department, College of the Holy Cross , Worcester, MA , USA and
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19
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Abstract
A significant body of evidence shows that polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts are important for various biological functions. The characteristic polymorphism of polyQ length is thought to play an important role in the adaptation of organisms to their environment. However, proteins with expanded polyQ are prone to form amyloids, which cause diseases in humans and animals and toxicity in yeast. Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain at least 8 proteins which can form heritable amyloids, called prions, and most of them are proteins with glutamine- and asparagine-enriched domains. Yeast prion amyloids are susceptible to fragmentation by the protein disaggregase Hsp104, which allows them to propagate and be transmitted to daughter cells during cell divisions. We have previously shown that interspersion of polyQ domains with some non-glutamine residues stimulates fragmentation of polyQ amyloids in yeast and that yeast prion domains are often enriched in one of these residues. These findings indicate that yeast prion domains may have derived from polyQ tracts via accumulation and amplification of mutations. The same hypothesis may be applied to polyasparagine (polyN) tracts, since they display similar properties to polyQ, such as length polymorphism, amyloid formation and toxicity. We propose that mutations in polyQ/N may be favored by natural selection thus making prion domains likely by-products of the evolution of polyQ/N.
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20
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Rubel AA, Ryzhova TA, Antonets KS, Chernoff YO, Galkin A. Identification of PrP sequences essential for the interaction between the PrP polymers and Aβ peptide in a yeast-based assay. Prion 2013; 7:469-76. [PMID: 24152606 DOI: 10.4161/pri.26867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease is associated with the accumulation of oligomeric amyloid β peptide (Aβ), accompanied by synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death. Polymeric form of prion protein (PrP), PrP(Sc), is implicated in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). Recently, it was shown that the monomeric cellular form of PrP (PrP(C)), located on the neuron surface, binds Aβ oligomers (and possibly other β-rich conformers) via the PrP(23-27) and PrP(90-110) segments, acting as Aβ receptor. On the other hand, PrP(Sc) polymers efficiently bind to Aβ monomers and accelerate their oligomerization. To identify specific PrP sequences that are essential for the interaction between PrP polymers and Aβ peptide, we have co-expressed Aβ and PrP (or its shortened derivatives), fused to different fluorophores, in the yeast cell. Our data show that the 90-110 and 28-89 regions of PrP control the binding of proteinase-resistant PrP polymers to the Aβ peptide, whereas the 23-27 segment of PrP is dispensable for this interaction. This indicates that the set of PrP fragments involved in the interaction with Aβ depends on PrP conformational state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr A Rubel
- St. Petersburg Branch of Vavilov Institute of Genetics (Russian Academy of Science); Universitetskaya nab. 7/9; St. Petersburg, Russia; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology; St. Petersburg State University; Universitetskaya nab. 7/9; St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Kryndushkin D, Pripuzova N, Burnett BG, Shewmaker F. Non-targeted identification of prions and amyloid-forming proteins from yeast and mammalian cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:27100-27111. [PMID: 23926098 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.485359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of amyloid aggregates is implicated both as a primary cause of cellular degeneration in multiple human diseases and as a functional mechanism for providing extraordinary strength to large protein assemblies. The recent identification and characterization of several amyloid proteins from diverse organisms argues that the amyloid phenomenon is widespread in nature. Yet identifying new amyloid-forming proteins usually requires a priori knowledge of specific candidates. Amyloid fibers can resist heat, pressure, proteolysis, and denaturation by reagents such as urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Here we show that these properties can be exploited to identify naturally occurring amyloid-forming proteins directly from cell lysates. This proteomic-based approach utilizes a novel purification of amyloid aggregates followed by identification by mass spectrometry without the requirement for special genetic tools. We have validated this technique by blind identification of three amyloid-based yeast prions from laboratory and wild strains and disease-related polyglutamine proteins expressed in both yeast and mammalian cells. Furthermore, we found that polyglutamine aggregates specifically recruit some stress granule components, revealing a possible mechanism of toxicity. Therefore, core amyloid-forming proteins as well as strongly associated proteins can be identified directly from cells of diverse origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Pripuzova
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Barrington G Burnett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814
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22
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Das S, Sudarsan R, Sivakami S, Sharma S. Erythrocytic stage-dependent regulation of oligomerization of Plasmodium ribosomal protein P2. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41499-513. [PMID: 23060439 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic 60 S-ribosomal stalk consists of P0, P1, and P2 proteins, which associate in a pentameric structure (P1(2)-P0-P2(2)). The Plasmodium falciparum protein P2 (PfP2) appears to play nonribosomal roles. It gets exported to the infected erythrocyte (IE) surface at 30 h post-merozoite invasion (PMI), concomitant with extensive oligomerization. Here we present certain biophysical properties of PfP2. Recombinant P2 (rPfP2) protein showed SDS-resistant oligomerization, which could be significantly abolished under reducing conditions. However, the protein continued to oligomerize even when both cysteine residues were mutated, and with up to 40 amino acids (aa) deleted from the C-terminal end. CD analysis of P2 showed largely α-helical and random coil domains. The SDS- and DTT-resistant oligomerization was studied further as it occurred in a development-specific manner in Plasmodium. In a synchronized erythrocytic culture of P. falciparum, the PfP2 protein was detected as part of the ribosomal complex (∼96 kDa) at 18 and 30 h PMI, and was SDS sensitive. However, at 30 h, large amounts of SDS-sensitive aggregates of >600 kDa were also seen. At 30 h PMI, each of the parasites, IE cytosol and IE ghost contained 60-80-kDa PfP2 complexes, which resolved to a single 65-kDa species on SDS-PAGE. Tetramethylrhodamine-labeled rPfP2 protein exhibited DTT- and SDS-resistant oligomerization when treated with P. falciparum parasite extracts only from 24 to 36 h PMI, and multiple proteins appeared to be required for this oligomerization. Understanding the regulation of oligomerization of PfP2 may help in the elucidation of the novel structure-function relationship in the export of PfP2 to the red cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 400005 Mumbai, India
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23
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Mitkevich OV, Kochneva-Pervukhova NV, Surina ER, Benevolensky SV, Kushnirov VV, Ter-Avanesyan MD. DNA aptamers detecting generic amyloid epitopes. Prion 2012; 6:400-6. [PMID: 22874671 DOI: 10.4161/pri.20678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloids are fibrillar protein aggregates resulting from non-covalent autocatalytic polymerization of various structurally and functionally unrelated proteins. Previously we have selected DNA aptamers, which bind specifically to the in vitro assembled amyloid fibrils of the yeast prionogenic protein Sup35. Here we show that such DNA aptamers can be used to detect SDS-insoluble amyloid aggregates of the Sup35 protein, and of some other amyloidogenic proteins, including mouse PrP, formed in yeast cells. The obtained data suggest that these aggregates and the Sup35 amyloid fibrils assembled in vitro possess common conformational epitopes recognizable by aptamers. The described DNA aptamers may be used for detection of various amyloid aggregates in yeast and, presumably, other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Mitkevich
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Afanasieva EG, Kushnirov VV, Ter-Avanesyan MD. Interspecies transmission of prions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 76:1375-84. [PMID: 22339593 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297911130013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian prions are infectious agents of proteinaceous nature that cause several incurable neurodegenerative diseases. Interspecies transmission of prions is usually impeded or impossible. Barriers in prion transmission are caused by small interspecies differences in the primary structure of prion proteins. The barriers can also depend on the strain (variant) of a transmitted prion. Interspecies barriers were also shown for yeast prions, which define some heritable phenotypes. Yeast prions reproduce all the main traits of prion transmission barriers observed for mammals. This allowed to show that the barrier in prion transmission can be observed even upon copolymerization of two prionogenic proteins. Available data allow elucidation of the mechanisms that impede prion transmission or make it impossible.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Afanasieva
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Gong H, Romanova NV, Allen KD, Chandramowlishwaran P, Gokhale K, Newnam GP, Mieczkowski P, Sherman MY, Chernoff YO. Polyglutamine toxicity is controlled by prion composition and gene dosage in yeast. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002634. [PMID: 22536159 PMCID: PMC3334884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion causes diseases in humans and other mammals. One example is Huntington's disease. Fragments of human huntingtin protein having an expanded polyglutamine stretch form aggregates and cause cytotoxicity in yeast cells bearing endogenous QN-rich proteins in the aggregated (prion) form. Attachment of the proline(P)-rich region targets polyglutamines to the large perinuclear deposit (aggresome). Aggresome formation ameliorates polyglutamine cytotoxicity in cells containing only the prion form of Rnq1 protein. Here we show that expanded polyglutamines both with (poly-QP) or without (poly-Q) a P-rich stretch remain toxic in the presence of the prion form of translation termination (release) factor Sup35 (eRF3). A Sup35 derivative that lacks the QN-rich domain and is unable to be incorporated into aggregates counteracts cytotoxicity, suggesting that toxicity is due to Sup35 sequestration. Increase in the levels of another release factor, Sup45 (eRF1), due to either disomy by chromosome II containing the SUP45 gene or to introduction of the SUP45-bearing plasmid counteracts poly-Q or poly-QP toxicity in the presence of the Sup35 prion. Protein analysis confirms that polyglutamines alter aggregation patterns of Sup35 and promote aggregation of Sup45, while excess Sup45 counteracts these effects. Our data show that one and the same mode of polyglutamine aggregation could be cytoprotective or cytotoxic, depending on the composition of other aggregates in a eukaryotic cell, and demonstrate that other aggregates expand the range of proteins that are susceptible to sequestration by polyglutamines. Polyglutamine diseases, including Huntington disease, are associated with expansions of polyglutamine tracts, resulting in aggregation of respective proteins. The severity of Huntington disease is controlled by both DNA and non–DNA factors. Mechanisms of such a control are poorly understood. Polyglutamine may sequester other cellular proteins; however, different experimental models have pointed to different sequestered proteins. By using a yeast model, we demonstrate that the mechanism of polyglutamine toxicity is driven by the composition of other (endogenous) aggregates (for example, yeast prions) present in a eukaryotic cell. Although these aggregates do not necessarily cause significant toxicity on their own, they serve as mediators in protein sequestration and therefore determine which specific proteins are to be sequestered by polyglutamines. We also show that polyglutamine deposition into an aggresome, a perinuclear compartment thought to be cytoprotective, fails to ameliorate cytotoxicity in cells with certain compositions of pre-existing aggregates. Finally, we demonstrate that an increase in the dosage of a sequestered protein due to aneuploidy by a chromosome carrying a respective gene may rescue cytotoxicity. Our data shed light on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms modulating polyglutamine cytotoxicity and establish a new approach for identifying potential therapeutic targets through characterization of the endogenous aggregated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gong
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nina V. Romanova
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Allen
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Kavita Gokhale
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gary P. Newnam
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Piotr Mieczkowski
- School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yury O. Chernoff
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Kochneva-Pervukhova NV, Alexandrov AI, Ter-Avanesyan MD. Amyloid-mediated sequestration of essential proteins contributes to mutant huntingtin toxicity in yeast. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29832. [PMID: 22253794 PMCID: PMC3256205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyglutamine expansion is responsible for several neurodegenerative disorders, among which Huntington disease is the most well-known. Studies in the yeast model demonstrated that both aggregation and toxicity of a huntingtin (htt) protein with an expanded polyglutamine region strictly depend on the presence of the prion form of Rnq1 protein ([PIN+]), which has a glutamine/asparagine-rich domain. Principal Findings Here, we showed that aggregation and toxicity of mutant htt depended on [PIN+] only quantitatively: the presence of [PIN+] elevated the toxicity and the levels of htt detergent-insoluble polymers. In cells lacking [PIN+], toxicity of mutant htt was due to the polymerization and inactivation of the essential glutamine/asparagine-rich Sup35 protein and related inactivation of another essential protein, Sup45, most probably via its sequestration into Sup35 aggregates. However, inhibition of growth of [PIN+] cells depended on Sup35/Sup45 depletion only partially, suggesting that there are other sources of mutant htt toxicity in yeast. Conclusions The obtained data suggest that induced polymerization of essential glutamine/asparagine-rich proteins and related sequestration of other proteins which interact with these polymers represent an essential source of htt toxicity.
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27
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Fuentealba RA, Marasa J, Diamond MI, Piwnica-Worms D, Weihl CC. An aggregation sensing reporter identifies leflunomide and teriflunomide as polyglutamine aggregate inhibitors. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 21:664-80. [PMID: 22052286 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular protein aggregation is a common pathologic feature in neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington' disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson' disease. Although progress towards understanding protein aggregation in vitro has been made, little of this knowledge has translated to patient therapy. Moreover, mechanisms controlling aggregate formation and catabolism in cellulo remain poorly understood. One limitation is the lack of tools to quantitatively monitor protein aggregation and disaggregation. Here, we developed a protein-aggregation reporter that uses huntingtin exon 1 containing 72 glutamines fused to the N-terminal end of firefly luciferase (httQ72-Luc). httQ72-Luc fails to aggregate unless seeded by a non-luciferase-containing polyglutamine (polyQ) protein such as Q80-cfp. Upon co-aggregation, httQ72-luc becomes insoluble and loses its enzymatic activity. Using httQ72-Luc with Q80(CFP/YFP) as seeds, we screened the Johns Hopkins Clinical Compound Library and identified leflunomide, a dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitor with immunosuppressive and anti-psoriatic activities, as a novel drug that prevents polyQ aggregation. Leflunomide and its active metabolite teriflunomide inhibited protein aggregation independently of their known role in pyrimidine biosynthesis, since neither uridine treatment nor other pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors affected polyQ aggregation. Inducible cell line and cycloheximide-chase experiments indicate that these drugs prevent incorporation of expanded polyQ into an aggregate. This study demonstrates the usefulness of luciferase-based protein aggregate reporters for high-throughput screening applications. As current trials are under-way for teriflunomide in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, we propose that this drug be considered a possible therapeutic agent for polyQ diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Fuentealba
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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28
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Walter GM, Smith MC, Wisén S, Basrur V, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ, Duennwald ML, Kumar A, Gestwicki JE. Ordered assembly of heat shock proteins, Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp104, on expanded polyglutamine fragments revealed by chemical probes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40486-93. [PMID: 21969373 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Saccharomyces cerevisae, expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) fragments are assembled into discrete cytosolic aggregates in a process regulated by the molecular chaperones Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and Hsp104. To better understand how the different chaperones might cooperate during polyQ aggregation, we used sequential immunoprecipitations and mass spectrometry to identify proteins associated with either soluble (Q25) or aggregation-prone (Q103) fragments at both early and later times after induction of their expression. We found that Hsp26, Hsp70, Hsp90, and other chaperones interact with Q103, but not Q25, within the first 2 h. Further, Hsp70 and Hsp90 appear to be partially released from Q103 prior to the maturation of the aggregates and before the recruitment of Hsp104. To test the importance of this seemingly ordered process, we used a chemical probe to artificially enhance Hsp70 binding to Q103. This treatment retained both Hsp70 and Hsp90 on the polyQ fragment and, interestingly, limited subsequent exchange for Hsp26 and Hsp104, resulting in incomplete aggregation. Together, these results suggest that partial release of Hsp70 may be an essential step in the continued processing of expanded polyQ fragments in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gladis M Walter
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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29
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Stein KC, True HL. The [RNQ+] prion: a model of both functional and pathological amyloid. Prion 2011; 5:291-8. [PMID: 22052347 DOI: 10.4161/pri.18213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of fibrillar amyloid is most often associated with protein conformational disorders such as prion diseases, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease. Interestingly, however, an increasing number of studies suggest that amyloid structures can sometimes play a functional role in normal biology. Several proteins form self-propagating amyloids called prions in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These unique elements operate by creating a reversible, epigenetic change in phenotype. While the function of the non-prion conformation of the Rnq1 protein is unclear, the prion form, [RNQ+], acts to facilitate the de novo formation of other prions to influence cellular phenotypes. The [RNQ+] prion itself does not adversely affect the growth of yeast, but the overexpression of Rnq1p can form toxic aggregated structures that are not necessarily prions. The [RNQ+] prion is also involved in dictating the aggregation and toxicity of polyglutamine proteins ectopically expressed in yeast. Thus, the [RNQ+] prion provides a tractable model that has the potential to reveal significant insight into the factors that dictate how amyloid structures are initiated and propagated in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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30
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Mason RP, Giorgini F. Modeling Huntington disease in yeast: perspectives and future directions. Prion 2011. [PMID: 22052350 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.4.18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yeast have been extensively used to model aspects of protein folding diseases, yielding novel mechanistic insights and identifying promising candidate therapeutic targets. In particular, the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington disease (HD), which is caused by the abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (htt) protein, has been widely studied in yeast. This work has led to the identification of several promising therapeutic targets and compounds that have been validated in mammalian cells, Drosophila and rodent models of HD. Here we discuss the development of yeast models of mutant htt toxicity and misfolding, as well as the mechanistic insights gleaned from this simple model. The role of yeast prions in the toxicity/misfolding of mutant htt is also highlighted. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the application of HD yeast models in both genetic and chemical screens, and the fruitful results obtained from these approaches. Finally, we discuss the future of yeast in neurodegenerative research, in the context of HD and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mason
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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31
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Mason RP, Giorgini F. Modeling Huntington disease in yeast: perspectives and future directions. Prion 2011; 5:269-76. [PMID: 22052350 DOI: 10.4161/pri.18005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast have been extensively used to model aspects of protein folding diseases, yielding novel mechanistic insights and identifying promising candidate therapeutic targets. In particular, the neurodegenerative disorder Huntington disease (HD), which is caused by the abnormal expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin (htt) protein, has been widely studied in yeast. This work has led to the identification of several promising therapeutic targets and compounds that have been validated in mammalian cells, Drosophila and rodent models of HD. Here we discuss the development of yeast models of mutant htt toxicity and misfolding, as well as the mechanistic insights gleaned from this simple model. The role of yeast prions in the toxicity/misfolding of mutant htt is also highlighted. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the application of HD yeast models in both genetic and chemical screens, and the fruitful results obtained from these approaches. Finally, we discuss the future of yeast in neurodegenerative research, in the context of HD and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Mason
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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32
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Afanasieva EG, Kushnirov VV, Tuite MF, Ter-Avanesyan MD. Molecular basis for transmission barrier and interference between closely related prion proteins in yeast. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15773-80. [PMID: 21454674 PMCID: PMC3091186 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.183889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating amyloids, called prions, are responsible for transmissible
neurodegenerative diseases in mammals and some heritable phenotypes in fungi.
The transmission of prions between species is usually inhibited, being highly
sensitive to small differences in amino acid sequence of the prion-forming
proteins. To understand the molecular basis of this prion interspecies barrier,
we studied the transmission of the
[PSI+] prion state from
Sup35 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to hybrid Sup35 proteins with
prion-forming domains from four other closely related
Saccharomyces species. Whereas all the hybrid Sup35
proteins could adopt a prion form in S. cerevisiae, they could
not readily acquire the prion form from the
[PSI+] prion of S.
cerevisiae. Expression of the hybrid Sup35 proteins in S.
cerevisiae [PSI+]
cells often resulted in frequent loss of the native
[PSI+] prion. Furthermore,
all hybrid Sup35 proteins showed different patterns of interaction with the
native [PSI+] prion in terms of
co-polymerization, acquisition of the prion state, and induced prion loss, all
of which were also dependent on the
[PSI+] variant. The
observed loss of S. cerevisiae
[PSI+] can be related to
inhibition of prion polymerization of S. cerevisiae Sup35 and
formation of a non-heritable form of amyloid. We have therefore identified two
distinct molecular origins of prion transmission barriers between closely
sequence-related prion proteins: first, the inability of heterologous proteins
to co-aggregate with host prion polymers, and second, acquisition by these
proteins of a non-heritable amyloid fold.
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33
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Tuite MF, Marchante R, Kushnirov V. Fungal prions: structure, function and propagation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 305:257-98. [PMID: 21717344 DOI: 10.1007/128_2011_172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Prions are not uniquely associated with rare fatal neurodegenerative diseases in the animal kingdom; prions are also found in fungi and in particular the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As with animal prions, fungal prions are proteins able to exist in one or more self-propagating alternative conformations, but show little primary sequence relationship with the mammalian prion protein PrP. Rather, fungal prions represent a relatively diverse collection of proteins that participate in key cellular processes such as transcription and translation. Upon switching to their prion form, these proteins can generate stable, sometimes beneficial, changes in the host cell phenotype. Much has already been learnt about prion structure, and propagation and de novo generation of the prion state through studies in yeast and these findings are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mick F Tuite
- Kent Fungal Group, School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
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34
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Stein KC, True HL. The [RNQ+] prion: a model of both functional and pathological amyloid. Prion 2011; 5. [PMID: 22052347 PMCID: PMC4012398 DOI: 10.4161/pri.5.4.18213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of fibrillar amyloid is most often associated with protein conformational disorders such as prion diseases, Alzheimer disease and Huntington disease. Interestingly, however, an increasing number of studies suggest that amyloid structures can sometimes play a functional role in normal biology. Several proteins form self-propagating amyloids called prions in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These unique elements operate by creating a reversible, epigenetic change in phenotype. While the function of the non-prion conformation of the Rnq1 protein is unclear, the prion form, [RNQ+], acts to facilitate the de novo formation of other prions to influence cellular phenotypes. The [RNQ+] prion itself does not adversely affect the growth of yeast, but the overexpression of Rnq1p can form toxic aggregated structures that are not necessarily prions. The [RNQ+] prion is also involved in dictating the aggregation and toxicity of polyglutamine proteins ectopically expressed in yeast. Thus, the [RNQ+] prion provides a tractable model that has the potential to reveal significant insight into the factors that dictate how amyloid structures are initiated and propagated in both physiological and pathological contexts.
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35
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Non-Mendelian determinant [ISP+] in yeast is a nuclear-residing prion form of the global transcriptional regulator Sfp1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:10573-7. [PMID: 20498075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005949107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four protein-based genetic determinants or prions-[SWI(+)], [MCA], [OCT(+)], and [MOT3(+)]-are recent additions to the list of well-known Saccharomyces cerevisiae prions, [PSI(+)], [URE3], and [PIN(+)]. A rapid expansion of this list may indicate that many yeast proteins can convert into heritable prion forms and underscores a problem of prion input into cellular physiology. Here, we prove that the global transcriptional regulator Sfp1 can become a prion corresponding to the prion-like determinant [ISP(+)] described earlier. We show that SFP1 deletion causes an irreversible [ISP(+)] loss, whereas increased SFP1 expression induces [ISP(+)] appearance. Cells that display the [ISP(+)] phenotype contain the aggregated form of Sfp1. Indeed, these aggregates demonstrate a nuclear location. We also show that the phenotypic manifestation of Sfp1 prionization differs from the manifestation of SFP1 deletion. These properties and others distinguish [ISP(+)] from yeast prions described to date.
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