1
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Wang L, Patena W, Van Baalen KA, Xie Y, Singer ER, Gavrilenko S, Warren-Williams M, Han L, Harrigan HR, Hartz LD, Chen V, Ton VTNP, Kyin S, Shwe HH, Cahn MH, Wilson AT, Onishi M, Hu J, Schnell DJ, McWhite CD, Jonikas MC. A chloroplast protein atlas reveals punctate structures and spatial organization of biosynthetic pathways. Cell 2023; 186:3499-3518.e14. [PMID: 37437571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are eukaryotic photosynthetic organelles that drive the global carbon cycle. Despite their importance, our understanding of their protein composition, function, and spatial organization remains limited. Here, we determined the localizations of 1,034 candidate chloroplast proteins using fluorescent protein tagging in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The localizations provide insights into the functions of poorly characterized proteins; identify novel components of nucleoids, plastoglobules, and the pyrenoid; and reveal widespread protein targeting to multiple compartments. We discovered and further characterized cellular organizational features, including eleven chloroplast punctate structures, cytosolic crescent structures, and unexpected spatial distributions of enzymes within the chloroplast. We also used machine learning to predict the localizations of other nuclear-encoded Chlamydomonas proteins. The strains and localization atlas developed here will serve as a resource to accelerate studies of chloroplast architecture and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianyong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Weronika Patena
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Kelly A Van Baalen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Yihua Xie
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Emily R Singer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sophia Gavrilenko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | | | - Linqu Han
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Henry R Harrigan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Linnea D Hartz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Vivian Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Vinh T N P Ton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Saw Kyin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Henry H Shwe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Matthew H Cahn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Alexandra T Wilson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Danny J Schnell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Claire D McWhite
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Martin C Jonikas
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
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2
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Mark M, Klein O, Zhang Y, Das K, Elbaz A, Hazan RN, Lichtenstein M, Lehming N, Schuldiner M, Pines O. Systematic Approaches to Study Eclipsed Targeting of Proteins Uncover a New Family of Mitochondrial Proteins. Cells 2023; 12:1550. [PMID: 37296670 PMCID: PMC10252432 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual localization or dual targeting refers to the phenomenon by which identical, or almost identical, proteins are localized to two (or more) separate compartments of the cell. From previous work in the field, we had estimated that a third of the mitochondrial proteome is dual-targeted to extra-mitochondrial locations and suggested that this abundant dual targeting presents an evolutionary advantage. Here, we set out to study how many additional proteins whose main activity is outside mitochondria are also localized, albeit at low levels, to mitochondria (eclipsed). To do this, we employed two complementary approaches utilizing the α-complementation assay in yeast to uncover the extent of such an eclipsed distribution: one systematic and unbiased and the other based on mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) predictions. Using these approaches, we suggest 280 new eclipsed distributed protein candidates. Interestingly, these proteins are enriched for distinctive properties compared to their exclusively mitochondrial-targeted counterparts. We focus on one unexpected eclipsed protein family of the Triose-phosphate DeHydrogenases (TDH) and prove that, indeed, their eclipsed distribution in mitochondria is important for mitochondrial activity. Our work provides a paradigm of deliberate eclipsed mitochondrial localization, targeting and function, and should expand our understanding of mitochondrial function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Mark
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.M.); (K.D.); (A.E.); (R.N.H.)
| | - Ofir Klein
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (O.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Yu Zhang
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore; (Y.Z.); (N.L.)
| | - Koyeli Das
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.M.); (K.D.); (A.E.); (R.N.H.)
| | - Adi Elbaz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.M.); (K.D.); (A.E.); (R.N.H.)
| | - Reut Noa Hazan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.M.); (K.D.); (A.E.); (R.N.H.)
| | - Michal Lichtenstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel;
| | - Norbert Lehming
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore; (Y.Z.); (N.L.)
| | - Maya Schuldiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel; (O.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel; (M.M.); (K.D.); (A.E.); (R.N.H.)
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Program and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138602, Singapore; (Y.Z.); (N.L.)
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3
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Ozcan KE, Monroe JD. Maize β-amylase7 encodes two proteins using alternative transcriptional start sites: nuclear BAM7 and plastidic BAM2. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023:kiad227. [PMID: 37067898 PMCID: PMC10400034 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
An unusual β-amylase7 (BAM7) gene in some angiosperms, including grasses such as maize (Zea mays), appears to encode two functionally distinct proteins; a nuclear-localized transcription factor (BAM7) and a plastid-localized starch hydrolase (BAM2). In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), these two proteins are encoded by separate genes on different chromosomes but their physiological functions are not well established. Using the maize BAM7 gene as a model, we detected two populations of transcripts by 5'-RACE that encode the predicted proteins. The two transcripts are apparently synthesized independently using separate core promoters about 1 kb apart, the second of which is located in the first intron of the full-length gene. The N-terminus of the shorter protein, ZmBAM7-S, begins near the 3' end of the first intron of ZmBAM7-L and starts with a predicted chloroplast transit peptide. We previously showed that ZmBAM7-S is catalytically active with properties like those of AtBAM2. Here, we report that ZmBAM7-S targets green fluorescent protein to plastids. The transcript encoding the longer protein, ZmBAM7-L, encodes an additional DNA-binding domain containing a functional nuclear localization signal. This putative dual-function gene originated at least 400 Mya, prior to the emergence of ferns, and has persisted in some angiosperms that lack a separate BAM2 gene. It appears to have been duplicated and subfunctionalized in at least four lineages of land plants, resulting in two genes resembling Arabidopsis BAM2 and BAM7. Targeting of two products from a single gene to different subcellular locations is not uncommon in plants, but it is unusual when they are predicted to serve completely different functions in the two locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenan E Ozcan
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA
| | - Jonathan D Monroe
- Department of Biology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA
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4
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Spatola Rossi T, Kriechbaumer V. An Interplay between Mitochondrial and ER Targeting of a Bacterial Signal Peptide in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:617. [PMID: 36771701 PMCID: PMC9920398 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein targeting is essential in eukaryotic cells to maintain cell function and organelle identity. Signal peptides are a major type of targeting sequences containing a tripartite structure, which is conserved across all domains in life. They are frequently included in recombinant protein design in plants to increase yields by directing them to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or apoplast. The processing of bacterial signal peptides by plant cells is not well understood but could aid in the design of efficient heterologous expression systems. Here we analysed the signal peptide of the enzyme PmoB from methanotrophic bacteria. In plant cells, the PmoB signal peptide targeted proteins to both mitochondria and the ER. This dual localisation was still observed in a mutated version of the signal peptide sequence with enhanced mitochondrial targeting efficiency. Mitochondrial targeting was shown to be dependent on a hydrophobic region involved in transport to the ER. We, therefore, suggest that the dual localisation could be due to an ER-SURF pathway recently characterised in yeast. This work thus sheds light on the processing of bacterial signal peptides by plant cells and proposes a novel pathway for mitochondrial targeting in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Spatola Rossi
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Bioimaging, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Endomembrane Structure and Function Research Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Bioimaging, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
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5
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Hooper CM, Castleden IR, Tanz SK, Grasso SV, Millar AH. Subcellular Proteomics as a Unified Approach of Experimental Localizations and Computed Prediction Data for Arabidopsis and Crop Plants. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1346:67-89. [PMID: 35113396 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80352-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic organisms, subcellular protein location is critical in defining protein function and understanding sub-functionalization of gene families. Some proteins have defined locations, whereas others have low specificity targeting and complex accumulation patterns. There is no single approach that can be considered entirely adequate for defining the in vivo location of all proteins. By combining evidence from different approaches, the strengths and weaknesses of different technologies can be estimated, and a location consensus can be built. The Subcellular Location of Proteins in Arabidopsis database ( http://suba.live/ ) combines experimental data sets that have been reported in the literature and is analyzing these data to provide useful tools for biologists to interpret their own data. Foremost among these tools is a consensus classifier (SUBAcon) that computes a proposed location for all proteins based on balancing the experimental evidence and predictions. Further tools analyze sets of proteins to define the abundance of cellular structures. Extending these types of resources to plant crop species has been complex due to polyploidy, gene family expansion and contraction, and the movement of pathways and processes within cells across the plant kingdom. The Crop Proteins of Annotated Location database ( http://crop-pal.org/ ) has developed a range of subcellular location resources including a species-specific voting consensus for 12 plant crop species that offers collated evidence and filters for current crop proteomes akin to SUBA. Comprehensive cross-species comparison of these data shows that the sub-cellular proteomes (subcellulomes) depend only to some degree on phylogenetic relationship and are more conserved in major biosynthesis than in metabolic pathways. Together SUBA and cropPAL created reference subcellulomes for plants as well as species-specific subcellulomes for cross-species data mining. These data collections are increasingly used by the research community to provide a subcellular protein location layer, inform models of compartmented cell function and protein-protein interaction network, guide future molecular crop breeding strategies, or simply answer a specific question-where is my protein of interest inside the cell?
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Hooper
- The Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Ian R Castleden
- The Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sandra K Tanz
- The Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Sally V Grasso
- The Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- The Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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6
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Heidorn-Czarna M, Maziak A, Janska H. Protein Processing in Plant Mitochondria Compared to Yeast and Mammals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:824080. [PMID: 35185991 PMCID: PMC8847149 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.824080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Limited proteolysis, called protein processing, is an essential post-translational mechanism that controls protein localization, activity, and in consequence, function. This process is prevalent for mitochondrial proteins, mainly synthesized as precursor proteins with N-terminal sequences (presequences) that act as targeting signals and are removed upon import into the organelle. Mitochondria have a distinct and highly conserved proteolytic system that includes proteases with sole function in presequence processing and proteases, which show diverse mitochondrial functions with limited proteolysis as an additional one. In virtually all mitochondria, the primary processing of N-terminal signals is catalyzed by the well-characterized mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP). Subsequently, a second proteolytic cleavage occurs, leading to more stabilized residues at the newly formed N-terminus. Lately, mitochondrial proteases, intermediate cleavage peptidase 55 (ICP55) and octapeptidyl protease 1 (OCT1), involved in proteolytic cleavage after MPP and their substrates have been described in the plant, yeast, and mammalian mitochondria. Mitochondrial proteins can also be processed by removing a peptide from their N- or C-terminus as a maturation step during insertion into the membrane or as a regulatory mechanism in maintaining their function. This type of limited proteolysis is characteristic for processing proteases, such as IMP and rhomboid proteases, or the general mitochondrial quality control proteases ATP23, m-AAA, i-AAA, and OMA1. Identification of processing protease substrates and defining their consensus cleavage motifs is now possible with the help of large-scale quantitative mass spectrometry-based N-terminomics, such as combined fractional diagonal chromatography (COFRADIC), charge-based fractional diagonal chromatography (ChaFRADIC), or terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS). This review summarizes the current knowledge on the characterization of mitochondrial processing peptidases and selected N-terminomics techniques used to uncover protease substrates in the plant, yeast, and mammalian mitochondria.
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7
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Telomerase Interaction Partners-Insight from Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010368. [PMID: 35008793 PMCID: PMC8745574 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, an essential enzyme that maintains chromosome ends, is important for genome integrity and organism development. Various hypotheses have been proposed in human, ciliate and yeast systems to explain the coordination of telomerase holoenzyme assembly and the timing of telomerase performance at telomeres during DNA replication or repair. However, a general model is still unclear, especially pathways connecting telomerase with proposed non-telomeric functions. To strengthen our understanding of telomerase function during its intracellular life, we report on interactions of several groups of proteins with the Arabidopsis telomerase protein subunit (AtTERT) and/or a component of telomerase holoenzyme, POT1a protein. Among these are the nucleosome assembly proteins (NAP) and the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) system, which reveal new insights into the telomerase interaction network with links to telomere chromatin assembly and replication. A targeted investigation of 176 candidate proteins demonstrated numerous interactions with nucleolar, transport and ribosomal proteins, as well as molecular chaperones, shedding light on interactions during telomerase biogenesis. We further identified protein domains responsible for binding and analyzed the subcellular localization of these interactions. Moreover, additional interaction networks of NAP proteins and the DOMINO1 protein were identified. Our data support an image of functional telomerase contacts with multiprotein complexes including chromatin remodeling and cell differentiation pathways.
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8
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Ayash M, Abukhalaf M, Thieme D, Proksch C, Heilmann M, Schattat MH, Hoehenwarter W. LC-MS Based Draft Map of the Arabidopsis thaliana Nuclear Proteome and Protein Import in Pattern Triggered Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:744103. [PMID: 34858452 PMCID: PMC8630587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.744103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite its central role as the ark of genetic information and gene expression the plant nucleus is surprisingly understudied. We isolated nuclei from the Arabidopsis thaliana dark grown cell culture left untreated and treated with flg22 and nlp20, two elicitors of pattern triggered immunity (PTI) in plants, respectively. An liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based discovery proteomics approach was used to measure the nuclear proteome fractions. An enrichment score based on the relative abundance of cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and Golgi markers in the nuclear protein fraction allowed us to curate the nuclear proteome producing high quality catalogs of around 3,000 nuclear proteins under untreated and both PTI conditions. The measurements also covered low abundant proteins including more than 100 transcription factors and transcriptional co-activators. We disclose a list of several hundred potentially dual targeted proteins including proteins not yet found before for further study. Protein import into the nucleus in plant immunity is known. Here we sought to gain a broader impression of this phenomenon employing our proteomics data and found 157 and 73 proteins to possibly be imported into the nucleus upon stimulus with flg22 and nlp20, respectively. Furthermore, the abundance of 93 proteins changed significantly in the nucleus following elicitation of immunity. These results suggest promiscuous ribosome assembly and a role of prohibitins and cytochrome C in the nucleus in PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ayash
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Mohammad Abukhalaf
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Domenika Thieme
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Carsten Proksch
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
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9
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Wang D, Wang C, Li C, Song H, Qin J, Chang H, Fu W, Wang Y, Wang F, Li B, Hao Y, Xu M, Fu A. Functional Relationship of Arabidopsis AOXs and PTOX Revealed via Transgenic Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:692847. [PMID: 34367216 PMCID: PMC8336870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.692847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Alternative oxidase (AOX) and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) are terminal oxidases of electron transfer in mitochondria and chloroplasts, respectively. Here, taking advantage of the variegation phenotype of the Arabidopsis PTOX deficient mutant (im), we examined the functional relationship between PTOX and its five distantly related homologs (AOX1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2). When engineered into chloroplasts, AOX1b, 1c, 1d, and AOX2 rescued the im defect, while AOX1a partially suppressed the mutant phenotype, indicating that AOXs could function as PQH2 oxidases. When the full length AOXs were overexpressed in im, only AOX1b and AOX2 rescued its variegation phenotype. In vivo fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOXs and subcellular fractionation assays showed that AOX1b and AOX2 could partially enter chloroplasts while AOX1c and AOX1d were exclusively present in mitochondria. Surprisingly, the subcellular fractionation, but not the fluorescence analysis of GFP-tagged AOX1a, revealed that a small portion of AOX1a could sort into chloroplasts. We further fused and expressed the targeting peptides of AOXs with the mature form of PTOX in im individually; and found that targeting peptides of AOX1a, AOX1b, and AOX2, but not that of AOX1c or AOX1d, could direct PTOX into chloroplasts. It demonstrated that chloroplast-localized AOXs, but not mitochondria-localized AOXs, can functionally compensate for the PTOX deficiency in chloroplasts, providing a direct evidence for the functional relevance of AOX and PTOX, shedding light on the interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts and the complex mechanisms of protein dual targeting in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Cai Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Haifeng Song
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Han Chang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Weihan Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yaqi Hao
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Min Xu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Aigen Fu
- Chinese Education Ministry’s Key Laboratory of Western Resources and Modern Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology Shaanxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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10
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Welchen E, Canal MV, Gras DE, Gonzalez DH. Cross-talk between mitochondrial function, growth, and stress signalling pathways in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4102-4118. [PMID: 33369668 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant mitochondria harbour complex metabolic routes that are interconnected with those of other cell compartments, and changes in mitochondrial function remotely influence processes in different parts of the cell. This implies the existence of signals that convey information about mitochondrial function to the rest of the cell. Increasing evidence indicates that metabolic and redox signals are important for this process, but changes in ion fluxes, protein relocalization, and physical contacts with other organelles are probably also involved. Besides possible direct effects of these signalling molecules on cellular functions, changes in mitochondrial physiology also affect the activity of different signalling pathways that modulate plant growth and stress responses. As a consequence, mitochondria influence the responses to internal and external factors that modify the activity of these pathways and associated biological processes. Acting through the activity of hormonal signalling pathways, mitochondria may also exert remote control over distant organs or plant tissues. In addition, an intimate cross-talk of mitochondria with energy signalling pathways, such as those represented by TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN and SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1, can be envisaged. This review discusses available evidence on the role of mitochondria in shaping plant growth and stress responses through various signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Canal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diana E Gras
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
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11
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Singh P, Preu L, Beuerle T, Kaufholdt D, Hänsch R, Beerhues L, Gaid M. A promiscuous coenzyme A ligase provides benzoyl-coenzyme A for xanthone biosynthesis in Hypericum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1472-1490. [PMID: 33031578 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzoic acid-derived compounds, such as polyprenylated benzophenones and xanthones, attract the interest of scientists due to challenging chemical structures and diverse biological activities. The genus Hypericum is of high medicinal value, as exemplified by H. perforatum. It is rich in benzophenone and xanthone derivatives, the biosynthesis of which requires the catalytic activity of benzoate-coenzyme A (benzoate-CoA) ligase (BZL), which activates benzoic acid to benzoyl-CoA. Despite remarkable research so far done on benzoic acid biosynthesis in planta, all previous structural studies of BZL genes and proteins are exclusively related to benzoate-degrading microorganisms. Here, a transcript for a plant acyl-activating enzyme (AAE) was cloned from xanthone-producing Hypericum calycinum cell cultures using transcriptomic resources. An increase in the HcAAE1 transcript level preceded xanthone accumulation after elicitor treatment, as previously observed with other pathway-related genes. Subcellular localization of reporter fusions revealed the dual localization of HcAAE1 to cytosol and peroxisomes owing to a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal. This result suggests the generation of benzoyl-CoA in Hypericum by the CoA-dependent non-β-oxidative route. A luciferase-based substrate specificity assay and the kinetic characterization indicated that HcAAE1 exhibits promiscuous substrate preference, with benzoic acid being the sole aromatic substrate accepted. Unlike 4-coumarate-CoA ligase and cinnamate-CoA ligase enzymes, HcAAE1 did not accept 4-coumaric and cinnamic acids, respectively. The substrate preference was corroborated by in silico modeling, which indicated valid docking of both benzoic acid and its adenosine monophosphate intermediate in the HcAAE1/BZL active site cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Lutz Preu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - David Kaufholdt
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Robert Hänsch
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Humboldtstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP) - College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Tiansheng Road, Chongqing, 400715, P.R. China
| | - Ludger Beerhues
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Mariam Gaid
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Mendelssohnstraße 1, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
- Centre of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35 A, Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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12
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Hooper CM, Castleden IR, Aryamanesh N, Black K, Grasso SV, Millar AH. CropPAL for discovering divergence in protein subcellular location in crops to support strategies for molecular crop breeding. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:812-827. [PMID: 32780488 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture faces increasing demand for yield, higher plant-derived protein content and diversity while facing pressure to achieve sustainability. Although the genomes of many of the important crops have been sequenced, the subcellular locations of most of the encoded proteins remain unknown or are only predicted. Protein subcellular location is crucial in determining protein function and accumulation patterns in plants, and is critical for targeted improvements in yield and resilience. Integrating location data from over 800 studies for 12 major crop species into the cropPAL2020 data collection showed that while >80% of proteins in most species are not localised by experimental data, combining species data or integrating predictions can help bridge gaps at similar accuracy. The collation and integration of over 61 505 experimental localisations and more than 6 million predictions showed that the relative sizes of the protein catalogues located in different subcellular compartments are comparable between crops and Arabidopsis. A comprehensive cross-species comparison showed that between 50% and 80% of the subcellulomes are conserved across species and that conservation only depends to some degree on the phylogenetic relationship of the species. Protein subcellular locations in major biosynthesis pathways are more often conserved than in metabolic pathways. Underlying this conservation is a clear potential for subcellular diversity in protein location between species by means of gene duplication and alternative splicing. Our cropPAL data set and search platform (https://crop-pal.org) provide a comprehensive subcellular proteomics resource to drive compartmentation-based approaches for improving yield, protein composition and resilience in future crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Hooper
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ian R Castleden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nader Aryamanesh
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kylie Black
- University Library, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Sally V Grasso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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13
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Li YR, Liu MJ. Prevalence of alternative AUG and non-AUG translation initiators and their regulatory effects across plants. Genome Res 2020; 30:1418-1433. [PMID: 32973042 PMCID: PMC7605272 DOI: 10.1101/gr.261834.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation is a key step determining protein synthesis. Studies have uncovered a number of alternative translation initiation sites (TISs) in mammalian mRNAs and showed their roles in reshaping the proteome. However, the extent to which alternative TISs affect gene expression across plants remains largely unclear. Here, by profiling initiating ribosome positions, we globally identified in vivo TISs in tomato and Arabidopsis and found thousands of genes with more than one TIS. Of the identified TISs, >19% and >20% were located at unannotated AUG and non-AUG sites, respectively. CUG and ACG were the most frequently observed codons at non-AUG TISs, a phenomenon also found in mammals. In addition, although alternative TISs were usually found in both orthologous genes, the TIS sequences were not conserved, suggesting the conservation of alternative initiation mechanisms but flexibility in using TISs. Unlike upstream AUG TISs, the presence of upstream non-AUG TISs was not correlated with the translational repression of main open reading frames, a pattern observed across plants. Also, the generation of proteins with diverse N-terminal regions through the use of alternative TISs contributes to differential subcellular localization, as mutating alternative TISs resulted in the loss of organelle localization. Our findings uncovered the hidden coding potential of plant genomes and, importantly, the constraint and flexibility of translational initiation mechanisms in the regulation of gene expression across plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Li
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jung Liu
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan 741, Taiwan.,Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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14
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Mackenzie SA, Kundariya H. Organellar protein multi-functionality and phenotypic plasticity in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190182. [PMID: 31787051 PMCID: PMC6939364 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing impact of climate instability on agricultural and ecological systems has come a heightened sense of urgency to understand plant adaptation mechanisms in more detail. Plant species have a remarkable ability to disperse their progeny to a wide range of environments, demonstrating extraordinary resiliency mechanisms that incorporate epigenetics and transgenerational stability. Surprisingly, some of the underlying versatility of plants to adapt to abiotic and biotic stress emerges from the neofunctionalization of organelles and organellar proteins. We describe evidence of possible plastid specialization and multi-functional organellar protein features that serve to enhance plant phenotypic plasticity. These features appear to rely on, for example, spatio-temporal regulation of plastid composition, and unusual interorganellar protein targeting and retrograde signalling features that facilitate multi-functionalization. Although we report in detail on three such specializations, involving MSH1, WHIRLY1 and CUE1 proteins in Arabidopsis, there is ample reason to believe that these represent only a fraction of what is yet to be discovered as we begin to elaborate cross-species diversity. Recent observations suggest that plant proteins previously defined in one context may soon be rediscovered in new roles and that much more detailed investigation of proteins that show subcellular multi-targeting may be warranted. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking the mitochondrial genotype to phenotype: a complex endeavour’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally A Mackenzie
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 362 Frear North Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hardik Kundariya
- Departments of Biology and Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 362 Frear North Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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15
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Colombatti F, Mencia R, Garcia L, Mansilla N, Alemano S, Andrade AM, Gonzalez DH, Welchen E. The mitochondrial oxidation resistance protein AtOXR2 increases plant biomass and tolerance to oxidative stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3177-3195. [PMID: 30945737 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the existence of the oxidation resistance (OXR) protein family in plants. There are six OXR members in Arabidopsis that contain the highly conserved TLDc domain that is characteristic of this eukaryotic protein family. AtOXR2 is a mitochondrial protein able to alleviate the stress sensitivity of a yeast oxr1 mutant. It was induced by oxidative stress and its overexpression in Arabidopsis (oeOXR2) increased leaf ascorbate, photosynthesis, biomass, and seed production, as well as conferring tolerance to methyl viologen, antimycin A, and high light intensities. The oeOXR2 plants also showed higher ABA content, changes in ABA sensitivity, and modified expression of ABA- and stress-regulated genes. While the oxr2 mutants had a similar shoot phenotype to the wild-type, they exhibited increased sensitivity to stress. We propose that by influencing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), AtOXR2 improves the efficiency of photosynthesis and elicits basal tolerance to environmental challenges that increase oxidative stress, allowing improved plant growth and biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Colombatti
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Regina Mencia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucila Garcia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR-CONICET), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrea M Andrade
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Daniel H Gonzalez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
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16
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Lee JS, Wilson ME, Richardson RA, Haswell ES. Genetic and physical interactions between the organellar mechanosensitive ion channel homologs MSL1, MSL2, and MSL3 reveal a role for inter-organellar communication in plant development. PLANT DIRECT 2019; 3:e00124. [PMID: 31245767 PMCID: PMC6508831 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plant development requires communication on many levels, including between cells and between organelles within a cell. For example, mitochondria and plastids have been proposed to be sensors of environmental stress and to coordinate their responses. Here we present evidence for communication between mitochondria and chloroplasts during leaf and root development, based on genetic and physical interactions between three Mechanosensitive channel of Small conductance-Like (MSL) proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana. MSL proteins are Arabidopsis homologs of the bacterial Mechanosensitive channel of Small conductance (MscS), which relieves cellular osmotic pressure to protect against lysis during hypoosmotic shock. MSL1 localizes to the inner mitochondrial membrane, while MSL2 and MSL3 localize to the inner plastid membrane and are required to maintain plastid osmotic homeostasis during normal growth and development. In this study, we characterized the phenotypic effect of a genetic lesion in MSL1, both in wild type and in msl2 msl3 mutant backgrounds. msl1 single mutants appear wild type for all phenotypes examined. The characteristic leaf rumpling in msl2 msl3 double mutants was exacerbated in the msl1 msl2 msl3 triple mutant. However, the introduction of the msl1 lesion into the msl2 msl3 mutant background suppressed other msl2 msl3 mutant phenotypes, including ectopic callus formation, accumulation of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the shoot apical meristem, decreased root length, and reduced number of lateral roots. All these phenotypes could be recovered by molecular complementation with a transgene containing a wild type version of MSL1. In yeast-based interaction studies, MSL1 interacted with itself, but not with MSL2 or MSL3. These results establish that the abnormalities observed in msl2 msl3 double mutants is partially dependent on the presence of functional MSL1 and suggest a possible role for communication between plastid and mitochondria in seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine S. Lee
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
- Present address:
Broad InstituteCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Margaret E. Wilson
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
- Present address:
Donald Danforth Plant Science CenterSaint LouisMissouri
| | - Ryan A. Richardson
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
| | - Elizabeth S. Haswell
- NSF Center for Engineering MechanoBiologyDepartment of BiologyWashington University in Saint LouisSaint LouisMissouri
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17
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Schlüter U, Bräutigam A, Droz JM, Schwender J, Weber APM. The role of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in C 4 photosynthesis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21 Suppl 1:64-76. [PMID: 30126035 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Alanine and aspartate are essential transfer metabolites for C4 species of the NAD-malic enzyme and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase subtype. To some degree both amino acids are also part of the metabolite shuttle in NADP-malic enzyme plants. In comparison with C3 species, the majority of C4 species are therefore characterised by enhanced expression and activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (AT) in the photosynthetically active tissue. Both enzymes exist in multiple copies and have been found in different subcellular compartments. We tested whether different C4 species show preferential recruitment of enzymes from specific lineages and subcellular compartments. Phylogenetic analysis of alanine and aspartate ATs from a variety of monocot and eudicot C4 species and their C3 relatives was combined with subcellular prediction tools and analysis of the subsequent transcript amounts in mature leaves. Recruitment of aspartate AT from a specific subcellular compartment was strongly connected to the biochemical subtype. Deviation from the main model was however observed in Gynandropsis gynandra. The configuration of alanine AT generally differed in monocot and eudicot species. C4 monocots recruited an alanine AT from a specific cytosolic branch, but eudicots use alanine AT copies from a mitochondrial branch. Generally, plants display high plasticity in the setup of the C4 pathway. Beside the common models for the different C4 subtypes, individual solutions were found for plant groups or lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Schlüter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - A Bräutigam
- Computational Biology, Centre for Biotechnology, University Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - J Schwender
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - A P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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18
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Sharma M, Bennewitz B, Klösgen RB. Rather rule than exception? How to evaluate the relevance of dual protein targeting to mitochondria and chloroplasts. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2018; 138:335-343. [PMID: 29946965 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-018-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dual targeting of a nuclearly encoded protein into two different cell organelles is an exceptional event in eukaryotic cells. Yet, the frequency of such dual targeting is remarkably high in case of mitochondria and chloroplasts, the two endosymbiotic organelles of plant cells. In most instances, it is mediated by "ambiguous" transit peptides, which recognize both organelles as the target. A number of different approaches including in silico, in organello as well as both transient and stable in vivo assays are established to determine the targeting specificity of such transit peptides. In this review, we will describe and compare these approaches and discuss the potential role of this unusual targeting process. Furthermore, we will present a hypothetical scenario how dual targeting might have arisen during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Bationa Bennewitz
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Ralf Bernd Klösgen
- Institute of Biology - Plant Physiology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany.
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19
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Cabout S, Leask MP, Varghese S, Yi J, Peters B, Conze LL, Köhler C, Brownfield L. The meiotic regulator JASON utilizes alternative translation initiation sites to produce differentially localized forms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4205-4217. [PMID: 28922756 PMCID: PMC5853252 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The JASON (JAS) protein plays an important role in maintaining an organelle band across the equator of male meiotic cells during the second division, with its loss leading to unreduced pollen in Arabidopsis. In roots cells, JAS localizes to the Golgi, tonoplast and plasma membrane. Here we explore the mechanism underlying the localization of JAS. Overall, our data show that leaky ribosom scanning and alternative translation initiation sites (TISs) likely leads to the formation of two forms of JAS: a long version with an N-terminal Golgi localization signal and a short version with a different N-terminal signal targeting the protein to the plasma membrane. The ratio of the long and short forms of JAS is developmentally regulated, with both being produced in roots but the short form being predominant and functional during meiosis. This regulation of TISs in meiocytes ensures that the short version of JAS is formed during meiosis to ensure separation of chromosome groups and the production of reduced pollen. We hypothesize that increased occurrence of unreduced pollen under stress conditions may be a consequence of altered usage of JAS TISs during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cabout
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Megan P Leask
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shiny Varghese
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jun Yi
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Peters
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lei Liu Conze
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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Dezfulian MH, Foreman C, Jalili E, Pal M, Dhaliwal RK, Roberto DKA, Imre KM, Kohalmi SE, Crosby WL. Acetolactate synthase regulatory subunits play divergent and overlapping roles in branched-chain amino acid synthesis and Arabidopsis development. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:71. [PMID: 28388946 PMCID: PMC5384131 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are synthesized by plants, fungi, bacteria, and archaea with plants being the major source of these amino acids in animal diets. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is the first enzyme in the BCAA synthesis pathway. Although the functional contribution of ALS to BCAA biosynthesis has been extensively characterized, a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of this pathway at the molecular level is still lacking. RESULTS To characterize the regulatory processes governing ALS activity we utilized several complementary approaches. Using the ALS catalytic protein subunit as bait we performed a yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screen which resulted in the identification of a set of interacting proteins, two of which (denoted as ALS-INTERACTING PROTEIN1 and 3 [AIP1 and AIP3, respectively]) were found to be evolutionarily conserved orthologues of bacterial feedback-regulatory proteins and therefore implicated in the regulation of ALS activity. To investigate the molecular role AIPs might play in BCAA synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined the functional contribution of aip1 and aip3 knockout alleles to plant patterning and development and BCAA synthesis under various growth conditions. Loss-of-function genetic backgrounds involving these two genes exhibited differential aberrant growth responses in valine-, isoleucine-, and sodium chloride-supplemented media. While BCAA synthesis is believed to be localized to the chloroplast, both AIP1 and AIP3 were found to localize to the peroxisome in addition to the chloroplast. Analysis of free amino acid pools in the mutant backgrounds revealed that they differ in the absolute amount of individual BCAAs accumulated and exhibit elevated levels of BCAAs in leaf tissues. Despite the phenotypic differences observed in aip1 and aip3 backgrounds, functional redundancy between these loci was suggested by the finding that aip1/aip3 double knockout mutants are severely developmentally compromised. CONCLUSIONS Taken together the data suggests that the two regulatory proteins, in conjunction with ALS, have overlapping but distinct functions in BCAA synthesis, and also play a role in pathways unrelated to BCAA synthesis such as sodium-ion homeostasis, extending to broader aspects of patterning and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H. Dezfulian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
- Present address: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Curtis Foreman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
| | - Espanta Jalili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
| | - Mrinal Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
| | - Rajdeep K. Dhaliwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
| | - Don Karl A. Roberto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
| | - Kathleen M. Imre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI USA
| | | | - William L. Crosby
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON Canada
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21
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Dual-targeting of Arabidopsis DMP1 isoforms to the tonoplast and the plasma membrane. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174062. [PMID: 28384172 PMCID: PMC5383025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The reports of dual-targeted proteins in plants have steadily increased over the past years. The vast majority of these proteins are soluble proteins distributed between compartments of the non-secretory pathway, predominantly chloroplasts and mitochondria. In contrast, dual-targeted transmembrane proteins, especially of the secretory pathway, are rare and the mechanisms leading to their differential targeting remain largely unknown. Here, we report dual-targeting of the Arabidopsis DUF679 Membrane Protein 1 (DMP1) to the tonoplast (TP) and the plasma membrane (PM). In Arabidopsis and tobacco two equally abundant DMP1 isoforms are synthesized by alternative translation initiation: a full length protein, DMP1.1, and a truncated one, DMP1.2, which lacks the N-terminal 19 amino acids including a TP-targeting dileucine motif. Accumulation of DMP1.1 and DMP1.2 in the TP and the PM, respectively, is Brefeldin A-sensitive, indicating transit via the Golgi. However, DMP1.2 interacts with DMP1.1, leading to extensive rerouting of DMP1.2 to the TP and “eclipsed” localization of DMP1.2 in the PM where it is barely visible by confocal laser scanning microscopy but clearly detectable by membrane fractionation. It is demonstrated that eGFP fusion to either DMP1 terminus can cause mistargeting artifacts: C-terminal fusion to DMP1.1 or DMP1.2 results in altered ER export and N-terminal fusion to DMP1.1 causes mistargeting to the PM, presumably by masking of the TP targeting signal. These results illustrate how the interplay of alternative translation initiation, presence or absence of targeting information and rerouting due to protein-protein interaction determines the ultimate distribution of a transmembrane protein between two membranes.
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Sperschneider J, Catanzariti AM, DeBoer K, Petre B, Gardiner DM, Singh KB, Dodds PN, Taylor JM. LOCALIZER: subcellular localization prediction of both plant and effector proteins in the plant cell. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44598. [PMID: 28300209 PMCID: PMC5353544 DOI: 10.1038/srep44598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens secrete effector proteins and many operate inside plant cells to enable infection. Some effectors have been found to enter subcellular compartments by mimicking host targeting sequences. Although many computational methods exist to predict plant protein subcellular localization, they perform poorly for effectors. We introduce LOCALIZER for predicting plant and effector protein localization to chloroplasts, mitochondria, and nuclei. LOCALIZER shows greater prediction accuracy for chloroplast and mitochondrial targeting compared to other methods for 652 plant proteins. For 107 eukaryotic effectors, LOCALIZER outperforms other methods and predicts a previously unrecognized chloroplast transit peptide for the ToxA effector, which we show translocates into tobacco chloroplasts. Secretome-wide predictions and confocal microscopy reveal that rust fungi might have evolved multiple effectors that target chloroplasts or nuclei. LOCALIZER is the first method for predicting effector localisation in plants and is a valuable tool for prioritizing effector candidates for functional investigations. LOCALIZER is available at http://localizer.csiro.au/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sperschneider
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Kathleen DeBoer
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Donald M. Gardiner
- Queensland Bioscience Precinct, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karam B. Singh
- Centre for Environment and Life Sciences, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter N. Dodds
- Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jennifer M. Taylor
- Black Mountain Laboratories, CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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Daher Z, Recorbet G, Solymosi K, Wienkoop S, Mounier A, Morandi D, Lherminier J, Wipf D, Dumas-Gaudot E, Schoefs B. Changes in plastid proteome and structure in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots display a nutrient starvation signature. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:13-29. [PMID: 27558913 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, arbuscule-containing root cortex cells display a proliferation of plastids, a feature usually ascribed to an increased plant anabolism despite the lack of studies focusing on purified root plastids. In this study, we investigated mycorrhiza-induced changes in plastidic pathways by performing a label-free comparative subcellular quantitative proteomic analysis targeted on plastid-enriched fractions isolated from Medicago truncatula roots, coupled to a cytological analysis of plastid structure. We identified 490 root plastid protein candidates, among which 79 changed in abundance upon mycorrhization, as inferred from spectral counting. According to cross-species sequence homology searches, the mycorrhiza-responsive proteome was enriched in proteins experimentally localized in thylakoids, whereas it was depleted of proteins ascribed predominantly to amyloplasts. Consistently, the analysis of plastid morphology using transmission electron microscopy indicated that starch depletion associated with the proliferation of membrane-free and tubular membrane-containing plastids was a feature specific to arbusculated cells. The loss of enzymes involved in carbon/nitrogen assimilation and provision of reducing power, coupled to macromolecule degradation events in the plastid-enriched fraction of mycorrhizal roots that paralleled lack of starch accumulation in arbusculated cells, lead us to propose that arbuscule functioning elicits a nutrient starvation and an oxidative stress signature that may prime arbuscule breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Daher
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Molecular System Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Dominique Morandi
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Jeannine Lherminier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- MicroMar, Mer, Molécules, Santé, UBL, Université du Maine, Le Mans Cedex 9 72085, France
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Kmiec B, Teixeira PF, Murcha MW, Glaser E. Divergent evolution of the M3A family of metallopeptidases in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 157:380-388. [PMID: 27100569 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plants, as stationary organisms, have developed mechanisms allowing them efficient resource reallocation and a response to changing environmental conditions. One of these mechanisms is proteome remodeling via a broad peptidase network present in various cellular compartments including mitochondria and chloroplasts. The genome of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana encodes as many as 616 putative peptidase-coding genes organized in 55 peptidase families. In this study, we describe the M3A family of peptidases, which comprises four members: mitochondrial and chloroplastic oligopeptidase (OOP), cytosolic oligopeptidase (CyOP), mitochondrial octapeptidyl aminopeptidase 1 (Oct1) and plant-specific protein of M3 family (PSPM3) of unknown function. We have analyzed the evolutionary conservation of M3A peptidases across plant species and the functional specialization of the three distinct subfamilies. We found that the subfamily-containing OOP and CyOP-like peptidases, responsible for oligopeptide degradation in the endosymbiotic organelles (OOP) or in the cytosol (CyOP), are highly conserved in all kingdoms of life. The Oct1-like peptidase subfamily involved in pre-protein maturation in mitochondria is conserved in all eukaryotes, whereas the PSPM3-like protein subfamily is strictly conserved in higher plants only and is of unknown function. Specific characteristics within PSPM3 sequences, i.e. occurrence of a N-terminal transmembrane domain and amino acid changes in distal substrate-binding motif, distinguish PSPM3 proteins from other members of M3A family. We performed peptidase activity measurements to analyze the role of substrate-binding residues in the different Arabidopsis M3A paralogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Kmiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pedro F Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika W Murcha
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Elzbieta Glaser
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Jokipii-Lukkari S, Kastaniotis AJ, Parkash V, Sundström R, Leiva-Eriksson N, Nymalm Y, Blokhina O, Kukkola E, Fagerstedt KV, Salminen TA, Läärä E, Bülow L, Ohlmeier S, Hiltunen JK, Kallio PT, Häggman H. Dual targeted poplar ferredoxin NADP(+) oxidoreductase interacts with hemoglobin 1. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 247:138-149. [PMID: 27095407 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have connected non-symbiotic and truncated hemoglobins (Hbs) to metabolism of nitric oxide (NO), an important signalling molecule involved in wood formation. We have studied the capability of poplar (Populus tremula × tremuloides) Hbs PttHb1 and PttTrHb proteins alone or with a flavin-protein reductase to relieve NO cytotoxicity in living cells. Complementation tests in a Hb-deficient, NO-sensitive yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Δyhb1 mutant showed that neither PttHb1 nor PttTrHb alone protected cells against NO. To study the ability of Hbs to interact with a reductase, ferredoxin NADP(+) oxidoreductase PtthFNR was characterized by sequencing and proteomics. To date, by far the greatest number of the known dual-targeted plant proteins are directed to chloroplasts and mitochondria. We discovered a novel variant of hFNR that lacks the plastid presequence and resides in cytosol. The coexpression of PttHb1 and PtthFNR partially restored NO resistance of the yeast Δyhb1 mutant, whereas PttTrHb coexpressed with PtthFNR failed to rescue growth. YFP fusion proteins confirmed the interaction between PttHb1 and PtthFNR in plant cells. The structural modelling results indicate that PttHb1 and PtthFNR are able to interact as NO dioxygenase. This is the first report on dual targeting of central plant enzyme FNR to plastids and cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Jokipii-Lukkari
- Genetics and Physiology Department, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Alexander J Kastaniotis
- The Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Vimal Parkash
- The Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Robin Sundström
- The Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Nélida Leiva-Eriksson
- The Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Nymalm
- The Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Olga Blokhina
- The Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Eija Kukkola
- The Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Kurt V Fagerstedt
- The Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikki Biocenter 3, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Tiina A Salminen
- The Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Läärä
- The Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Leif Bülow
- The Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Steffen Ohlmeier
- The Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland
| | - J Kalervo Hiltunen
- The Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Pauli T Kallio
- The Institute of Microbiology, ETH-Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hely Häggman
- Genetics and Physiology Department, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland.
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27
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Petre B, Lorrain C, Saunders DG, Win J, Sklenar J, Duplessis S, Kamoun S. Rust fungal effectors mimic host transit peptides to translocate into chloroplasts. Cell Microbiol 2015; 18:453-65. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Petre
- The Sainsbury Laboratory; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes; Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
- Université de Lorraine; UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54506 France
| | - Cécile Lorrain
- The Sainsbury Laboratory; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes; Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
- Université de Lorraine; UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54506 France
| | - Diane G.O. Saunders
- The Sainsbury Laboratory; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
- The Genome Analysis Centre; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
- The John Innes Centre; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Jan Sklenar
- The Sainsbury Laboratory; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
| | - Sébastien Duplessis
- INRA, UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes; Centre INRA Nancy Lorraine; Champenoux 54280 France
- Université de Lorraine; UMR 1136 Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies; Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54506 France
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory; Norwich Research Park; Norwich NR4 7UH UK
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28
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Mani J, Meisinger C, Schneider A. Peeping at TOMs-Diverse Entry Gates to Mitochondria Provide Insights into the Evolution of Eukaryotes. Mol Biol Evol 2015; 33:337-51. [PMID: 26474847 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msv219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for eukaryotic life and more than 95% of their proteins are imported as precursors from the cytosol. The targeting signals for this posttranslational import are conserved in all eukaryotes. However, this conservation does not hold true for the protein translocase of the mitochondrial outer membrane that serves as entry gate for essentially all precursor proteins. Only two of its subunits, Tom40 and Tom22, are conserved and thus likely were present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor. Tom7 is found in representatives of all supergroups except the Excavates. This suggests that it was added to the core of the translocase after the Excavates segregated from all other eukaryotes. A comparative analysis of the biochemically and functionally characterized outer membrane translocases of yeast, plants, and trypanosomes, which represent three eukaryotic supergroups, shows that the receptors that recognize the conserved import signals differ strongly between the different systems. They present a remarkable example of convergent evolution at the molecular level. The structural diversity of the functionally conserved import receptors therefore provides insight into the early evolutionary history of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chris Meisinger
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ and BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - André Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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29
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Wallet C, Le Ret M, Bergdoll M, Bichara M, Dietrich A, Gualberto JM. The RECG1 DNA Translocase Is a Key Factor in Recombination Surveillance, Repair, and Segregation of the Mitochondrial DNA in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:2907-25. [PMID: 26462909 PMCID: PMC4682331 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria of flowering plants have considerably larger and more complex genomes than the mitochondria of animals or fungi, mostly due to recombination activities that modulate their genomic structures. These activities most probably participate in the repair of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lesions by recombination-dependent processes. Rare ectopic recombination across short repeats generates new genomic configurations that contribute to mtDNA heteroplasmy, which drives rapid evolution of the sequence organization of plant mtDNAs. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana RECG1, an ortholog of the bacterial RecG translocase, is an organellar protein with multiple roles in mtDNA maintenance. RECG1 targets to mitochondria and plastids and can complement a bacterial recG mutant that shows defects in repair and replication control. Characterization of Arabidopsis recG1 mutants showed that RECG1 is required for recombination-dependent repair and for suppression of ectopic recombination in mitochondria, most likely because of its role in recovery of stalled replication forks. The analysis of alternative mitotypes present in a recG1 line and of their segregation following backcross allowed us to build a model to explain how a new stable mtDNA configuration, compatible with normal plant development, can be generated by stoichiometric shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Wallet
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Monique Le Ret
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Bergdoll
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Bichara
- CNRS UMR7242, IREBS, Université de Strasbourg, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - André Dietrich
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - José M Gualberto
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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30
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Bauer NC, Doetsch PW, Corbett AH. Mechanisms Regulating Protein Localization. Traffic 2015; 16:1039-61. [PMID: 26172624 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular functions are dictated by protein content and activity. There are numerous strategies to regulate proteins varying from modulating gene expression to post-translational modifications. One commonly used mode of regulation in eukaryotes is targeted localization. By specifically redirecting the localization of a pool of existing protein, cells can achieve rapid changes in local protein function. Eukaryotic cells have evolved elegant targeting pathways to direct proteins to the appropriate cellular location or locations. Here, we provide a general overview of these localization pathways, with a focus on nuclear and mitochondrial transport, and present a survey of the evolutionarily conserved regulatory strategies identified thus far. We end with a description of several specific examples of proteins that exploit localization as an important mode of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bauer
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Current address: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Paul W Doetsch
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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31
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Carrie C, Venne AS, Zahedi RP, Soll J. Identification of cleavage sites and substrate proteins for two mitochondrial intermediate peptidases in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:2691-708. [PMID: 25732537 PMCID: PMC4986872 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Most mitochondrial proteins contain an N-terminal targeting signal that is removed by specific proteases following import. In plant mitochondria, only mitochondrial processing peptidase (MPP) has been characterized to date. Therefore, we sought to determine the substrates and cleavage sites of the Arabidopsis thaliana homologues to the yeast Icp55 and Oct1 proteins, using the newly developed ChaFRADIC method for N-terminal protein sequencing. We identified 88 and seven putative substrates for Arabidopsis ICP55 and OCT1, respectively. It was determined that the Arabidopsis ICP55 contains an almost identical cleavage site to that of Icp55 from yeast. However, it can also remove a far greater range of amino acids. The OCT1 substrates from Arabidopsis displayed no consensus cleavage motif, and do not contain the classical -10R motif identified in other eukaryotes. Arabidopsis OCT1 can also cleave presequences independently, without the prior cleavage of MPP. It was concluded that while both OCT1 and ICP55 were probably acquired early on in the evolution of mitochondria, their substrate profiles and cleavage sites have either remained very similar or diverged completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Carrie
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - A Saskia Venne
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - René P Zahedi
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, D-44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jürgen Soll
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Großhaderner Strasse 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany Munich Centre for Integrated Protein Science, CiPSM, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 25, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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32
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Bobik K, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast signaling within, between and beyond cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:781. [PMID: 26500659 PMCID: PMC4593955 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The most conspicuous function of plastids is the oxygenic photosynthesis of chloroplasts, yet plastids are super-factories that produce a plethora of compounds that are indispensable for proper plant physiology and development. Given their origins as free-living prokaryotes, it is not surprising that plastids possess their own genomes whose expression is essential to plastid function. This semi-autonomous character of plastids requires the existence of sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that provide reliable communication between them and other cellular compartments. Such intracellular signaling is necessary for coordinating whole-cell responses to constantly varying environmental cues and cellular metabolic needs. This is achieved by plastids acting as receivers and transmitters of specific signals that coordinate expression of the nuclear and plastid genomes according to particular needs. In this review we will consider the so-called retrograde signaling occurring between plastids and nuclei, and between plastids and other organelles. Another important role of the plastid we will discuss is the involvement of plastid signaling in biotic and abiotic stress that, in addition to influencing retrograde signaling, has direct effects on several cellular compartments including the cell wall. We will also review recent evidence pointing to an intriguing function of chloroplasts in regulating intercellular symplasmic transport. Finally, we consider an intriguing yet less widely known aspect of plant biology, chloroplast signaling from the perspective of the entire plant. Thus, accumulating evidence highlights that chloroplasts, with their complex signaling pathways, provide a mechanism for exquisite regulation of plant development, metabolism and responses to the environment. As chloroplast processes are targeted for engineering for improved productivity the effect of such modifications on chloroplast signaling will have to be carefully considered in order to avoid unintended consequences on plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tessa M. Burch-Smith
- *Correspondence: Tessa M. Burch-Smith, Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, M407 Walters Life Science, Knoxville, TN 37932, USA,
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33
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Kalderon B, Pines O. Protein folding as a driving force for dual protein targeting in eukaryotes. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:23. [PMID: 25988164 PMCID: PMC4428415 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that in eukaryotic cells molecules of one protein can be located in several subcellular locations, a phenomenon termed dual targeting, dual localization, or dual distribution. The differently localized identical or nearly identical proteins are termed “echoforms.” Our conventional definition of dual targeted proteins refers to situations in which one of the echoforms is translocated through/into a membrane. Thus, dual targeted proteins are recognized by at least one organelle's receptors and translocation machineries within the lipid bilayer. In this review we attempt to evaluate mechanisms and situations in which protein folding is the major determinant of dual targeting and of the relative distribution levels of echoforms in the subcellular compartments of the eukaryotic cell. We show that the decisive folding step can occur prior, during or after translocation through the bilayer of a biological membrane. This phenomenon involves folding catalysts in the cell such as chaperones, proteases and modification enzymes, and targeting processes such as signal recognition, translocation through membranes, trapping, retrotranslocation and reverse translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella Kalderon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel ; CREATE-NUS-HUJ Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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34
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Kisslov I, Naamati A, Shakarchy N, Pines O. Dual-targeted proteins tend to be more evolutionarily conserved. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2770-9. [PMID: 25063438 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, identical proteins can be located in more than a single subcellular compartment, a phenomenon termed dual targeting. We hypothesized that dual-targeted proteins should be more evolutionary conserved than exclusive mitochondrial proteins, due to separate selective pressures administered by the different compartments to maintain the functions associated with the protein sequences. We employed codon usage bias, propensity for gene loss, phylogenetic relationships, conservation analysis at the DNA level, and gene expression, to test our hypothesis. Our findings indicate that, indeed, dual-targeted proteins are significantly more conserved than their exclusively targeted counterparts. We then used this trait of gene conservation, together with previously identified traits of dual-targeted proteins (such as protein net charge and mitochondrial targeting sequence strength) to 1) create, for the first time (due to addition of conservation parameters), a tool for the prediction of dual-targeted mitochondrial proteins based on protein and mRNA sequences, and 2) show that molecular mechanisms involving one versus two translation products are not correlated with specific dual-targeting parameters. Finally, we discuss what evolutionary pressure maintains protein dual targeting in eukaryotes and deduce, as we initially hypothesized, that it is the discrete functions of these proteins in the different subcellular compartments, regardless of their dual-targeting mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Kisslov
- Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Naamati
- Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nitzan Shakarchy
- Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ophry Pines
- Department of Microbiology Molecular Genetics, IMRIC, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel CREATE-NUS-HUJ Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Ng S, De Clercq I, Van Aken O, Law SR, Ivanova A, Willems P, Giraud E, Van Breusegem F, Whelan J. Anterograde and retrograde regulation of nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins during growth, development, and stress. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:1075-93. [PMID: 24711293 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis and function in plants require the expression of over 1000 nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins (NGEMPs). The expression of these genes is regulated by tissue-specific, developmental, internal, and external stimuli that result in a dynamic organelle involved in both metabolic and a variety of signaling processes. Although the metabolic and biosynthetic machinery of mitochondria is relatively well understood, the factors that regulate these processes and the various signaling pathways involved are only beginning to be identified at a molecular level. The molecular components of anterograde (nuclear to mitochondrial) and retrograde (mitochondrial to nuclear) signaling pathways that regulate the expression of NGEMPs interact with chloroplast-, growth-, and stress-signaling pathways in the cell at a variety of levels, with common components involved in transmission and execution of these signals. This positions mitochondria as important hubs for signaling in the cell, not only in direct signaling of mitochondrial function per se, but also in sensing and/or integrating a variety of other internal and external signals. This integrates and optimizes growth with energy metabolism and stress responses, which is required in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Australia Joint Research Laboratory in Genomics and Nutriomics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Inge De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Van Aken
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon R Law
- Department of Botany, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aneta Ivanova
- Department of Botany, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Willems
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research and Department of Biochemistry, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Estelle Giraud
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Australia Present address: Illumina, ANZ, 1 International Court, Scoresby Victoria 3179, Australia
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Botany, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Victoria, Australia
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Panigrahi R, Whelan J, Vrielink A. Exploring ligand recognition, selectivity and dynamics of TPR domains of chloroplast Toc64 and mitochondria Om64 fromArabidopsis thaliana. J Mol Recognit 2014; 27:402-14. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Panigrahi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
| | - James Whelan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology; University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Botany, School of Life Science; La Trobe University; Bundoora Victoria 3086 Australia
| | - Alice Vrielink
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Western Australia; 35 Stirling Highway Crawley WA 6009 Australia
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