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Luo X, Jiang J, Zhou J, Chen J, Cheng B, Li X. MyC Factor Analogue CO5 Promotes the Growth of Lotus japonicus and Enhances Stress Resistance by Activating the Expression of Relevant Genes. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:458. [PMID: 39057343 PMCID: PMC11278419 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants is well known for its benefits in enhancing plant growth and stress resistance. Research on whether key components of the AMF colonization process, such as MyC factors, can be directly utilized to activate plant symbiotic pathways and key functional gene expression is still lacking. In this paper, we found that, using a hydroponics system with Lotus japonicus, MyC factor analogue chitin oligomer 5 (CO5) had a more pronounced growth-promoting effect compared to symbiosis with AMF at the optimal concentration. Additionally, CO5 significantly enhanced the resistance of Lotus japonicus to various environmental stresses. The addition of CO5 activated symbiosis, nutrient absorption, and stress-related signaling pathways, like AMF symbiosis, and CO5 also activated a higher and more extensive gene expression profile compared to AMF colonization. Overall, the study demonstrated that the addition of MyC factor analogue CO5, by activating relevant pathways, had a superior effect on promoting plant growth and enhancing stress resistance compared to colonization by AMF. These findings suggest that utilizing MyC factor analogues like CO5 could be a promising alternative to traditional AMF colonization methods in enhancing plant growth and stress tolerance in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Luo
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.L.); (J.J.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
- College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jiaqing Jiang
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.L.); (J.J.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.L.); (J.J.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.L.); (J.J.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Beijiu Cheng
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.L.); (J.J.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Schools of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; (X.L.); (J.J.); (J.Z.); (J.C.)
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Hornstein ED, Charles M, Franklin M, Edwards B, Vintila S, Kleiner M, Sederoff H. IPD3, a master regulator of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, affects genes for immunity and metabolism of non-host Arabidopsis when restored long after its evolutionary loss. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:21. [PMID: 38368585 PMCID: PMC10874911 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AM) is a beneficial trait originating with the first land plants, which has subsequently been lost by species scattered throughout the radiation of plant diversity to the present day, including the model Arabidopsis thaliana. To explore if elements of this apparently beneficial trait are still present and could be reactivated we generated Arabidopsis plants expressing a constitutively active form of Interacting Protein of DMI3, a key transcription factor that enables AM within the Common Symbiosis Pathway, which was lost from Arabidopsis along with the AM host trait. We characterize the transcriptomic effect of expressing IPD3 in Arabidopsis with and without exposure to the AM fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis, and compare these results to the AM model Lotus japonicus and its ipd3 knockout mutant cyclops-4. Despite its long history as a non-AM species, restoring IPD3 in the form of its constitutively active DNA-binding domain to Arabidopsis altered expression of specific gene networks. Surprisingly, the effect of expressing IPD3 in Arabidopsis and knocking it out in Lotus was strongest in plants not exposed to AMF, which is revealed to be due to changes in IPD3 genotype causing a transcriptional state, which partially mimics AMF exposure in non-inoculated plants. Our results indicate that molecular connections to symbiosis machinery remain in place in this nonAM species, with implications for both basic science and the prospect of engineering this trait for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli D Hornstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Melodi Charles
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Megan Franklin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Brianne Edwards
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Simina Vintila
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Heike Sederoff
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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Wanke A, van Boerdonk S, Mahdi LK, Wawra S, Neidert M, Chandrasekar B, Saake P, Saur IML, Derbyshire P, Holton N, Menke FLH, Brands M, Pauly M, Acosta IF, Zipfel C, Zuccaro A. A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5071-5084.e7. [PMID: 37977140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each other's cell walls. These enzymes release various sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which activate host immunity via surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi has emphasized the abundance of β-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated β-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a plant glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as a β-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralog, GBP2, in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall, including an extension of callose-containing cell wall appositions. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also reduced fungal biomass in roots by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and inhibited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi-a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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Sportes A, Hériché M, Mounier A, Durney C, van Tuinen D, Trouvelot S, Wipf D, Courty PE. Comparative RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling of ten grapevine rootstocks: shared and specific sets of genes respond to mycorrhizal symbiosis. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:369-385. [PMID: 37561219 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis improves water and nutrient uptake by plants and provides them other ecosystem services. Grapevine is one of the major crops in the world. Vitis vinifera scions generally are grafted onto a variety of rootstocks that confer different levels of resistance against different pests, tolerance to environmental stress, and influence the physiology of the scions. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the root architecture and in the immune response to soil-borne pathogens. However, the fine-tuned regulation and the transcriptomic plasticity of rootstocks in response to mycorrhization are still unknown. We compared the responses of 10 different grapevine rootstocks to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS) formed with Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM197198 using RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling. We have highlighted a few shared regulation mechanisms, but also specific rootstock responses to R. irregularis colonization. A set of 353 genes was regulated by AMS in all ten rootstocks. We also compared the expression level of this set of genes to more than 2000 transcriptome profiles from various grapevine varieties and tissues to identify a class of transcripts related to mycorrhizal associations in these 10 rootstocks. Then, we compared the response of the 351 genes upregulated by mycorrhiza in grapevine to their Medicago truncatula homologs in response to mycorrhizal colonization based on available transcriptomic studies. More than 97% of the 351 M. truncatula-homologous grapevine genes were expressed in at least one mycorrhizal transcriptomic study, and 64% in every single RNAseq dataset. At the intra-specific level, we described, for the first time, shared and specific grapevine rootstock genes in response to R. irregularis symbiosis. At the inter-specific level, we defined a shared subset of mycorrhiza-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Sportes
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mathilde Hériché
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Célien Durney
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Diederik van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Emmanuel Courty
- Agroécologie, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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Weng Y, Chen X, Hao Z, Lu L, Wu X, Zhang J, Wu J, Shi J, Chen J. Genome-wide analysis of the GRAS gene family in Liriodendron chinense reveals the putative function in abiotic stress and plant development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1211853. [PMID: 37810392 PMCID: PMC10551155 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1211853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction GRAS genes encode plant-specific transcription factors that play essential roles in plant growth and development. However, the members and the function of the GRAS gene family have not been reported in Liriodendron chinense. L. chinense, a tree species in the Magnolia family that produces excellent timber for daily life and industry. In addition, it is a good relict species for plant evolution research. Methods Therefore, we conducted a genome-wide study of the LcGRAS gene family and identified 49 LcGRAS genes in L. chinense. Results We found that LcGRAS could be divided into 13 sub-groups, among which there is a unique branch named HAM-t. We carried out RNA sequencing analysis of the somatic embryos from L. chinense and found that LcGRAS genes are mainly expressed after heart-stage embryo development, suggesting that LcGRAS may have a function during somatic embryogenesis. We also investigated whether GRAS genes are responsive to stress by carrying out RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, and we found that the genes in the PAT subfamily were activated upon stress treatment, suggesting that these genes may help plants survive stressful environments. We found that PIF was downregulated and COR was upregulated after the transient overexpression of PATs, suggesting that PAT may be upstream regulators of cold stress. Discussion Collectively, LcGRAS genes are conserved and play essential roles in plant development and adaptation to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinru Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jisen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Gomez SK, Maurya AK, Irvin L, Kelly MP, Schoenherr AP, Huguet-Tapia JC, Bombarely A. A snapshot of the transcriptome of Medicago truncatula (Fabales: Fabaceae) shoots and roots in response to an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 52:667-680. [PMID: 37467039 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvad070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants simultaneously interact with belowground symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and aboveground antagonists such as aphids. Generally, plants gain access to valuable resources including nutrients and water through the AM symbiosis and are more resistant to pests. Nevertheless, aphids' performance improves on mycorrhizal plants, and it remains unclear whether a more nutritious food source and/or attenuated defenses are the contributing factors. This study examined the shoot and root transcriptome of barrel medic (Medicago truncatula Gaertn.) plants highly colonized by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis (Blaszk., Wubet, Renker, and Buscot) C. Walker and A. Schüßler (Glomerales: Glomeraceae) and exposed to 7 days of mixed age pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)) herbivory. The RNA-seq samples chosen for this study showed that aphids were heavier when fed mycorrhizal plants compared to nonmycorrhizal plants. We hypothesized that (i) insect-related plant defense pathways will be downregulated in shoots of mycorrhizal plants with aphids compared to nonmycorrhizal plants with aphids; (ii) pathways involved in nutrient acquisition, carbohydrate-related and amino acid transport will be upregulated in shoots of mycorrhizal plants with aphids compared to nonmycorrhizal plants with aphids; and (iii) roots of mycorrhizal plants with aphids will exhibit mycorrhiza-induced resistance. The transcriptome data revealed that the gene repertoire related to defenses, nutrient transport, and carbohydrates differs between nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal plants with aphids, which could explain the weight gain in aphids. We also identified novel candidate genes that are differentially expressed in nonmycorrhizal plants with aphids, thus setting the stage for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana K Gomez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Abhinav K Maurya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
- Apex Bait Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Lani Irvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Michael P Kelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Andrew P Schoenherr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Jose C Huguet-Tapia
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), UPV-CSIC, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Chang OC, Lin WY. Variation of growth and transcriptome responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in different foxtail millet lines. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2023; 64:16. [PMID: 37326894 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-023-00391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been applied to promote the growth of different crop species, but knowledge about the impacts of symbiosis on foxtail millet at the physiological and molecular levels have remained limited. In this study, we compared the mycorrhization phenotypes of one cultivar and three different landraces and performed a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis to assess the effects of genetic variation on the responses to symbiosis. RESULTS Our results showed that colonization by AMF did not enhance biomass accumulation but significantly increased grain production only in three lines. More than 2,000 genes were affected by AMF colonization in all lines. Most AM symbiosis-conserved genes were induced, but the induction levels varied between lines. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that Biological Function terms related to nitrogen transport and assimilation were only enriched in TT8. Similarly, two of phosphate starvation-induced phosphate transporters were only simultaneously downregulated in TT8. In the other two lines, the enrichment of GO terms associated with cell wall reorganization and lignification was observed, though the effects were different. CONCLUSION This study reveals the impacts of genetic variation of millet lines on the responses to AM symbiosis and provides information regarding AMF application for millet production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ou-Chi Chang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106319, Taiwan.
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Hornstein ED, Charles M, Franklin M, Edwards B, Vintila S, Kleiner M, Sederoff H. Re-engineering a lost trait: IPD3, a master regulator of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, affects genes for immunity and metabolism of non-host Arabidopsis when restored long after its evolutionary loss. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.06.531368. [PMID: 36945518 PMCID: PMC10028889 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.06.531368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AM) is a beneficial trait originating with the first land plants, which has subsequently been lost by species scattered throughout the radiation of plant diversity to the present day, including the model Arabidopsis thaliana. To explore why an apparently beneficial trait would be repeatedly lost, we generated Arabidopsis plants expressing a constitutively active form of Interacting Protein of DMI3, a key transcription factor that enables AM within the Common Symbiosis Pathway, which was lost from Arabidopsis along with the AM host trait. We characterize the transcriptomic effect of expressing IPD3 in Arabidopsis with and without exposure to the AM fungus (AMF) Rhizophagus irregularis, and compare these results to the AM model Lotus japonicus and its ipd3 knockout mutant cyclops-4. Despite its long history as a non-AM species, restoring IPD3 in the form of its constitutively active DNA-binding domain to Arabidopsis altered expression of specific gene networks. Surprisingly, the effect of expressing IPD3 in Arabidopsis and knocking it out in Lotus was strongest in plants not exposed to AMF, which is revealed to be due to changes in IPD3 genotype causing a transcriptional state which partially mimics AMF exposure in non-inoculated plants. Our results indicate that despite the long interval since loss of AM and IPD3 in Arabidopsis, molecular connections to symbiosis machinery remain in place in this nonAM species, with implications for both basic science and the prospect of engineering this trait for agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli D Hornstein
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Melodi Charles
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Megan Franklin
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brianne Edwards
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Simina Vintila
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Manuel Kleiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Heike Sederoff
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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9
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Antoszewski M, Mierek-Adamska A, Dąbrowska GB. The Importance of Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture-A Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:1100. [PMID: 36422239 PMCID: PMC9694901 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of climate change, progressive degradation of the environment, including agricultural land negatively affecting plant growth and development, endangers plant productivity. Seeking efficient and sustainable agricultural techniques to replace agricultural chemicals is one of the most important challenges nowadays. The use of plant growth-promoting microorganisms is among the most promising approaches; however, molecular mechanisms underneath plant-microbe interactions are still poorly understood. In this review, we summarized the knowledge on plant-microbe interactions, highlighting the role of microbial and plant proteins and metabolites in the formation of symbiotic relationships. This review covers rhizosphere and phyllosphere microbiomes, the role of root exudates in plant-microorganism interactions, the functioning of the plant's immune system during the plant-microorganism interactions. We also emphasized the possible role of the stringent response and the evolutionarily conserved mechanism during the established interaction between plants and microorganisms. As a case study, we discussed fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma. Our review aims to summarize the existing knowledge about plant-microorganism interactions and to highlight molecular pathways that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Mierek-Adamska
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Deng C, Li CJ, Hsieh CY, Liu LY, Chen YA, Lin WY. MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11 are involved in regulating the transcriptional program of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:976280. [PMID: 36247647 PMCID: PMC9554486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.976280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are obligate symbionts that transfer mineral nutrients to host plants through arbuscules, a fungal structure specialized for exchange for photosynthetic products. MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11, which encode the C subunits of nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) family in Medicago truncatula are induced specifically by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS). A previous study showed that MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11 are activated in cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots, but the gene functions were unknown. Herein, we identified both MtNF-YB17 and MtNF-YB12 as the interacting partners of MtNF-YC6 and MtNF-YC11 in yeast and plants. MtNF-YB17 was highly induced by AMS and activated in cortical cells only in mycorrhizal roots but MtNF-YB12 was not affected. The formation of B/C heterodimers led the protein complexes to transfer from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Silencing MtNF-YC6 and C11 by RNA interference (RNAi) resulted in decreased colonization efficiency and arbuscule richness. Coincidently, genes associated with arbuscule development and degeneration in RNAi roots were also downregulated. In silico analysis showed CCAAT-binding motifs in the promoter regions of downregulated genes, further supporting the involvement of NF-Y complexes in transcriptional regulation of symbiosis. Taken together, this study identifies MtNF-YC6- or MtNF-YC11-containing protein complexes as novel transcriptional regulators of symbiotic program and provides a list of potential downstream target genes. These data will help to further dissect the AMS regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Deng
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape and Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jui Li
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yun Hsieh
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu Daisy Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chen
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Jalmi SK, Sinha AK. Ambiguities of PGPR-Induced Plant Signaling and Stress Management. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:899563. [PMID: 35633696 PMCID: PMC9136662 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.899563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and stress responses developed by the plant in virtue of the action of PGPR are dictated by the changes in hormone levels and related signaling pathways. Each plant possesses its specific type of microbiota that is shaped by the composition of root exudates and the signal molecules produced by the plant and microbes. Plants convey signals through diverse and complex signaling pathways. The signaling pathways are also controlled by phytohormones wherein they regulate and coordinate various defense responses and developmental stages. On account of improved growth and stress tolerance provided by the PGPR to plants, there exist crosstalk of signaling events between phytohormones and other signaling molecules secreted by the plants and the PGPR. This review discusses some of the important aspects related to the ambiguities of signaling events occurring in plants, allowing the interaction of PGPR with plants and providing stress tolerance to the plant.
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12
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Tominaga T, Yao L, Saito H, Kaminaka H. Conserved and Diverse Transcriptional Reprogramming Triggered by the Establishment of Symbioses in Tomato Roots Forming Arum-Type and Paris-Type Arbuscular Mycorrhizae. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11060747. [PMID: 35336627 PMCID: PMC8953936 DOI: 10.3390/plants11060747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi allocate mineral nutrients to their host plants, and the hosts supply carbohydrates and lipids to the fungal symbionts in return. The morphotypes of intraradical hyphae are primarily determined on the plant side into Arum- and Paris-type AMs. As an exception, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) forms both types of AMs depending on the fungal species. Previously, we have shown the existence of diverse regulatory mechanisms in Arum- and Paris-type AM symbioses in response to gibberellin (GA) among different host species. However, due to the design of the study, it remained possible that the use of different plant species influenced the results. Here, we used tomato plants to compare the transcriptional responses during Arum- and Paris-type AM symbioses in a single plant species. The tomato plants inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis or Gigaspora margarita exhibited Arum- and Paris-type AMs, respectively, and demonstrated similar colonization rates and shoot biomass. Comparative transcriptomics showed shared expression patterns of AM-related genes in tomato roots upon each fungal infection. On the contrary, the defense response and GA biosynthetic process was transcriptionally upregulated during Paris-type AM symbiosis. Thus, both shared and different transcriptional reprogramming function in establishing Arum- and Paris-type AM symbioses in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Tominaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan;
| | - Luxi Yao
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Hikaru Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.S.)
| | - Hironori Kaminaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori 680-8553, Japan; (L.Y.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-857-31-5378
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13
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Dai H, Zhang X, Zhao B, Shi J, Zhang C, Wang G, Yu N, Wang E. Colonization of Mutualistic Mycorrhizal and Parasitic Blast Fungi Requires OsRAM2-Regulated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:178-186. [PMID: 34941378 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-21-0270-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form a mutual association with the majority of land plants, including most angiosperms of the dicotyledon and monocotyledon lineages. The symbiosis is based upon bidirectional nutrient exchange between the host and symbiont that occurs between inner cortical cells of the root and branched AM hyphae called arbuscules that develop within these cells. Lipid transport and its regulation during the symbiosis have been intensively investigated in dicotyledon plants, especially legumes. Here, we characterize OsRAM2 and OsRAM2L, homologs of Medicago truncatula RAM2, and found that plants defective in OsRAM2 were unable to be colonized by AM fungi and showed impaired colonization by Magnaporthe oryzae. The induction of OsRAM2 and OsRAM2L is dependent on OsRAM1 and the common symbiosis signaling pathway pathway genes CCaMK and CYCLOPS, while overexpression of OsRAM1 results in increased expression of OsRAM2 and OsRAM2L. Collectively, our data show that the function and regulation of OsRAM2 is conserved in monocot and dicot plants and reveals that, similar to mutualistic fungi, pathogenic fungi have recruited RAM2-mediated fatty acid biosynthesis to facilitate invasion.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Boyu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Jincai Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Gang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Liu YN, Liu CC, Zhu AQ, Niu KX, Guo R, Tian L, Wu YN, Sun B, Wang B. OsRAM2 Function in Lipid Biosynthesis Is Required for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Rice. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:187-199. [PMID: 34077267 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-21-0097-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a mutualistic symbiosis formed between most land plants and Glomeromycotina fungi. During symbiosis, plants provide organic carbon to fungi in exchange for mineral nutrients. Previous legume studies showed that the required for arbuscular mycorrhization2 (RAM2) gene is necessary for transferring lipids from plants to AM fungi (AMF) and is also likely to play a "signaling" role at the root surface. To further explore RAM2 functions in other plant lineages, in this study, two rice (Oryza sativa) genes, OsRAM2 and OsRAM2L, were identified as orthologs of legume RAM2. Examining their expression patterns during symbiosis revealed that only OsRAM2 was strongly upregulated upon AMF inoculation. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis was then performed to obtain three Osram2 mutant lines (-1, -2, and -3). After inoculation by AMF Rhizophagus irregularis or Funneliformis mosseae, all of the mutant lines showed extremely low colonization rates and the rarely observed arbuscules were all defective, thus supporting a conserved "nutritional" role of RAM2 between monocot and dicot lineages. As for the signaling role, although the hyphopodia numbers formed by both AMF on Osram2 mutants were indeed reduced, their morphology showed no abnormality, with fungal hyphae invading roots successfully. Promoter activities further indicated that OsRAM2 was not expressed in epidermal cells below hyphopodia or outer cortical cells enclosing fungal hyphae but instead expressed exclusively in cortical cells containing arbuscules. Therefore, this suggested an indirect role of RAM2 rather than a direct involvement in determining the symbiosis signals at the root surface.[Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Na Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Cheng-Chen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - An-Qi Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke-Xin Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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15
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Tominaga T, Miura C, Sumigawa Y, Hirose Y, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Mine A, Kaminaka H. Conservation and Diversity in Gibberellin-Mediated Transcriptional Responses Among Host Plants Forming Distinct Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Morphotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:795695. [PMID: 34975984 PMCID: PMC8718060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.795695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Morphotypes of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, Arum, Paris, and Intermediate types, are mainly determined by host plant lineages. It was reported that the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) inhibits the establishment of Arum-type AM symbiosis in legume plants. In contrast, we previously reported that GA promotes the establishment of Paris-type AM symbiosis in Eustoma grandiflorum, while suppressing Arum-type AM symbiosis in a legume model plant, Lotus japonicus. This raises a hitherto unexplored possibility that GA-mediated transcriptional reprogramming during AM symbiosis is different among plant lineages as the AM morphotypes are distinct. Here, our comparative transcriptomics revealed that several symbiosis-related genes were commonly upregulated upon AM fungal colonization in L. japonicus (Arum-type), Daucus carota (Intermediate-type), and E. grandiflorum (Paris-type). Despite of the similarities, the fungal colonization levels and the expression of symbiosis-related genes were suppressed in L. japonicus and D. carota but were promoted in E. grandiflorum in the presence of GA. Moreover, exogenous GA inhibited the expression of genes involved in biosynthetic process of the pre-symbiotic signal component, strigolactone, which resulted in the reduction of its endogenous accumulation in L. japonicus and E. grandiflorum. Additionally, differential regulation of genes involved in sugar metabolism suggested that disaccharides metabolized in AM roots would be different between L. japonicus and D. carota/E. grandiflorum. Therefore, this study uncovered the conserved transcriptional responses during mycorrhization regardless of the distinct AM morphotype. Meanwhile, we also found diverse responses to GA among phylogenetically distant AM host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Tominaga
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Chihiro Miura
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuuka Sumigawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yukine Hirose
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akira Mine
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- JST, PRESTO, Kawaguchi, Japan
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16
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Patra N, Hariharan S, Gain H, Maiti MK, Das A, Banerjee J. TypiCal but DeliCate Ca ++re: Dissecting the Essence of Calcium Signaling Network as a Robust Response Coordinator of Versatile Abiotic and Biotic Stimuli in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:752246. [PMID: 34899779 PMCID: PMC8655846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.752246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth, development, and ultimately crop productivity are largely impacted by the interaction of plants with different abiotic and biotic factors throughout their life cycle. Perception of different abiotic stresses, such as salt, cold, drought, heat, and heavy metals, and interaction with beneficial and harmful biotic agents by plants lead to transient, sustained, or oscillatory changes of [calcium ion, Ca2+]cyt within the cell. Significant progress has been made in the decoding of Ca2+ signatures into downstream responses to modulate differential developmental and physiological responses in the whole plant. Ca2+ sensor proteins, mainly calmodulins (CaMs), calmodulin-like proteins (CMLs), and others, such as Ca2+-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs), calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs), and calmodulin-binding transcription activators (CAMTAs) have played critical roles in coupling the specific stress stimulus with an appropriate response. This review summarizes the current understanding of the Ca2+ influx and efflux system in plant cells and various Ca2+ binding protein-mediated signal transduction pathways that are delicately orchestrated to mitigate abiotic and biotic stresses. The probable interactions of different components of Ca2+ sensor relays and Ca2+ sensor responders in response to various external stimuli have been described diagrammatically focusing on established pathways and latest developments. Present comprehensive insight into key components of the Ca2+ signaling toolkit in plants can provide an innovative framework for biotechnological manipulations toward crop improvability in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shruthi Hariharan
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Hena Gain
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K. Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Arpita Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, India
| | - Joydeep Banerjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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17
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Quo vadis: signaling molecules and small secreted proteins from mycorrhizal fungi at the early stage of mycorrhiza formation. Symbiosis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-021-00793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Zorin EA, Afonin AM, Kulaeva OA, Gribchenko ES, Shtark OY, Zhukov VA. Transcriptome Analysis of Alternative Splicing Events Induced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ( Rhizophagus irregularis) in Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Roots. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1700. [PMID: 33287282 PMCID: PMC7761762 DOI: 10.3390/plants9121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS), a process that enables formation of different mRNA isoforms due to alternative ways of pre-mRNA processing, is one of the mechanisms for fine-tuning gene expression. Currently, the role of AS in symbioses formed by plants with soil microorganisms is not fully understood. In this work, a comprehensive analysis of the transcriptome of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots in symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhiza was performed using RNAseq and following bioinformatic analysis. AS profiles of mycorrhizal and control roots were highly similar, intron retention accounting for a large proportion of the observed AS types (67%). Using three different tools (SUPPA2, DRIMSeq and IsoformSwitchAnalyzeR), eight genes with AS events specific for mycorrhizal roots of pea were identified, among which four were annotated as encoding an apoptosis inhibitor protein, a serine/threonine-protein kinase, a dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase, and a pre-mRNA-splicing factor ATP-dependent RNA helicase DEAH1. In pea mycorrhizal roots, the isoforms of these four genes with preliminary stop codons leading to a truncated ORFs were up-regulated. Interestingly, two of these four genes demonstrating mycorrhiza-specific AS are related to the process of splicing, thus forming parts of the feedback loops involved in fine-tuning of gene expression during mycorrhization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vladimir A. Zhukov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.A.Z.); (A.M.A.); (O.A.K.); (E.S.G.); (O.Y.S.)
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19
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Müller LM, Campos-Soriano L, Levesque-Tremblay V, Bravo A, Daniels DA, Pathak S, Park HJ, Harrison MJ. Constitutive Overexpression of RAM1 Leads to an Increase in Arbuscule Density in Brachypodium distachyon. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:1263-1272. [PMID: 32873628 PMCID: PMC7608154 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutually beneficial association of plants and fungi of the subphylum Glomeromycotina. Endosymbiotic AM fungi colonize the inner cortical cells of the roots, where they form branched hyphae called arbuscules that function in nutrient exchange with the plant. To support arbuscule development and subsequent bidirectional nutrient exchange, the root cortical cells undergo substantial transcriptional reprogramming. REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA1 (RAM1), previously studied in several dicot plant species, is a major regulator of this cortical cell transcriptional program. Here, we generated ram1 mutants and RAM1 overexpressors in a monocot, Brachypodium distachyon. The AM phenotypes of two ram1 lines revealed that RAM1 is only partly required to enable arbuscule development in B. distachyon Transgenic lines constitutively overexpressing BdRAM1 showed constitutive expression of AM-inducible genes even in the shoots. Following inoculation with AM fungi, BdRAM1-overexpressing plants showed higher arbuscule densities relative to controls, indicating the potential to manipulate the relative proportion of symbiotic interfaces via modulation of RAM1 However, the overexpressors also show altered expression of hormone biosynthesis genes and aberrant growth patterns, including stunted bushy shoots and poor seed set. While these phenotypes possibly provide additional clues about the scope of influence of BdRAM1, they also indicate that directed approaches to increase the density of symbiotic interfaces will require a more focused, potentially cell type specific manipulation of transcription factor gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hee-Jin Park
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, New York 14853
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20
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Bukhat S, Imran A, Javaid S, Shahid M, Majeed A, Naqqash T. Communication of plants with microbial world: Exploring the regulatory networks for PGPR mediated defense signaling. Microbiol Res 2020; 238:126486. [PMID: 32464574 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural manipulation of potentially beneficial rhizosphere microbes is increasing rapidly due to their multi-functional plant-protective and growth related benefits. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are mostly non-pathogenic microbes which exert direct benefits on plants while there are rhizosphere bacteria which indirectly help plant by ameliorating the biotic and/or abiotic stress or induction of defense response in plant. Regulation of these direct or indirect effect takes place via highly specialized communication system induced at multiple levels of interaction i.e., inter-species, intra-species, and inter-kingdom. Studies have provided insights into the functioning of signaling molecules involved in communication and induction of defense responses. Activation of host immune responses upon bacterial infection or rhizobacteria perception requires comprehensive and precise gene expression reprogramming and communication between hosts and microbes. Majority of studies have focused on signaling of host pattern recognition receptors (PRR) and nod-like receptor (NLR) and microbial effector proteins under mining the role of other components such as mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), microRNA, histone deacytylases. The later ones are important regulators of gene expression reprogramming in plant immune responses, pathogen virulence and communications in plant-microbe interactions. During the past decade, inoculation of PGPR has emerged as potential strategy to induce biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in plants; hence, it is imperative to expose the basis of these interactions. This review discusses microbes and plants derived signaling molecules for their communication, regulatory and signaling networks of PGPR and their different products that are involved in inducing resistance and tolerance in plants against environmental stresses and the effect of defense signaling on root microbiome. We expect that it will lead to the development and exploitation of beneficial microbes as source of crop biofertilizers in climate changing scenario enabling more sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherien Bukhat
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800 Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Asma Imran
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), P.O. Box 577, Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Shaista Javaid
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Lahore Main Campus, Defense road, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Afshan Majeed
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan.
| | - Tahir Naqqash
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, 60800 Multan, Pakistan.
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21
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Porter SS, Bantay R, Friel CA, Garoutte A, Gdanetz K, Ibarreta K, Moore BM, Shetty P, Siler E, Friesen ML. Beneficial microbes ameliorate abiotic and biotic sources of stress on plants. Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roxanne Bantay
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Colleen A. Friel
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Aaron Garoutte
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Department of Plant Soil & Microbial Sciences Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Kristi Gdanetz
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Kathleen Ibarreta
- School of Biological Sciences Washington State University Vancouver WA USA
| | - Bethany M. Moore
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Prateek Shetty
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Eleanor Siler
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
| | - Maren L. Friesen
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA
- Department of Plant Pathology Washington State University Pullman WA USA
- Department of Crop & Soil Sciences Washington State University Pullman WA USA
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22
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Hartmann RM, Schaepe S, Nübel D, Petersen AC, Bertolini M, Vasilev J, Küster H, Hohnjec N. Insights into the complex role of GRAS transcription factors in the arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3360. [PMID: 30833646 PMCID: PMC6399340 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40214-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve access to limiting nutrients, the vast majority of land plants forms arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses with Glomeromycota fungi. We show here that AM-related GRAS transcription factors from different subgroups are upregulated during a time course of mycorrhization. Based on expression studies in mutants defective in arbuscule branching (ram1-1, with a deleted MtRam1 GRAS transcription factor gene) or in the formation of functional arbuscules (pt4-2, mutated in the phosphate transporter gene MtPt4), we demonstrate that the five AM-related GRAS transcription factor genes MtGras1, MtGras4, MtGras6, MtGras7, and MtRad1 can be differentiated by their dependency on MtRAM1 and MtPT4, indicating that the network of AM-related GRAS transcription factors consists of at least two regulatory modules. One module involves the MtRAM1- and MtPT4-independent transcription factor MtGRAS4 that activates MtGras7. Another module is controlled by the MtRAM1- and MtPT4-dependent transcription factor MtGRAS1. Genome-wide expression profiles of mycorrhized MtGras1 knockdown and ram1-1 roots differ substantially, indicating different targets. Although an MtGras1 knockdown reduces transcription of AM-related GRAS transcription factor genes including MtRam1 and MtGras7, MtGras1 overexpression alone is not sufficient to activate MtGras genes. MtGras1 knockdown roots display normal fungal colonization, with a trend towards the formation of smaller arbuscules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rico M Hartmann
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sieke Schaepe
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Nübel
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne C Petersen
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Bertolini
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Jana Vasilev
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helge Küster
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Natalija Hohnjec
- Unit IV-Plant Genomics, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Ho-Plágaro T, Molinero-Rosales N, Fariña Flores D, Villena Díaz M, García-Garrido JM. Identification and Expression Analysis of GRAS Transcription Factor Genes Involved in the Control of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Development in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:268. [PMID: 30930915 PMCID: PMC6429219 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation and functioning of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis are complex and tightly regulated processes. Transcriptional regulation mechanisms have been reported to mediate gene expression changes closely associated with arbuscule formation, where nutrients move between the plant and fungus. Numerous genes encoding transcription factors (TFs), with those belonging to the GRAS family being of particular importance, are induced upon mycorrhization. In this study, a screening for candidate transcription factor genes differentially regulated in AM tomato roots showed that more than 30% of known GRAS tomato genes are upregulated upon mycorrhization. Some AM-upregulated GRAS genes were identified as encoding for transcription factors which are putative orthologs of previously identified regulators of mycorrhization in other plant species. The symbiotic role played by other newly identified AM-upregulated GRAS genes remains unknown. Preliminary results on the involvement of tomato SlGRAS18, SlGRAS38, and SlGRAS43 from the SCL3, SCL32, and SCR clades, respectively, in mycorrhization are presented. All three showed high transcript levels in the late stages of mycorrhization, and the analysis of promoter activity demonstrated that SlGRAS18 and SlGRAS43 are significantly induced in cells containing arbuscules. When SlGRAS18 and SlGRAS38 genes were silenced using RNA interference in hairy root composite tomato plants, a delay in mycorrhizal infection was observed, while an increase in mycorrhizal colonization was observed in SlGRAS43 RNAi roots. The possible mode of action of these TFs during mycorrhization is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the potential involvement of the SHR/SCR/SCL3 module of GRAS TFs in the regulation of gibberellin signaling during mycorrhization, which is analogous to other plant developmental processes.
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24
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Lanfranco L, Fiorilli V, Gutjahr C. Partner communication and role of nutrients in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1031-1046. [PMID: 29806959 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1031 I. Introduction 1031 II. Interkingdom communication enabling symbiosis 1032 III. Nutritional and regulatory roles for key metabolites in the AM symbiosis 1035 IV. The plant-fungus genotype combination determines the outcome of the symbiosis 1039 V. Perspectives 1039 Acknowledgements 1041 References 1041 SUMMARY: The evolutionary and ecological success of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis relies on an efficient and multifactorial communication system for partner recognition, and on a fine-tuned and reciprocal metabolic regulation of each symbiont to reach an optimal functional integration. Besides strigolactones, N-acetylglucosamine-derivatives released by the plant were recently suggested to trigger fungal reprogramming at the pre-contact stage. Remarkably, N-acetylglucosamine-based diffusible molecules also are symbiotic signals produced by AM fungi (AMF) and clues on the mechanisms of their perception by the plant are emerging. AMF genomes and transcriptomes contain a battery of putative effector genes that may have conserved and AMF- or host plant-specific functions. Nutrient exchange is the key feature of AM symbiosis. A mechanism of phosphate transport inside fungal hyphae has been suggested, and first insights into the regulatory mechanisms of root colonization in accordance with nutrient transfer and status were obtained. The recent discovery of the dependency of AMF on fatty acid transfer from the host has offered a convincing explanation for their obligate biotrophism. Novel studies highlighted the importance of plant and fungal genotypes for the outcome of the symbiosis. These findings open new perspectives for fundamental research and application of AMF in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354, Freising, Germany
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25
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Roth R, Chiapello M, Montero H, Gehrig P, Grossmann J, O'Holleran K, Hartken D, Walters F, Yang SY, Hillmer S, Schumacher K, Bowden S, Craze M, Wallington EJ, Miyao A, Sawers R, Martinoia E, Paszkowski U. A rice Serine/Threonine receptor-like kinase regulates arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis at the peri-arbuscular membrane. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4677. [PMID: 30410018 PMCID: PMC6224560 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In terrestrial ecosystems most plant species live in mutualistic symbioses with nutrient-delivering arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Establishment of AM symbioses includes transient, intracellular formation of fungal feeding structures, the arbuscules. A plant-derived peri-arbuscular membrane (PAM) surrounds the arbuscules, mediating reciprocal nutrient exchange. Signaling at the PAM must be well coordinated to achieve this dynamic cellular intimacy. Here, we identify the PAM-specific Arbuscular Receptor-like Kinase 1 (ARK1) from maize and rice to condition sustained AM symbiosis. Mutation of rice ARK1 causes a significant reduction in vesicles, the fungal storage structures, and a concomitant reduction in overall root colonization by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. Arbuscules, although less frequent in the ark1 mutant, are morphologically normal. Co-cultivation with wild-type plants restores vesicle and spore formation, suggesting ARK1 function is required for the completion of the fungal life-cycle, thereby defining a functional stage, post arbuscule development. The peri-arbuscular membrane (PAM) mediates mutually-beneficial nutrient exchange between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Here the authors identify ARK1, a PAM-specific receptor-like kinase from rice that sustains AM symbiosis post-arbuscule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronelle Roth
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK.
| | - Marco Chiapello
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Héctor Montero
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Peter Gehrig
- Functional Genomics Center, University and ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Grossmann
- Functional Genomics Center, University and ETH Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin O'Holleran
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Denise Hartken
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Fergus Walters
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Shu-Yi Yang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Stefan Hillmer
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Schumacher
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Bowden
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Melanie Craze
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Emma J Wallington
- The John Bingham Laboratory, National Institute of Agricultural Botany, Huntingdon Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE, UK
| | - Akio Miyao
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Advanced Genomics Breeding Section, Institute of Crop Science, 2-1-2, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8518, Japan
| | - Ruairidh Sawers
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, 36821, Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EA, UK. .,Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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26
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Luginbuehl LH, Oldroyd GED. Understanding the Arbuscule at the Heart of Endomycorrhizal Symbioses in Plants. Curr Biol 2018; 27:R952-R963. [PMID: 28898668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form associations with most land plants and facilitate nutrient uptake from the soil, with the plant receiving mineral nutrients from the fungus and in return providing the fungus with fixed carbon. This nutrient exchange takes place through highly branched fungal structures called arbuscules that are formed in cortical cells of the host root. Recent discoveries have highlighted the importance of fatty acids, in addition to sugars, acting as the form of fixed carbon transferred from the plant to the fungus and several studies have begun to elucidate the mechanisms that control the plant processes necessary for fungal colonisation and arbuscule development. In this review, we analyse the mechanisms that allow arbuscule development and the processes necessary for nutrient exchange between the plant and the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie H Luginbuehl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Giles E D Oldroyd
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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27
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Pimprikar P, Gutjahr C. Transcriptional Regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Development. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:673-690. [PMID: 29425360 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is an ancient symbiosis between land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina that is widespread in the plant kingdom. AM improves plant nutrition, stress resistance and general plant performance, and thus represents a promising addition to sustainable agricultural practices. In return for delivering mineral nutrients, the obligate biotrophic AM fungi receive up to 20% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon from the plant. AM fungi colonize the inside of roots and form highly branched tree-shaped structures, called arbuscules, in cortex cells. The pair of the arbuscule and its host cell is considered the central functional unit of the symbiosis as it mediates the bidirectional nutrient exchange between the symbionts. The development and spread of AM fungi within the root is predominantly under the control of the host plant and depends on its developmental and physiological status. Intracellular accommodation of fungal structures is enabled by the remarkable plasticity of plant cells, which undergo drastic subcellular rearrangements. These are promoted and accompanied by cell-autonomous transcriptional reprogramming. AM development can be dissected into distinct stages using plant mutants. Progress in the application of laser dissection technology has allowed the assignment of transcriptional responses to specific stages and cell types. The first transcription factors controlling AM-specific gene expression and AM development have been discovered, and cis-elements required for AM-responsive promoter activity have been identified. An understanding of their connectivity and elucidation of transcriptional networks orchestrating AM development can be expected in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Pimprikar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Emil Ramann Str. 4, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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28
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Diédhiou I, Diouf D. Transcription factors network in root endosymbiosis establishment and development. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:37. [PMID: 29450655 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Root endosymbioses are mutualistic interactions between plants and the soil microorganisms (Fungus, Frankia or Rhizobium) that lead to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules and/or arbuscular mycorrhiza. These interactions enable many species to survive in different marginal lands to overcome the nitrogen-and/or phosphorus deficient environment and can potentially reduce the chemical fertilizers used in agriculture which gives them an economic, social and environmental importance. The formation and the development of these structures require the mediation of specific gene products among which the transcription factors play a key role. Three of these transcription factors, viz., CYCLOPS, NSP1 and NSP2 are well conserved between actinorhizal, legume, non-legume and mycorrhizal symbioses. They interact with DELLA proteins to induce the expression of NIN in nitrogen fixing symbiosis or RAM1 in mycorrhizal symbiosis. Recently, the small non coding RNA including micro RNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as major regulators of root endosymbioses. Among them, miRNA171 targets NSP2, a TF conserved in actinorhizal, legume, non-legume and mycorrhizal symbioses. This review will also focus on the recent advances carried out on the biological function of others transcription factors during the root pre-infection/pre-contact, infection or colonization. Their role in nodule formation and AM development will also be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Diédhiou
- Laboratoire Campus de Biotecnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Fann, Senegal.
| | - Diaga Diouf
- Laboratoire Campus de Biotecnologies Végétales, Département de Biologie Végétale, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar-Fann, Senegal
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29
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Grosche C, Genau AC, Rensing SA. Evolution of the Symbiosis-Specific GRAS Regulatory Network in Bryophytes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1621. [PMID: 30459800 PMCID: PMC6232258 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza is one of the most common plant symbiotic interactions observed today. Due to their nearly ubiquitous occurrence and their beneficial impact on both partners it was suggested that this mutualistic interaction was crucial for plants to colonize the terrestrial habitat approximately 500 Ma ago. On the plant side the association is established via the common symbiotic pathway (CSP). This pathway allows the recognition of the fungal symbiotic partner, subsequent signaling to the nucleus, and initiation of the symbiotic program with respect to specific gene expression and cellular re-organization. The downstream part of the CSP is a regulatory network that coordinates the transcription of genes necessary to establish the symbiosis, comprising multiple GRAS transcription factors (TFs). These regulate their own expression as an intricate transcriptional network. Deduced from non-host genome data the loss of genes encoding CSP components coincides with the loss of the interaction itself. Here, we analyzed bryophyte species with special emphasis on the moss Physcomitrella patens, supposed to be a non-host, for the composition of the GRAS regulatory network components. We show lineage specific losses and expansions of several of these factors in bryophytes, potentially coinciding with the proposed host/non-host status of the lineages. We evaluate losses and expansions and infer clade-specific evolution of GRAS TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Grosche
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Stefan A. Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Stefan A. Rensing,
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30
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Leppyanen IV, Shakhnazarova VY, Shtark OY, Vishnevskaya NA, Tikhonovich IA, Dolgikh EA. Receptor-Like Kinase LYK9 in Pisum sativum L. Is the CERK1-Like Receptor that Controls Both Plant Immunity and AM Symbiosis Development. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:E8. [PMID: 29267197 PMCID: PMC5795960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are able to discriminate and respond to structurally related chitooligosaccharide (CO) signals from pathogenic and symbiotic fungi. In model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa LysM-receptor like kinases (LysM-RLK) AtCERK1 and OsCERK1 (chitin elicitor receptor kinase 1) were shown to be involved in response to CO signals. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the pea Pisum sativum L. LysM-RLK PsLYK9 was chosen as a possible candidate given its role on the CERK1-like receptor. The knockdown regulation of the PsLyk9 gene by RNA interference led to increased susceptibility to fungal pathogen Fusarium culmorum. Transcript levels of PsPAL2, PsPR10 defense-response genes were significantly reduced in PsLyk9 RNAi roots. PsLYK9's involvement in recognizing short-chain COs as most numerous signals of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, was also evaluated. In transgenic roots with PsLyk9 knockdown treated with short-chain CO5, downregulation of AM symbiosis marker genes (PsDELLA3, PsNSP2, PsDWARF27) was observed. These results clearly indicate that PsLYK9 appears to be involved in the perception of COs and subsequent signal transduction in pea roots. It allows us to conclude that PsLYK9 is the most likely CERK1-like receptor in pea to be involved in the control of plant immunity and AM symbiosis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Leppyanen
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Vlada Y Shakhnazarova
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Oksana Y Shtark
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda A Vishnevskaya
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Igor A Tikhonovich
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
| | - Elena A Dolgikh
- All Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, 196608, Podbelsky Shosse 3, St.-Petersburg, 196608 Pushkin, Russia.
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31
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Rey T, Bonhomme M, Chatterjee A, Gavrin A, Toulotte J, Yang W, André O, Jacquet C, Schornack S. The Medicago truncatula GRAS protein RAD1 supports arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis and Phytophthora palmivora susceptibility. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5871-5881. [PMID: 29186498 PMCID: PMC5854134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The roots of most land plants are colonized by symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. To facilitate this symbiosis, plant genomes encode a set of genes required for microbial perception and accommodation. However, the extent to which infection by filamentous root pathogens also relies on some of these genes remains an open question. Here, we used genome-wide association mapping to identify genes contributing to colonization of Medicago truncatula roots by the pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora palmivora. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers most significantly associated with plant colonization response were identified upstream of RAD1, which encodes a GRAS transcription regulator first negatively implicated in root nodule symbiosis and recently identified as a positive regulator of AM symbiosis. RAD1 transcript levels are up-regulated both in response to AM fungus and, to a lower extent, in infected tissues by P. palmivora where its expression is restricted to root cortex cells proximal to pathogen hyphae. Reverse genetics showed that reduction of RAD1 transcript levels as well as a rad1 mutant are impaired in their full colonization by AM fungi as well as by P. palmivora. Thus, the importance of RAD1 extends beyond symbiotic interactions, suggesting a general involvement in M. truncatula microbe-induced root development and interactions with unrelated beneficial and detrimental filamentous microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | | | | | | | - Weibing Yang
- University of Cambridge, Sainsbury Laboratory, UK
| | - Olivier André
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), France
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32
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Trade-Offs in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Disease Resistance, Growth Responses and Perspectives for Crop Breeding. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy7040075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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33
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Roth R, Paszkowski U. Plant carbon nourishment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 39:50-56. [PMID: 28601651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal nutrient exchange between the majority of land plants and arbucular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi is the cornerstone of a stable symbiosis. To date, a dogma in the comprehension of AM fungal nourishment has been delivery of host organic carbon in the form of sugars. More recently a role for lipids as alternative carbon source or as a signalling molecule during AM symbiosis was proposed. Here we review the symbiotic requirement for carbohydrates and lipids across developmental stages of the AM symbiosis. We present a role for carbohydrate metabolism and signalling to maintain intraradical fungal growth, as opposed to lipid uptake at the arbuscule as an indispensible requirement for completion of the AM fungal life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronelle Roth
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Uta Paszkowski
- Department of Plant Sciences, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom.
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34
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MacLean AM, Bravo A, Harrison MJ. Plant Signaling and Metabolic Pathways Enabling Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2319-2335. [PMID: 28855333 PMCID: PMC5940448 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have lived in close association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi for over 400 million years. Today, this endosymbiosis occurs broadly in the plant kingdom where it has a pronounced impact on plant mineral nutrition. The symbiosis develops deep within the root cortex with minimal alterations in the external appearance of the colonized root; however, the absence of macroscopic alterations belies the extensive signaling, cellular remodeling, and metabolic alterations that occur to enable accommodation of the fungal endosymbiont. Recent research has revealed the involvement of a novel N-acetyl glucosamine transporter and an alpha/beta-fold hydrolase receptor at the earliest stages of AM symbiosis. Calcium channels required for symbiosis signaling have been identified, and connections between the symbiosis signaling pathway and key transcriptional regulators that direct AM-specific gene expression have been established. Phylogenomics has revealed the existence of genes conserved for AM symbiosis, providing clues as to how plant cells fine-tune their biology to enable symbiosis, and an exciting coalescence of genome mining, lipid profiling, and tracer studies collectively has led to the conclusion that AM fungi are fatty acid auxotrophs and that plants provide their fungal endosymbionts with fatty acids. Here, we provide an overview of the molecular program for AM symbiosis and discuss these recent advances.
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Rich MK, Nouri E, Courty PE, Reinhardt D. Diet of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Bread and Butter? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28622919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most plants entertain mutualistic interactions known as arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) with soil fungi (Glomeromycota) which provide them with mineral nutrients in exchange for reduced carbon from the plant. Mycorrhizal roots represent strong carbon sinks in which hexoses are transferred from the plant host to the fungus. However, most of the carbon in AM fungi is stored in the form of lipids. The absence of the type I fatty acid synthase (FAS-I) complex from the AM fungal model species Rhizophagus irregularis suggests that lipids may also have a role in nutrition of the fungal partner. This hypothesis is supported by the concerted induction of host genes involved in lipid metabolism. We explore the possible roles of lipids in the light of recent literature on AM symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie K Rich
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Eva Nouri
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland; Present address: Agroécologie, AgroSupDijon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 3, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Keymer A, Pimprikar P, Wewer V, Huber C, Brands M, Bucerius SL, Delaux PM, Klingl V, Röpenack-Lahaye EV, Wang TL, Eisenreich W, Dörmann P, Parniske M, Gutjahr C. Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. eLife 2017. [PMID: 28726631 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29107.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant. In a forward genetic approach, we identified two Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM-specific paralogs of lipid biosynthesis genes (KASI and GPAT6). These mutants perturb fungal development and accumulation of emblematic fungal 16:1ω5 FAs. Using isotopolog profiling we demonstrate that 13C patterns of fungal FAs recapitulate those of wild-type hosts, indicating cross-kingdom lipid transfer from plants to fungi. This transfer of labelled FAs was not observed for the AM-specific lipid biosynthesis mutants. Thus, growth and development of beneficial AM fungi is not only fueled by sugars but depends on lipid transfer from plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keymer
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Priya Pimprikar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Biochemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone L Bucerius
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Klingl
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Trevor L Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
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Keymer A, Pimprikar P, Wewer V, Huber C, Brands M, Bucerius SL, Delaux PM, Klingl V, von Röpenack-Lahaye E, Wang TL, Eisenreich W, Dörmann P, Parniske M, Gutjahr C. Lipid transfer from plants to arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi. eLife 2017; 6:e29107. [PMID: 28726631 PMCID: PMC5559270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbioses contribute to global carbon cycles as plant hosts divert up to 20% of photosynthate to the obligate biotrophic fungi. Previous studies suggested carbohydrates as the only form of carbon transferred to the fungi. However, de novo fatty acid (FA) synthesis has not been observed in AM fungi in absence of the plant. In a forward genetic approach, we identified two Lotus japonicus mutants defective in AM-specific paralogs of lipid biosynthesis genes (KASI and GPAT6). These mutants perturb fungal development and accumulation of emblematic fungal 16:1ω5 FAs. Using isotopolog profiling we demonstrate that 13C patterns of fungal FAs recapitulate those of wild-type hosts, indicating cross-kingdom lipid transfer from plants to fungi. This transfer of labelled FAs was not observed for the AM-specific lipid biosynthesis mutants. Thus, growth and development of beneficial AM fungi is not only fueled by sugars but depends on lipid transfer from plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Keymer
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Priya Pimprikar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Huber
- Biochemistry, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone L Bucerius
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Klingl
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Trevor L Wang
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Parniske
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Munich, Germany
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Jiang Y, Wang W, Xie Q, Liu N, Liu L, Wang D, Zhang X, Yang C, Chen X, Tang D, Wang E. Plants transfer lipids to sustain colonization by mutualistic mycorrhizal and parasitic fungi. Science 2017; 356:1172-1175. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bravo A, Brands M, Wewer V, Dörmann P, Harrison MJ. Arbuscular mycorrhiza-specific enzymes FatM and RAM2 fine-tune lipid biosynthesis to promote development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 214:1631-1645. [PMID: 28380681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis (AMS), considerable amounts of lipids are generated, modified and moved within the cell to accommodate the fungus in the root, and it has also been suggested that lipids are delivered to the fungus. To determine the mechanisms by which root cells redirect lipid biosynthesis during AMS we analyzed the roles of two lipid biosynthetic enzymes (FatM and RAM2) and an ABC transporter (STR) that are required for symbiosis and conserved uniquely in plants that engage in AMS. Complementation analyses indicated that the biochemical function of FatM overlaps with that of other Fat thioesterases, in particular FatB. The essential role of FatM in AMS was a consequence of timing and magnitude of its expression. Lipid profiles of fatm and ram2 suggested that FatM increases the outflow of 16:0 fatty acids from the plastid, for subsequent use by RAM2 to produce 16:0 β-monoacylglycerol. Thus, during AMS, high-level, specific expression of key lipid biosynthetic enzymes located in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum enables the root cell to fine-tune lipid biosynthesis to increase the production of β-monoacylglycerols. We propose a model in which β-monoacylglycerols, or a derivative thereof, are exported out of the root cell across the periarbuscular membrane for ultimate use by the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bravo
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vera Wewer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute, 533 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Kamel L, Keller-Pearson M, Roux C, Ané JM. Biology and evolution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in the light of genomics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:531-536. [PMID: 27780291 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
531 I. 531 II. 532 III. 532 IV. 534 V. 534 535 References 535 SUMMARY: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associate with the vast majority of land plants, providing mutual nutritional benefits and protecting hosts against biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress was made recently in our understanding of the genomic organization, the obligate requirements, and the sexual nature of these fungi through the release and subsequent mining of genome sequences. Genomic and genetic approaches also improved our understanding of the signal repertoire used by AM fungi and their plant hosts to recognize each other for the initiation and maintenance of this association. Evolutionary and bioinformatic analyses of host and nonhost plant genomes represent novel ways with which to decipher host mechanisms controlling these associations and shed light on the stepwise acquisition of this genetic toolkit during plant evolution. Mining fungal and plant genomes along with evolutionary and genetic approaches will improve understanding of these symbiotic associations and, in the long term, their usefulness in agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Kamel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge-Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Agronutrition SA, rue Pierre et Marie Curie Immeuble Biostep, 31670, Labège, France
| | - Michelle Keller-Pearson
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Christophe Roux
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge-Auzeville, BP 42617, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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41
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Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 79:263-80. [PMID: 26041933 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00010-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oomycota include many economically significant microbial pathogens of crop species. Understanding the mechanisms by which oomycetes infect plants and identifying methods to provide durable resistance are major research goals. Over the last few years, many elicitors that trigger plant immunity have been identified, as well as host genes that mediate susceptibility to oomycete pathogens. The mechanisms behind these processes have subsequently been investigated and many new discoveries made, marking a period of exciting research in the oomycete pathology field. This review provides an introduction to our current knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms used by oomycetes, including elicitors and effectors, plus an overview of the major principles of host resistance: the established R gene hypothesis and the more recently defined susceptibility (S) gene model. Future directions for development of oomycete-resistant plants are discussed, along with ways that recent discoveries in the field of oomycete-plant interactions are generating novel means of studying how pathogen and symbiont colonizations overlap.
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42
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Arbuscular mycorrhiza development in pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutants impaired in five early nodulation genes including putative orthologs of NSP1 and NSP2. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0382-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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43
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Genre A, Russo G. Does a Common Pathway Transduce Symbiotic Signals in Plant-Microbe Interactions? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:96. [PMID: 26909085 PMCID: PMC4754458 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed major advances in our knowledge of plant mutualistic symbioses such as the rhizobium-legume symbiosis (RLS) and arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM). Some of these findings caused the revision of longstanding hypotheses, but one of the most solid theories is that a conserved set of plant proteins rules the transduction of symbiotic signals from beneficial glomeromycetes and rhizobia in a so-called common symbiotic pathway (CSP). Nevertheless, the picture still misses several elements, and a few crucial points remain unclear. How does one common pathway discriminate between - at least - two symbionts? Can we exclude that microbes other than AM fungi and rhizobia also use this pathway to communicate with their host plants? We here discuss the possibility that our current view is biased by a long-lasting focus on legumes, whose ability to develop both AM and RLS is an exception among plants and a recent innovation in their evolution; investigations in non-legumes are starting to place legume symbiotic signaling in a broader perspective. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that CSP proteins act in a wider scenario of symbiotic and non-symbiotic signaling. Overall, evidence is accumulating in favor of distinct activities for CSP proteins in AM and RLS, depending on the molecular and cellular context where they act.
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Rey T, Laporte P, Bonhomme M, Jardinaud MF, Huguet S, Balzergue S, Dumas B, Niebel A, Jacquet C. MtNF-YA1, A Central Transcriptional Regulator of Symbiotic Nodule Development, Is Also a Determinant of Medicago truncatula Susceptibility toward a Root Pathogen. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1837. [PMID: 27994614 PMCID: PMC5137509 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant NF-Y transcription factors control a wide array of biological functions enabling appropriate reproductive and developmental processes as well as adaptation to various abiotic and biotic environments. In Medicago truncatula, MtNF-YA1 was previously identified as a key determinant for nodule development and establishment of rhizobial symbiosis. Here, we highlight a new role for this protein in compatibility to Aphanomyces euteiches, a root pathogenic oomycete. The Mtnf-ya1-1 mutant plants showed better survival rate, reduced symptoms, and increased development of their root apparatus as compared to their wild-type (WT) background A17. MtNF-YA-1 was specifically up-regulated by A. euteiches in F83005.5, a highly susceptible natural accession of M. truncatula while transcript level remained stable in A17, which is partially resistant. The role of MtNF-YA1 in F83005.5 susceptibility was further documented by reducing MtNF-YA1 expression either by overexpression of the miR169q, a microRNA targeting MtNF-YA1, or by RNAi approaches leading to a strong enhancement in the resistance of this susceptible line. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome of WT and Mtnf-ya1-1 led to the identification of 1509 differentially expressed genes. Among those, almost 36 defense-related genes were constitutively expressed in Mtnf-ya1-1, while 20 genes linked to hormonal pathways were repressed. In summary, we revealed an unexpected dual role for this symbiotic transcription factor as a key player in the compatibility mechanisms to a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
- *Correspondence: Thomas Rey,
| | - Philippe Laporte
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform – Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Évry Val-d’Essonne, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
| | - Sandrine Balzergue
- POPS Transcriptomic Platform – Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université Paris-Sud, Université d’Évry Val-d’Essonne, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-SaclayOrsay, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
| | - Andreas Niebel
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR441Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes, UMR2594Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Christophe Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPSCastanet Tolosan, France
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Huisman R, Bouwmeester K, Brattinga M, Govers F, Bisseling T, Limpens E. Haustorium Formation in Medicago truncatula Roots Infected by Phytophthora palmivora Does Not Involve the Common Endosymbiotic Program Shared by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Rhizobia. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1271-80. [PMID: 26313411 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-15-0130-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In biotrophic plant-microbe interactions, microbes infect living plant cells, in which they are hosted in a novel membrane compartment, the host-microbe interface. To create a host-microbe interface, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and rhizobia make use of the same endosymbiotic program. It is a long-standing hypothesis that pathogens make use of plant proteins that are dedicated to mutualistic symbiosis to infect plants and form haustoria. In this report, we developed a Phytophthora palmivora pathosystem to study haustorium formation in Medicago truncatula roots. We show that P. palmivora does not require host genes that are essential for symbiotic infection and host-microbe interface formation to infect Medicago roots and form haustoria. Based on these findings, we conclude that P. palmivora does not hijack the ancient intracellular accommodation program used by symbiotic microbes to form a biotrophic host-microbe interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Huisman
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Bouwmeester
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University
- 3 Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Brattinga
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francine Govers
- 2 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University
| | - Ton Bisseling
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- 1 Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Park HJ, Floss DS, Levesque-Tremblay V, Bravo A, Harrison MJ. Hyphal Branching during Arbuscule Development Requires Reduced Arbuscular Mycorrhiza1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2774-88. [PMID: 26511916 PMCID: PMC4677905 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, arbuscule development in the root cortical cell and simultaneous deposition of the plant periarbuscular membrane generate the interface for symbiotic nutrient exchange. The transcriptional changes that accompany arbuscule development are extensive and well documented. By contrast, the transcriptional regulators that control these programs are largely unknown. Here, we provide a detailed characterization of an insertion allele of Medicago truncatula Reduced Arbuscular Mycorrhiza1 (RAM1), ram1-3, which reveals that RAM1 is not necessary to enable hyphopodium formation or hyphal entry into the root but is essential to support arbuscule branching. In ram1-3, arbuscules consist only of the arbuscule trunk and in some cases, a few initial thick hyphal branches. ram1-3 is also insensitive to phosphate-mediated regulation of the symbiosis. Transcript analysis of ram1-3 and ectopic expression of RAM1 indicate that RAM1 regulates expression of EXO70I and Stunted Arbuscule, two genes whose loss of function impacts arbuscule branching. Furthermore, RAM1 regulates expression of a transcription factor Required for Arbuscule Development (RAD1). RAD1 is also required for arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, and rad1 mutants show reduced colonization. RAM1 itself is induced in colonized root cortical cells, and expression of RAM1 and RAD1 is modulated by DELLAs. Thus, the data suggest that DELLAs regulate arbuscule development through modulation of RAM1 and RAD1 and that the precise transcriptional control essential to place proteins in the periarbuscular membrane is controlled, at least in part, by RAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jin Park
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Daniela S Floss
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | | | - Armando Bravo
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Maria J Harrison
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853
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47
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Hohnjec N, Czaja-Hasse LF, Hogekamp C, Küster H. Pre-announcement of symbiotic guests: transcriptional reprogramming by mycorrhizal lipochitooligosaccharides shows a strict co-dependency on the GRAS transcription factors NSP1 and RAM1. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:994. [PMID: 26597293 PMCID: PMC4657205 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2224-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 80 % of all terrestrial plant species establish an arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis with Glomeromycota fungi. This plant-microbe interaction primarily improves phosphate uptake, but also supports nitrogen, mineral, and water aquisition. During the pre-contact stage, the AM symbiosis is controled by an exchange of diffusible factors from either partner. Amongst others, fungal signals were identified as a mix of sulfated and non-sulfated lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs), being structurally related to rhizobial nodulation (Nod)-factor LCOs that in legumes induce the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. LCO signals are transduced via a common symbiotic signaling pathway (CSSP) that activates a group of GRAS transcription factors (TFs). Using complex gene expression fingerprints as molecular phenotypes, this study primarily intended to shed light on the importance of the GRAS TFs NSP1 and RAM1 for LCO-activated gene expression during pre-symbiotic signaling. RESULTS We investigated the genome-wide transcriptional responses in 5 days old primary roots of the Medicago truncatula wild type and four symbiotic mutants to a 6 h challenge with LCO signals supplied at 10(-7/-8) M. We were able to show that during the pre-symbiotic stage, sulfated Myc-, non-sulfated Myc-, and Nod-LCO-activated gene expression almost exclusively depends on the LysM receptor kinase NFP and is largely controled by the CSSP, although responses independent of this pathway exist. Our results show that downstream of the CSSP, gene expression activation by Myc-LCOs supplied at 10(-7/-8) M strictly required both the GRAS transcription factors RAM1 and NSP1, whereas those genes either co- or specifically activated by Nod-LCOs displayed a preferential NSP1-dependency. RAM1, a central regulator of root colonization by AM fungi, controled genes activated by non-sulfated Myc-LCOs during the pre-symbiotic stage that are also up-regulated in areas with early physical contact, e.g. hyphopodia and infecting hyphae; linking responses to externally applied LCOs with early root colonization. CONCLUSIONS Since both RAM1 and NSP1 were essential for the pre-symbiotic transcriptional reprogramming by Myc-LCOs, we propose that downstream of the CSSP, these GRAS transcription factors act synergistically in the transduction of those diffusible signals that pre-announce the presence of symbiotic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Hohnjec
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa F Czaja-Hasse
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
- Present address: Max Planck Genome Centre Cologne, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829, Köln, Germany.
| | - Claudia Hogekamp
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Helge Küster
- Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Abt. IV - Pflanzengenomforschung, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, D-30419, Hannover, Germany.
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Fiorilli V, Vallino M, Biselli C, Faccio A, Bagnaresi P, Bonfante P. Host and non-host roots in rice: cellular and molecular approaches reveal differential responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:636. [PMID: 26322072 PMCID: PMC4534827 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Oryza sativa, a model plant for Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, has both host and non-host roots. Large lateral (LLR) and fine lateral (FLR) roots display opposite responses: LLR support AM colonization, but FLR do not. Our research aimed to study the molecular, morphological and physiological aspects related to the non-host behavior of FLR. RNA-seq analysis revealed that LLR and FLR displayed divergent expression profiles, including changes in many metabolic pathways. Compared with LLR, FLR showed down-regulation of genes instrumental for AM establishment and gibberellin signaling, and a higher expression of nutrient transporters. Consistent with the transcriptomic data, FLR had higher phosphorus content. Light and electron microscopy demonstrated that, surprisingly, in the Selenio cultivar, FLR have a two-layered cortex, which is theoretically compatible with AM colonization. According to RNA-seq, a gibberellin inhibitor treatment increased anticlinal divisions leading to a higher number of cortex cells in FLR. We propose that some of the differentially regulated genes that lead to the anatomical and physiological properties of the two root types also function as genetic factors regulating fungal colonization. The rice root apparatus offers a unique tool to study AM symbiosis, allowing direct comparisons of host and non-host roots in the same individual plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Fiorilli
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Marta Vallino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Chiara Biselli
- Genomics Research Centre - Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in AgricolturaFiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Antonella Faccio
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection–National Research CouncilTurin, Italy
| | - Paolo Bagnaresi
- Genomics Research Centre - Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in AgricolturaFiorenzuola d'Arda, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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Rey T, Chatterjee A, Buttay M, Toulotte J, Schornack S. Medicago truncatula symbiosis mutants affected in the interaction with a biotrophic root pathogen. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 206:497-500. [PMID: 25495186 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rey
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB2 1LR, UK
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50
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Xue L, Cui H, Buer B, Vijayakumar V, Delaux PM, Junkermann S, Bucher M. Network of GRAS transcription factors involved in the control of arbuscule development in Lotus japonicus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:854-71. [PMID: 25560877 PMCID: PMC4348782 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.255430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, in symbiosis with plants, facilitate acquisition of nutrients from the soil to their host. After penetration, intracellular hyphae form fine-branched structures in cortical cells termed arbuscules, representing the major site where bidirectional nutrient exchange takes place between the host plant and fungus. Transcriptional mechanisms underlying this cellular reprogramming are still poorly understood. GRAS proteins are an important family of transcriptional regulators in plants, named after the first three members: GIBBERELLIC ACID-INSENSITIVE, REPRESSOR of GAI, and SCARECROW. Here, we show that among 45 transcription factors up-regulated in mycorrhizal roots of the legume Lotus japonicus, expression of a unique GRAS protein particularly increases in arbuscule-containing cells under low phosphate conditions and displays a phylogenetic pattern characteristic of symbiotic genes. Allelic rad1 mutants display a strongly reduced number of arbuscules, which undergo accelerated degeneration. In further studies, two RAD1-interacting proteins were identified. One of them is the closest homolog of Medicago truncatula, REDUCED ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZATION1 (RAM1), which was reported to regulate a glycerol-3-phosphate acyl transferase that promotes cutin biosynthesis to enhance hyphopodia formation. As in M. truncatula, the L. japonicus ram1 mutant lines show compromised AM colonization and stunted arbuscules. Our findings provide, to our knowledge, new insight into the transcriptional program underlying the host's response to AM colonization and propose a function of GRAS transcription factors including RAD1 and RAM1 during arbuscule development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Haitao Cui
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Vinod Vijayakumar
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Stefanie Junkermann
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
| | - Marcel Bucher
- Botanical Institute, Cologne Biocenter, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany (L.X., B.B.,V.V., S.J., M.B.);Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, D-50829 Cologne, Germany (H.C.); andDepartment of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 (P.-M.D.)
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