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Flores Tinoco V, Herrera-Estrella L, Lopez-Arredondo D. Back to primary endosymbiosis: from plastids to artificial photosynthetic life-forms. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:743-745. [PMID: 37085412 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, only two known primary photosynthetic endosymbiosis occurred, which originated the Archaeplastida and the Paulinella spp. Fundamental questions regarding primary endosymbiosis remain unsolved, but may now be addressed with the recent development of chimeric photosynthetic life-form. Cournoyer et al. could establish artificial photosynthetic endosymbiosis between yeast and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Flores Tinoco
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Unidad de Genómica Avanzada/LANGEBIO, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, México
| | - Damar Lopez-Arredondo
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
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2
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Takahashi T. Method for Stress Assessment of Endosymbiotic Algae in Paramecium bursaria as a Model System for Endosymbiosis. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061248. [PMID: 35744766 PMCID: PMC9228868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosymbiosis between heterotrophic host and microalga often breaks down because of environmental conditions, such as temperature change and exposure to toxic substances. By the time of the apparent breakdown of endosymbiosis, it is often too late for the endosymbiotic system to recover. In this study, I developed a technique for the stress assessment of endosymbiotic algae using Paramecium bursaria as an endosymbiosis model, after treatment with the herbicide paraquat, an endosymbiotic collapse inducer. Microcapillary flow cytometry was employed to evaluate a large number of cells in an approach that is more rapid than microscopy evaluation. In the assay, red fluorescence of the chlorophyll reflected the number of endosymbionts within the host cell, while yellow fluorescence fluctuated in response to the deteriorating viability of the endosymbiont under stress. Hence, the yellow/red fluorescence intensity ratio can be used as an algal stress index independent of the algal number. An optical evaluation revealed that the viability of the endosymbiotic algae within the host cell decreased after treatment with paraquat and that the remaining endosymbionts were exposed to high stress. The devised assay is a potential environmental monitoring method, applicable not only to P. bursaria but also to multicellular symbiotic units, such as corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Miyakonojo College, Miyazaki 885-8567, Japan
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Ohkawa H, Takatsuka C, Kawano T. Hidden Allee effect in photosynthetic organisms. Commun Integr Biol 2020; 13:119-127. [PMID: 33014264 PMCID: PMC7518459 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2020.1800999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In ecology and population biology, logistic equation is widely applied for simulating the population of organisms. By combining the logistic model with the low-density effect called Allee effect, several variations of mathematical expressions have been proposed. The upper half of the work was dedicated to establish a novel equation for highly flexible density effect model with Allee threshold. Allee effect has been rarely observed in microorganisms with asexual reproduction despite of theoretical studies. According to the exploitation ecosystem hypotheses, plants are believed to be insensitive to Allee effect. Taken together, knowledge on the existence of low-density effect in photosynthetic microorganisms is required for redefining the ecological theories emphasizing the photosynthetic organisms as the basis for food chains. Therefore, in the lower half of the present article, we report on the possible Allee effect in photo-autotrophic organisms, namely, green paramecia, and cyanobacteria. Optically monitored growth of green paramecia was shown to be regulated by Allee-like weak low-density effect under photo-autotrophic and photo-heterotrophic conditions. Insensitiveness of wild type cyanobacteria (Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803) to low-density effect was confirmed, as consistent with our empirical knowledge. In contrast, a mutant line of PCC6803 impaired with a photosynthesis-related pxcA gene was shown to be sensitive to typical Allee’s low-density effect (i.e. this line of cells failed to propagate at low cellular density while cells start logarithmic growth at relatively higher inoculating density). This is the first observation that single-gene mutation in an autotrophic organism alters the sensitivity to Allee effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ohkawa
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,International Photosynthesis Industrialization Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Chiharu Takatsuka
- International Photosynthesis Industrialization Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- International Photosynthesis Industrialization Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Japan.,Advanced Photonics Technology Development Group, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama, Japan
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Sitaraman R. The Role of Constructive Neutral Evolution in the Development of Complexity from Symbioses: A Microbe-Centric View. Results Probl Cell Differ 2020; 69:225-235. [PMID: 33263874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-51849-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Symbiogenesis presents the biologist with very different explanatory issues compared to the lineal and selectionist view of evolution based on individual entities, whether genes, organisms or species. A key question is how the co-existence of two or more partners in close association during a given generation can ultimately be stabilized enough to be transmitted to the next, how the ensuing complexity is maintained and how this arrangement impacts the reproductive fitness of the collective over evolutionary time. In this chapter, we highlight some observations gleaned from the microbial world that could shed light on this problem if viewed within the framework of constructive neutral evolution.
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Gavelis GS, Gile GH. How did cyanobacteria first embark on the path to becoming plastids?: lessons from protist symbioses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5079637. [PMID: 30165400 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbioses between phototrophs and heterotrophs (a.k.a 'photosymbioses') are extremely common, and range from loose and temporary associations to obligate and highly specialized forms. In the history of life, the most transformative was the 'primary endosymbiosis,' wherein a cyanobacterium was engulfed by a eukaryote and became genetically integrated as a heritable photosynthetic organelle, or plastid. By allowing the rise of algae and plants, this event dramatically altered the biosphere, but its remote origin over one billion years ago has obscured the sequence of events leading to its establishment. Here, we review the genetic, physiological and developmental hurdles involved in early primary endosymbiosis. Since we cannot travel back in time to witness these evolutionary junctures, we will draw on examples of unicellular eukaryotes (protists) spanning diverse modes of photosymbiosis. We also review experimental approaches that could be used to recreate aspects of early primary endosymbiosis on a human timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Gavelis
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Room 611, Life Science Tower E, 427 E, Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Gillian H Gile
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Room 611, Life Science Tower E, 427 E, Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Kerney R, Leavitt J, Hill E, Zhang H, Kim E, Burns J. Co-cultures of Oophila amblystomatis between Ambystoma maculatum and Ambystoma gracile hosts show host-symbiont fidelity. Symbiosis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-018-00591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Ethylene production in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 promotes phototactic movement. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:1937-1945. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Sørensen MES, Cameron DD, Brockhurst MA, Wood AJ. Metabolic constraints for a novel symbiosis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:150708. [PMID: 27069664 PMCID: PMC4821275 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ancient evolutionary events are difficult to study because their current products are derived forms altered by millions of years of adaptation. The primary endosymbiotic event formed the first photosynthetic eukaryote resulting in both plants and algae, with vast consequences for life on Earth. The evolutionary time that passed since this event means the dominant mechanisms and changes that were required are obscured. Synthetic symbioses such as the novel interaction between Paramecium bursaria and the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PC6803, recently established in the laboratory, permit a unique window on the possible early trajectories of this critical evolutionary event. Here, we apply metabolic modelling, using flux balance analysis (FBA), to predict the metabolic adaptations necessary for this previously free-living symbiont to transition to the endosymbiotic niche. By enforcing reciprocal nutrient trading, we are able to predict the most efficient exchange nutrients for both host and symbiont. During the transition from free-living to obligate symbiosis, it is likely that the trading parameters will change over time, which leads in our model to discontinuous changes in the preferred exchange nutrients. Our results show the applicability of FBA modelling to ancient evolutionary transitions driven by metabolic exchanges, and predict how newly established endosymbioses, governed by conflict, will differ from a well-developed one that has reached a mutual-benefit state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duncan D. Cameron
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | | | - A. Jamie Wood
- Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5GG, UK
- Department of Mathematics, University of York, York YO10 5GG, UK
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Takaichi H, Comparini D, Iwase J, Bouteau F, Mancuso S, Kawano T. Mitigation of copper toxicity by DNA oligomers in green paramecia. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2015; 10:e1010919. [PMID: 26418558 PMCID: PMC4883909 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1010919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Impact of transition metals which catalyze the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), on activation of cell death signaling in plant cells have been documented to date. Similarly in green paramecia (Paramecium bursaria), an aquatic protozoan species harboring symbiotic green algae in the cytoplasm, toxicities of various metallic ions have been documented. We have recently examined the effects of double-stranded GC-rich DNA fragments with copper-binding nature and ROS removal catalytic activity as novel plant cell-protecting agents, using the suspension-cultured tobacco cells. Here, we show that above DNA oligomers protect the cells of green paramecia from copper-induced cell death, suggesting that the phenomenon firstly observed in tobacco cells is not limited only within higher plants but it could be universally observable in wider range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takaichi
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering; Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Diego Comparini
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering; Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
- University of Florence; LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu); Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Junichiro Iwase
- University of Florence; LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu); Kitakyushu, Japan
- Collaboration center; Kyushu Institute of Technology; Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - François Bouteau
- University of Florence; LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu); Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut des Energies de Demain (FRE 3597); Paris, France
- LINV-DiSPAA; Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science; University of Florence; Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- University of Florence; LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu); Kitakyushu, Japan
- LINV-DiSPAA; Department of Agri-Food and Environmental Science; University of Florence; Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris 7 Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI); Paris, France
| | - Tomonori Kawano
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Bioengineering; Faculty and Graduate School of Environmental Engineering; The University of Kitakyushu; Kitakyushu, Japan
- University of Florence; LINV Kitakyushu Research Center (LINV@Kitakyushu); Kitakyushu, Japan
- Université Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris 7 Interdisciplinary Energy Research Institute (PIERI); Paris, France
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Santoferrara LF, Guida S, Zhang H, McManus GB. De novo transcriptomes of a mixotrophic and a heterotrophic ciliate from marine plankton. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101418. [PMID: 24983246 PMCID: PMC4077812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying non-model organisms is crucial in the context of the current development of genomics and transcriptomics for both physiological experimentation and environmental characterization. We investigated the transcriptomes of two marine planktonic ciliates, the mixotrophic oligotrich Strombidium rassoulzadegani and the heterotrophic choreotrich Strombidinopsis sp., and their respective algal food using Illumina RNAseq. Our aim was to characterize the transcriptomes of these contrasting ciliates and to identify genes potentially involved in mixotrophy. We detected approximately 10,000 and 7,600 amino acid sequences for S. rassoulzadegani and Strombidinopsis sp., respectively. About half of these transcripts had significant BLASTP hits (E-value <10−6) against previously-characterized sequences, mostly from the model ciliate Oxytricha trifallax. Transcriptomes from both the mixotroph and the heterotroph species provided similar annotations for GO terms and KEGG pathways. Most of the identified genes were related to housekeeping activity and pathways such as the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, nucleotides, and vitamins. Although S. rassoulzadegani can keep and use chloroplasts from its prey, we did not find genes clearly linked to chloroplast maintenance and functioning in the transcriptome of this ciliate. While chloroplasts are known sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we found the same complement of antioxidant pathways in both ciliates, except for one enzyme possibly linked to ascorbic acid recycling found exclusively in the mixotroph. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find qualitative differences in genes potentially related to mixotrophy. However, these transcriptomes will help to establish a basis for the evaluation of differential gene expression in oligotrichs and choreotrichs and experimental investigation of the costs and benefits of mixotrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana F. Santoferrara
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephanie Guida
- The National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - George B. McManus
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
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Otsuka K, Kawano T. Platform for Two-Dimensional Cellular Automata Models Implemented by Living Cells of Electrically Controlled Green Paramecia Designed for Transport of Micro-Particles. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT INFORMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2014.p0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microscopic traffic flow models are a class of scientific models of vehicular traffic dynamics. Here, we attempted to establish an experimental platform for mimicking microscopic traffic flow models at microscopic dimensions. We achieved this, by monitoring the flow of micro-sized particles transported by the motile cells of living microorganisms. Some researchers have described the cells of protozoan species as “swimming neurons” or “swimming sensory cells” applicable to biological micro-electro-mechanical systems or micro-biorobotics. Therefore these cells, in a controlled environment, may form a good model system for bio-implementable cellular automata for traffic simulation. The living cells of theParameciumspecies including those of green paramecia (Paramecium bursaria), actively migrate towards a negatively charged electrode when exposed to an electric field. This type of cellular movement is known as galvanotaxis.P. bursariawas chosen as amodel organismsince the ideal micro-vehicles required for micro-particle transport must have a particular particle packing capacity within the cells. The present study establishes that the movement of cells with or without the loading of microspheres (Φ, 9.75 µm) can be controlled on a two-dimensional plane under strict electrical controls. Lastly, implementation of microchips equipped with optimally sized micro-flow channels that allow the single-cell traffic of swimmingP. bursariawas proposed for further studies and mathematical modeling.
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