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Huang CF, Liu WY, Yu CP, Wu SH, Ku MSB, Li WH. C 4 leaf development and evolution. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 76:102454. [PMID: 37743123 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is more efficient than C3 photosynthesis for two reasons. First, C4 plants have evolved efficient C4 enzymes to suppress wasteful photorespiration and enhance CO2 fixation. Second, C4 leaves have Kranz anatomy in which the veins are surrounded by one layer of bundle sheath (BS) cells and one layer of mesophyll (M) cells. The BS and M cells are functionally well differentiated and also well coordinated for rapid assimilation of atmospheric CO2 and transport of photo-assimilates between the two types of cells. Recent comparative transcriptomics of developing M and BS cells in young maize embryonic leaves revealed not only potential regulators of BS and M cell differentiation but also rapid early BS cell differentiation whereas slower, more prolonged M cell differentiation, contrary to the traditional view of a far simpler process of M cell development. Moreover, new upstream regulators of Kranz anatomy development have been identified and a number of gene co-expression modules for early vascular development have been inferred. Also, a candidate gene regulatory network associated with Kranz anatomy and vascular development has been constructed. Additionally, how whole genome duplication (WGD) may facilitate C4 evolution has been studied and the reasons for why the same WGD event led to successful C4 evolution in Gynandropsis gynandra but not in the sister species Tarenaya hassleriana have been proposed. Finally, new future research directions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fa Huang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Liu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ping Yu
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hsing Wu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Maurice S B Ku
- Institute of Bioagricultural Science, National Chiayi University, 600 Chiayi, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Hsiung Li
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, 115 Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago 60637, USA.
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Kato Y, Oi T, Taniguchi M. Aggregative movement of C 4 mesophyll chloroplasts is promoted by low CO 2 under high intensity blue light. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2023; 25:563-570. [PMID: 36790102 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
C4 plants supply concentrated CO2 to bundle sheath (BS) cells, improving photosynthetic efficiency by suppressing photorespiration. Mesophyll chloroplasts in C4 plants are redistributed toward the sides of the BS cells (aggregative movement) in response to environmental stresses under light. Although this chloroplast movement is common in C4 plants, the significance and mechanisms underlying the aggregative movement remain unknown. Under environmental stresses, such as drought and salt, CO2 uptake from the atmosphere is suppressed by closing stomata to prevent water loss. We hypothesized that CO2 limitation may induce the chloroplast aggregative movement. In this study, the mesophyll chloroplast arrangement in a leaf of finger millet, an NAD-malic enzyme type C4 plant, was examined under different CO2 concentrations and light conditions. CO2 limitation around the leaves promoted the aggregative movement, but the aggregative movement was not suppressed, even at the higher CO2 concentration than in the atmosphere, under high intensity blue light. In addition, mesophyll chloroplasts did not change their arrangement under darkness or red light. From these results, it can be concluded that CO2 limitation is not a direct inducer of the aggregative movement but would be a promoting factor of the movement under high intensity blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Oi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - M Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Li H, Bai M, Jiang X, Shen R, Wang H, Wang H, Wu H. Cytological evidence of BSD2 functioning in both chloroplast division and dimorphic chloroplast formation in maize leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:17. [PMID: 31918680 PMCID: PMC6953307 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maize bsd2 (bundle sheath defective2) is a classical C4 mutant with defective C4 photosynthesis, accompanied with reduced accumulation of Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase) and aberrant mature chloroplast morphology in the bundle sheath (BS) cells. However, as a hypothetical chloroplast chaperone, the effects of BSD2 on C4 chloroplast development have not been fully examined yet, which precludes a full appreciation of BSD2 function in C4 photosynthesis. The aims of our study are to find out the role ofBSD2 in regulating chloroplasts development in maize leaves, and to add new insights into our understanding of C4 biology. RESULTS We found that at the chloroplast maturation stage, the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in the BS and mesophyll (M) cells became significantly looser, and the granaof chloroplasts in the M cells became thinner stacking in the bsd2 mutant when compared with the wildtype plant. Moreover, at the early chloroplast development stage, the number of dividing chloroplasts and the chloroplast division rate are both reduced in the bsd2 mutant, compared with wild type. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed that the expression of both thylakoid formation-related genesand chloroplast division-related genes is significantly reduced in the bsd2 mutants. Further, we showed that BSD2 interacts physically with the large submit of Rubisco (LS) in Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation assay. CONCLUSIONS Our combined results suggest that BSD2 plays an essential role in regulating the division and differentiation of the dimorphic BS and M chloroplasts, and that it acts at a post-transcriptional level to regulate LS stability or assembly of Rubisco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heying Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Mei Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Xingshan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Rongxin Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Huina Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
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Effects of catalase on chloroplast arrangement in Opuntia streptacantha chlorenchyma cells under salt stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8656. [PMID: 28819160 PMCID: PMC5561099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In arid and semiarid regions, low precipitation rates lead to soil salinity problems, which may limit plant establishment, growth, and survival. Herein, we investigated the NaCl stress effect on chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic-pigments, movement and chloroplasts ultrastructure in chlorenchyma cells of Opuntia streptacantha cladodes. Cladodes segments were exposed to salt stress at 0, 100, 200, and 300 mM NaCl for 8, 16, and 24 h. The results showed that salt stress reduced chlorophyll content, F v /F m , ΦPSII, and qP values. Under the highest salt stress treatments, the chloroplasts were densely clumped toward the cell center and thylakoid membranes were notably affected. We analyzed the effect of exogenous catalase in salt-stressed cladode segments during 8, 16, and 24 h. The catalase application to salt-stressed cladodes counteracted the NaCl adverse effects, increasing the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, photosynthetic-pigments, and avoided chloroplast clustering. Our results indicate that salt stress triggered the chloroplast clumping and affected the photosynthesis in O. streptacantha chlorenchyma cells. The exogenous catalase reverted the H2O2 accumulation and clustering of chloroplast, which led to an improvement of the photosynthetic efficiency. These data suggest that H2O2 detoxification by catalase is important to protect the chloroplast, thus conserving the photosynthetic activity in O. streptacantha under stress.
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Wang S, Tholen D, Zhu X. C 4 photosynthesis in C 3 rice: a theoretical analysis of biochemical and anatomical factors. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:80-94. [PMID: 27628301 PMCID: PMC6139432 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineering C4 photosynthesis into rice has been considered a promising strategy to increase photosynthesis and yield. A question that remains to be answered is whether expressing a C4 metabolic cycle into a C3 leaf structure and without removing the C3 background metabolism improves photosynthetic efficiency. To explore this question, we developed a 3D reaction diffusion model of bundle-sheath and connected mesophyll cells in a C3 rice leaf. Our results show that integrating a C4 metabolic pathway into rice leaves with a C3 metabolism and mesophyll structure may lead to an improved photosynthesis under current ambient CO2 concentration. We analysed a number of physiological factors that influence the CO2 uptake rate, which include the chloroplast surface area exposed to intercellular air space, bundle-sheath cell wall thickness, bundle-sheath chloroplast envelope permeability, Rubisco concentration and the energy partitioning between C3 and C4 cycles. Among these, partitioning of energy between C3 and C4 photosynthesis and the partitioning of Rubisco between mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells are decisive factors controlling photosynthetic efficiency in an engineered C3 -C4 leaf. The implications of the results for the sequence of C4 evolution are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Danny Tholen
- Institute of Botany, Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, BOKU ViennaGregor‐Mendel‐Str. 33A‐1180ViennaAustria
| | - Xin‐Guang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS‐MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200031China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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Hoang NV, Furtado A, McQualter RB, Henry RJ. Next generation sequencing of total DNA from sugarcane provides no evidence for chloroplast heteroplasmy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neps.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Bowman SM, Patel M, Yerramsetty P, Mure CM, Zielinski AM, Bruenn JA, Berry JO. A novel RNA binding protein affects rbcL gene expression and is specific to bundle sheath chloroplasts in C4 plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:138. [PMID: 24053212 PMCID: PMC3849040 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants that utilize the highly efficient C4 pathway of photosynthesis typically possess kranz-type leaf anatomy that consists of two morphologically and functionally distinct photosynthetic cell types, the bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells. These two cell types differentially express many genes that are required for C4 capability and function. In mature C4 leaves, the plastidic rbcL gene, encoding the large subunit of the primary CO2 fixation enzyme Rubisco, is expressed specifically within BS cells. Numerous studies have demonstrated that BS-specific rbcL gene expression is regulated predominantly at post-transcriptional levels, through the control of translation and mRNA stability. The identification of regulatory factors associated with C4 patterns of rbcL gene expression has been an elusive goal for many years. RESULTS RLSB, encoded by the nuclear RLSB gene, is an S1-domain RNA binding protein purified from C4 chloroplasts based on its specific binding to plastid-encoded rbcL mRNA in vitro. Co-localized with LSU to chloroplasts, RLSB is highly conserved across many plant species. Most significantly, RLSB localizes specifically to leaf bundle sheath (BS) cells in C4 plants. Comparative analysis using maize (C4) and Arabidopsis (C3) reveals its tight association with rbcL gene expression in both plants. Reduced RLSB expression (through insertion mutation or RNA silencing, respectively) led to reductions in rbcL mRNA accumulation and LSU production. Additional developmental effects, such as virescent/yellow leaves, were likely associated with decreased photosynthetic function and disruption of associated signaling networks. CONCLUSIONS Reductions in RLSB expression, due to insertion mutation or gene silencing, are strictly correlated with reductions in rbcL gene expression in both maize and Arabidopsis. In both plants, accumulation of rbcL mRNA as well as synthesis of LSU protein were affected. These findings suggest that specific accumulation and binding of the RLSB binding protein to rbcL mRNA within BS chloroplasts may be one determinant leading to the characteristic cell type-specific localization of Rubisco in C4 plants. Evolutionary modification of RLSB expression, from a C3 "default" state to BS cell-specificity, could represent one mechanism by which rbcL expression has become restricted to only one cell type in C4 plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M Bowman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Current Address: Biology Department, Clarke University, Dubuque, IA 52001, USA
| | - Minesh Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Current Address: Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Pradeep Yerramsetty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Christopher M Mure
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Amy M Zielinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Jeremy A Bruenn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - James O Berry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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