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Waheed SF, Aslam A, Khan MR, Ashraf K, Anjum A. A perspective of the prevalent H9N2 virus with a special focus on molecular and pathological aspects in commercial broiler chicken in Punjab, Pakistan. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e261849. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.261849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Frequent outbreaks of avian influenza H9N2 virus in Pakistan revealed that this subtype has become endemic in the poultry industry and, besides economic losses, poses a threat to public health. The present study describes the molecular characterization and pathological alterations in naturally infected broiler chickens with the current H9N2 field strain and their phylogenomic dynamics. In this study, tissue samples (trachea, lung, kidney and intestine) from 100 commercial chicken flocks were collected from July 2018 to August 2019. Samples were subjected to molecular detection, phylogeny and subsequent pathological examination. The complete length of the HA gene was successfully amplified in five samples. Nucleotide sequencing revealed positive samples placed in a clade belonging to the B2 sub-lineage of the G1 genotype and categorized as LPAIV based on the amino acid sequence of the HA gene at the cleavage site (PAKSSR/G). Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed nt: 80.5%-99.5%; aa: 83.8%-98.9% homology to H9N2 strains reported previously from Pakistan, neighbouring countries, and (A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97). Gross lesions include a slight airsacculitis, mild hemorrhages, diffuse congestion and purulent exudate in tracheal mucosa, fibrinonecrotic cast in the trachea lumen and mild pulmonary congestion. Histopathological alterations include sloughing of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the trachea, mononuclear cells (MNCs) infiltration, pulmonary congestion and exudate in the lumen of parabronchi, peritubular congestion in the kidneys with degeneration of tubular epithelial cells and degenerative changes in the intestinal villi epithelial cells and goblet cell hyperplasia. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of AIVH9N2 antigen in the trachea, lungs, kidney and intestine. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in the trachea, including degenerated cilia, mitochondrial swelling and enlarged endoplasmic reticulum. Based on all essential analysis, the present study revealed the distribution of the H9N2 virus of G1 genotype in Punjab, Pakistan, with mild to moderate pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. F. Waheed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Aslam
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - M. R. Khan
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - K. Ashraf
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - A. Anjum
- Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Pakistan
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Ren W, Pei S, Jiang W, Zhao M, Jiang L, Liu H, Yi Y, Hui M, Li J. A replication-deficient H9N2 influenza virus carrying H5 hemagglutinin conferred protection against H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses in mice. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042916. [PMID: 36458187 PMCID: PMC9705590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
H5N1 and H9N2 influenza viruses have been reported to cause human infections and are believed to have pandemic potential. The vaccine is an effective tool to prevent influenza virus infection. However, inactivated influenza vaccines sometimes result in low antigenicity as result leads to generating of incomplete immune protection in the form of low cellular and humoral immunity. While the low temperature adapted, traditional live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is associated with the potential risk to revert to a virulent phenotype, there appears an essential need for an alternative potent methodology to design and develop influenza vaccines with substantial safety and efficacy which may confer solid protection against H9N2 or H5N1 influenza virus infections. In the present study, a replication-deficient recombinant influenza virus, WM01ma-HA(H5), expressing hemagglutinin (HA) of both H9N2 and H5N1 subtypes was developed. The chimeric gene segment expressing HA(H5), was designed using the sequence of an open reading frame (ORF) of HA adopted from A/wild duck/Hunan/021/2005(H5N1)(HN021ma) which was flanked by the NA packaging signals of mouse-adapted strain A/Mink/Shandong/WM01/2014(H9N2)(WM01ma). Due to the absence of ORF of structural protein NA, the replication of this engineered H9N2 influenza viruses WM01ma-HA(H5) was hampered in vitro and in vivo but was well competent in MDCK cells stably expressing the NA protein of WM01ma. Intranasal vaccination of mice with WM01ma-HA(H5) stimulated robust immune response without any clinical signs and conferred complete protection from infection by H5N1 or H9N2 subtype influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Ren
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuli Pei
- Henan Vocational College of Agriculture, Zhongmu, China
| | - Wenming Jiang
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Avian Diseases, China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Meixia Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Le Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Honggang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongxiang Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
| | - Mizhou Hui
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- The Clinical Infectious Disease Center of Nanjing, Nanjing, China
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3
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Evseev D, Magor KE. Molecular Evolution of the Influenza A Virus Non-structural Protein 1 in Interspecies Transmission and Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693204. [PMID: 34671321 PMCID: PMC8521145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses plays important roles in viral fitness and in the process of interspecies adaptation. It is one of the most polymorphic and mutation-tolerant proteins of the influenza A genome, but its evolutionary patterns in different host species and the selective pressures that underlie them are hard to define. In this review, we highlight some of the species-specific molecular signatures apparent in different NS1 proteins and discuss two functions of NS1 in the process of viral adaptation to new host species. First, we consider the ability of NS1 proteins to broadly suppress host protein expression through interaction with CPSF4. This NS1 function can be spontaneously lost and regained through mutation and must be balanced against the need for host co-factors to aid efficient viral replication. Evidence suggests that this function of NS1 may be selectively lost in the initial stages of viral adaptation to some new host species. Second, we explore the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit antiviral interferon signaling, an essential function for viral replication without which the virus is severely attenuated in any host. Innate immune suppression by NS1 not only enables viral replication in tissues, but also dampens the adaptive immune response and immunological memory. NS1 proteins suppress interferon signaling and effector functions through a variety of protein-protein interactions that may differ from host to host but must achieve similar goals. The multifunctional influenza A virus NS1 protein is highly plastic, highly versatile, and demonstrates a diversity of context-dependent solutions to the problem of interspecies adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine E. Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Yu R, Jing X, Li W, Xu J, Xu Y, Geng L, Zhu C, Liu H. Non-structural protein 1 from avian influenza virus H9N2 is an efficient RNA silencing suppressor with characteristics that differ from those of Tomato bushy stunt virus p19. Virus Genes 2018; 54:368-375. [PMID: 29480423 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-1544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A virus is a multifunctional dimeric protein that contains a conserved N-terminal RNA binding domain. Studies have shown that NS1 suppresses RNA silencing and the NS1 proteins encoded by different influenza A virus strains exhibit differential RNA silencing suppression activities. In this study, we showed that the NS1 protein from avian influenza virus (AIV) H9N2 suppressed systemic RNA silencing induced by sense RNA or dsRNA. It resulted in more severe Potato virus X symptom, but could not reverse established systemic green fluorescent protein silencing in Nicotiana benthamiana. In addition, its systemic silencing suppression activity was much weaker than that of p19. The local silencing suppression activity of AIV H9N2 NS1 was most powerful at 7 dpi and was even stronger than that of p19. And the inhibition ability to RNA silencing of NS1 is stronger than that of p19 in human cells. Collectively, these results indicate that AIV H9N2 NS1 is an effective RNA silencing suppressor that likely targets downstream step(s) of dsRNA formation at an early stage in RNA silencing. Although NS1 and p19 both bind siRNA, their suppression mechanisms seem to differ because of differences in their suppression activities at various times post-infiltration and because p19 can reverse established systemic RNA silencing, but NS1 cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Xiuli Jing
- Institute of Immunology, Taishan Medical University, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Liwei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Changxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
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Samanta I, Joardar SN, Das PK. Biosecurity Strategies for Backyard Poultry: A Controlled Way for Safe Food Production. FOOD CONTROL AND BIOSECURITY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7149579 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811445-2.00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ma Y, Sun J, Gu L, Bao H, Zhao Y, Shi L, Yao W, Tian G, Wang X, Chen H. Annexin A2 (ANXA2) interacts with nonstructural protein 1 and promotes the replication of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:191. [PMID: 28893180 PMCID: PMC5594581 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a multifunctional protein and a crucial regulatory factor in the replication and pathogenesis of avian influenza virus (AIV). Studies have shown that NS1 can interact with a variety of host proteins to modulate the viral life cycle. We previously generated a monoclonal antibody against NS1 protein; In the current research study, using this antibody, we immunoprecipitated host proteins that interact with NS1 to better understand the roles played by NS1 in communications between virus and host. RESULTS Co-immunoprecipitation experiments identified annexin A2 (ANXA2) as a target molecule interacting with NS1. Results from confocal laser scanning microscopy indicated that NS1 co-localized with ANXA2 in the cell cytoplasm. Overexpression of ANXA2 significantly increased the titer of H5N1 subtype HPAIV, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of ANXA2 markedly inhibited the expression of viral proteins and reduced the progeny virus titer. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ANXA2 interacts with NS1 and ANXA2 expression increases HPAIV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ma
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Jiashan Sun
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Linlin Gu
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Hongmei Bao
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Lin Shi
- Animal Epidemic Diseases Control and Prevention Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Wei Yao
- Animal Epidemic Diseases Control and Prevention Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Xiurong Wang
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001 China
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Naguib MM, Arafa ASA, El-Kady MF, Selim AA, Gunalan V, Maurer-Stroh S, Goller KV, Hassan MK, Beer M, Abdelwhab EM, Harder TC. Evolutionary trajectories and diagnostic challenges of potentially zoonotic avian influenza viruses H5N1 and H9N2 co-circulating in Egypt. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 34:278-91. [PMID: 26049044 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In Egypt, since 2006, descendants of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HP AIV) H5N1 of clade 2.2 continue to cause sharp losses in poultry production and seriously threaten public health. Potentially zoonotic H9N2 viruses established an endemic status in poultry in Egypt as well and co-circulate with HP AIV H5N1 rising concerns of reassortments between H9N2 and H5N1 viruses along with an increase of mixed infections of poultry. Nucleotide sequences of whole genomes of 15 different isolates (H5N1: 7; H9N2: 8), and of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) encoding segments of nine further clinical samples (H5N1: 2; H9N2: 7) from 2013 and 2014 were generated and analysed. The HA of H5N1 viruses clustered with clade 2.2.1 while the H9 HA formed three distinguishable subgroups within cluster B viruses. BEAST analysis revealed that H9N2 viruses are likely present in Egypt since 2009. Several previously undescribed substituting mutations putatively associated with host tropism and virulence modulation were detected in different proteins of the analysed H9N2 and H5N1 viruses. Reassortment between HP AIV H5N1 and H9N2 is anticipated in Egypt, and timely detection of such events is of public health concern. As a rapid tool for detection of such reassortants discriminative SYBR-Green reverse transcription real-time PCR assays (SG-RT-qPCR), targeting the internal genes of the Egyptian H5N1 and H9N2 viruses were developed for the rapid screening of viral RNAs from both virus isolates and clinical samples. However, in accordance to Sanger sequencing, no reassortants were found by SG-RT-qPCR. Nevertheless, the complex epidemiology of avian influenza in poultry in Egypt will require sustained close observation. Further development and continuing adaptation of rapid and cost-effective screening assays such as the SG-RT-qPCR protocol developed here are at the basis of efforts for improvement the currently critical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Naguib
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Satar A Arafa
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Magdy F El-Kady
- Poultry Disease Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Selim
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138671 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138671 Singapore, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551 Singapore, Singapore; National Public Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health, 169854 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katja V Goller
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Mohamed K Hassan
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Martin Beer
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - E M Abdelwhab
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm C Harder
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Yu M, Zhang K, Qi W, Huang Z, Ye J, Ma Y, Liao M, Ning Z. Expression pattern of NLRP3 and its related cytokines in the lung and brain of avian influenza virus H9N2 infected BALB/c mice. Virol J 2014; 11:229. [PMID: 25547136 PMCID: PMC4296676 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) becomes the focus for its ability of transmission to mammals and as a donor to provide internal genes to form the new epidemic lethal influenza viruses. Residue 627 in PB2 has been proven the virulence factor of H9N2 avian influenza virus in mice, but the detailed data for inflammation difference between H9N2 virus strains with site 627 mutation is still unclear. The inflammasome NLRP3 is recently reported as the cellular machinery responsible for activation of inflammatory processes and plays an important role during the development of inflammation caused by influenza virus infection. Methods In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of NLRP3 and its related cytokines of IL-1β and TNF-α in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 AIV strains with only a site 627 difference at both mRNA and protein levels at different time points. Results The results showed that the expression level of NLRP3, IL-1β and TNF-α changed in the lung and brain of BALB/c mice after infection by VK627 and rVK627E. The immunohistological results showed that the positive cells of NLRP3, IL-1β and TNF-α altered the positive levels of original cells in tissues and infiltrated inflammatory cells which caused by H9N2 infection. Conclusions Our results provided the basic data at differences in expression pattern of NLRP3 and its related cytokines in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 influenza viruses with only a site 627 difference. This implied that NLRP3 inflammasome plays a role in host response to influenza virus infection and determines the outcome of clinical manifestation and pathological injury. This will explain the variable of pathological presentation in tissues and enhance research on inflammation process of the AIV H9N2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kaizhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenbao Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinhui Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongjiang Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Yu M, Qi W, Huang Z, Zhang K, Ye J, Liu R, Wang H, Ma Y, Liao M, Ning Z. Expression profile and histological distribution of IFITM1 and IFITM3 during H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in BALB/c mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:505-14. [PMID: 25265877 PMCID: PMC7087031 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0361-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The H9N2 avian influenza virus is a pandemic threat which has repeatedly caused infection in humans and shows enhanced replication and transmission in mice. Previous reports showed that host factors, the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein, can block the replication of pathogens and affect their pathogenesis. BALB/c mice are routine laboratory animals used in influenza virus research, but the effects of H9N2 influenza virus on tissue distribution and expression pattern of IFITM in these mice are unknown. Here, we investigated the expression patterns and tissue distribution of IFITM1 and IFITM3 in BALB/c mice by infection with H9N2 AIV strains with only a PB2 residue 627 difference. The results showed that the expression patterns of ITITM1 and IFITM3 differ in various tissues of BALB/c mice at different time points after infection. IFITM1 and IFITM3 showed cell- and tissue-specific distribution in the lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney and brain. Notably, the epithelial and neuronal cells all expressed the proteins of IFITM1 and IFITM3. Our results provide the first look at differences in IFITM1 and IFITM3 expression patterns in BALB/c mice infected by H9N2 influenza viruses. This will enhance research on the interaction between AIV and host and further will elucidate the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection based on the interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
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Trapp S, Soubieux D, Marty H, Esnault E, Hoffmann TW, Chandenier M, Lion A, Kut E, Quéré P, Larcher T, Ledevin M, Munier S, Naffakh N, Marc D. Shortening the unstructured, interdomain region of the non-structural protein NS1 of an avian H1N1 influenza virus increases its replication and pathogenicity in chickens. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1233-1243. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.063776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently circulating H5N1 influenza viruses have undergone a complex evolution since the appearance of their progenitor A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 in 1996. After the eradication of the H5N1 viruses that emerged in Hong Kong in 1997 (HK/97 viruses), new genotypes of H5N1 viruses emerged in the same region in 2000 that were more pathogenic for both chickens and mice than HK/97 viruses. These, as well as virtually all highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses since 2000, harbour a deletion of aa 80–84 in the unstructured region of the non-structural (NS) protein NS1 linking its RNA-binding domain to its effector domain. NS segments harbouring this mutation have since been found in non-H5N1 viruses and we asked whether this 5 aa deletion could have a general effect not limited to the NS1 of H5N1 viruses. We genetically engineered this deletion in the NS segment of a duck-origin avian H1N1 virus, and compared the in vivo and in vitro properties of the WT and NSdel8084 viruses. In experimentally infected chickens, the NSdel8084 virus showed both an increased replication potential and an increased pathogenicity. This in vivo phenotype was correlated with a higher replicative efficiency in vitro, both in embryonated eggs and in a chicken lung epithelial cell line. Our data demonstrated that the increased replicative potential conferred by this small deletion was a general feature not restricted to NS1 from H5N1 viruses and suggested that viruses acquiring this mutation may be selected positively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Trapp
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Denis Soubieux
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Hélène Marty
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Evelyne Esnault
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Thomas W. Hoffmann
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Margaux Chandenier
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Adrien Lion
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Emmanuel Kut
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Thibaut Larcher
- LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), 44307 Nantes, France
- INRA UMR 703, APEX, Oniris-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Mireille Ledevin
- LUNAM Université, École Nationale Vétérinaire, agro-alimentaire et de l’alimentation Nantes-Atlantique (Oniris), 44307 Nantes, France
- INRA UMR 703, APEX, Oniris-La Chantrerie, 44307 Nantes, France
| | - Sandie Munier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, EA302, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia Naffakh
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, EA302, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR3569, 75015 Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Virus à ARN, Département de Virologie, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Daniel Marc
- Equipe BioVA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 37380 Nouzilly, France
- UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Université François Rabelais de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
- Equipe PIA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Abdelwhab EM, Veits J, Mettenleiter TC. Avian influenza virus NS1: A small protein with diverse and versatile functions. Virulence 2013; 4:583-8. [PMID: 24051601 PMCID: PMC3906290 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E M Abdelwhab
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut; Federal Research Institute for Animal Health; Institute of Molecular Biology; Insel Riems, Germany
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