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Parisi V, Santoro V, Faraone I, Benedetto N, Vassallo A, De Tommasi N, Milella L, Nesticò A, Maselli G, Fadda AM, Caddeo C. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill extracts: phytochemical characterization and exploitation of its biological activities by loading into nanoformulation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1416539. [PMID: 39220011 PMCID: PMC11363874 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1416539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The current investigation presents a two-fold approach to rediscovering the potential of Sonchus asper as a wild edible plant, both in its raw extract form and as a nanoformulated product. Furthermore, the study aimed to promote the valorization of traditional dishes and contribute to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of S. asper, thus enhancing economic profits. Methods Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses were conducted to characterize the metabolite profile of the raw and cooked leaf extracts, and the extract from discarded leaves. The antioxidant activity, the hypoglycaemic effect and the incorporation into liposomes were evaluated. Results 38 compounds and 6 essential amino acids were identified. The incorporation into liposomes maximized the health-promoting properties for potential pharmaceutical or food applications. Discussion The commercialization of S. asper could: (i) contribute to improving the well-being of rural and urban communities, being S. asper a wild edible plant available at low cost, environmentally friendly, resilient, and adaptable; (ii) generate landowner economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Valentina Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Benedetto
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Vassallo
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff TNcKILLERS srl, Potenza, Italy
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Milella
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonio Nesticò
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gabriella Maselli
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fadda
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
| | - Carla Caddeo
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy
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Lahlou RA, Carvalho F, Pereira MJ, Lopes J, Silva LR. Overview of Ethnobotanical-Pharmacological Studies Carried Out on Medicinal Plants from the Serra da Estrela Natural Park: Focus on Their Antidiabetic Potential. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:454. [PMID: 38675115 PMCID: PMC11054966 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Serra da Estrela Natural Park (NPSE) in Portugal stands out as a well-preserved region abundant in medicinal plants, particularly known for their pharmaceutical applications in diabetes prevention and treatment. This comprehensive review explores these plants' botanical diversity, traditional uses, pharmacological applications, and chemical composition. The NPSE boast a rich diversity with 138 medicinal plants across 55 families identified as traditionally and pharmacologically used against diabetes globally. Notably, the Asteraceae and Lamiaceae families are prevalent in antidiabetic applications. In vitro studies have revealed their significant inhibition of carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes, and certain plant co-products regulate genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and insulin secretion. In vivo trials have demonstrated antidiabetic effects, including glycaemia regulation, insulin secretion, antioxidant activity, and lipid profile modulation. Medicinal plants in NPSE exhibit various activities beyond antidiabetic, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and more. Chemical analyses have identified over fifty compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides responsible for their efficacy against diabetes. These findings underscore the potential of NPSE medicinal plants as antidiabetic candidates, urging further research to develop effective plant-based antidiabetic drugs, beverages, and supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhia Aitfella Lahlou
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (R.A.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Filomena Carvalho
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (R.A.L.); (F.C.)
| | - Maria João Pereira
- CERENA/DER, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - João Lopes
- iMed.ULisboa, Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, University of Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Luís R. Silva
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Instituto Politécnico da Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (R.A.L.); (F.C.)
- CICS-UBI—Health Sciences Research Center, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- CERES, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhou W, Zhang P, Li H. Identifying Oxidative Stress-Related Genes (OSRGs) as Potential Target for Treating Periodontitis Based on Bioinformatics Analysis. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2024; 27:1191-1204. [PMID: 37605414 DOI: 10.2174/1386207326666230821102623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis (PD) is a multifactorial inflammatory disease that is closely associated with periodontopathic bacteria. Numerous studies have demonstrated oxidative stress (OS) contributes to inflammation and is a prime factor in the development of PD. It is imperative to explore the function of newly discovered hub genes associated with OS in the advancement of PD, thereby identifying potential targets for therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES The goal of the current study was to identify the oxidative-stress-related genes (OSRGs) associated with periodontitis (PD) development using an integrated bioinformatics method. METHODS DEGs from GEO gene-expression data were identified using the "limma" package. We obtained OSRGs from GeneCards and utilized a Venn diagram to uncover differentially expressed OSRGs (DEOSRGs). After receiving the DEOSRGs, we employed Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analytical tools to examine their possible functions and pathways in PD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves screened for hub genes of PD. RT-qPCR and western blot analysis were used to detect DEOSRG expression in mouse ligature-induced periodontitis gingival tissues. RESULTS The investigation identified 273 OSRGs. Based on PPI analysis, we recognized 20 OSRGs as hub genes. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis indicated that these hub genes were predominantly enriched in leukocyte migration, lymphocyte proliferation, and humoral immune response, and associated with leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and NF-κB signaling pathway. Following ROC analysis, VCAM1, ITGAM, FCGR3A, IL1A, PECAM1, and VCAM1were identified as PD prognostic gene. RT-qPCR and western blot analyses confirmed that the expression ITGAM, FCGR3A, and PECAM1 were significantly elevated in the gingival tissues obtained from mice. CONCLUSION This investigation revealed that ITGAM, FCGR3A, and PECAM1 may have a crucial function in the advancement of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, District, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, District, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Endodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, District, Shanghai, 200011, China
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Huang W, Shen B, Li X, Zhang T, Zhou X. Benefits of Combining Sonchus brachyotus DC. Extracts and Synbiotics in Alleviating Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Foods 2023; 12:3393. [PMID: 37761102 PMCID: PMC10530047 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, commonly abbreviated to NAFLD, is a pervasive ailment within the digestive system, exhibiting a rising prevalence, and impacting individuals at increasingly younger ages. Those afflicted by NAFLD face a heightened vulnerability to the onset of profound liver fibrosis, cardiovascular complications, and malignancies. Currently, NAFLD poses a significant threat to human health, and there is no approved therapeutic treatment for it. Recent studies have shown that synbiotics, which regulate intestinal microecology, can positively impact glucolipid metabolism, and improve NAFLD-related indicators. Sonchus brachyotus DC., a Chinese herb, exhibits hepatoprotective and potent antioxidant properties, suggesting its potential therapeutic use in NAFLD. Our preclinical animal model investigation suggests that the synergy between Sonchus brachyotus DC. extracts and synbiotics is significantly more effective in preventing and treating NAFLD, compared to the isolated use of either component. As a result, this combination holds the potential to introduce a fresh and encouraging therapeutic approach to addressing NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Huang
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (W.H.); (B.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Boyuan Shen
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (W.H.); (B.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research of CAAS, Beijing 100000, China;
| | - Tongcun Zhang
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (W.H.); (B.S.); (T.Z.)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430065, China; (W.H.); (B.S.); (T.Z.)
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de Carvalho IM, de Souza ABF, Castro TDF, Machado-Júnior PA, Menezes TP, Dias ADS, Oliveira LAM, Nogueira KDOPC, Talvani A, Cangussú SD, Arízaga GGC, Bezerra FS. Effects of a lycopene-layered double hydroxide composite administration in cells and lungs of adult mice: Effects of a lycopene-layered double hydroxide in cells and mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110454. [PMID: 37301124 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lycopene is a natural compound with one of the highest antioxidant activities. Its consumption is associated with lower risks in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, for example. Experimentally, a murine model demonstrated the ingestion of lycopene, which reduced the damage in lungs caused by cigarette smoke. Since lycopene is highly hydrophobic, its formulations in supplements and preparations for laboratory assays are based on oils, additionally, bioavailavility is low. We developed a lycopene layered double hydroxide (Lyc-LDH) composite, which is capable of transporting lycopene aqueous media. Our objective was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Lyc-LDH and the intra-cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in J774A.1 cells. Also, in vivo assays were conducted with 50 male C57BL/6 mice intranasally treated with Lyc-LDH 10 mg/kg (LG10), Lyc-LDH 25 mg/kg (LG25) and Lyc-LDH 50 mg/kg (LG50) during five days compared against a vehicle (VG) and control (CG) group. The blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue were analyzed. The results revealed that Lyc-LDH composite attenuated intracellular ROS production stimulated with lipopolysacharide. In BALF, the highest doses of Lyc-LDH (LG25 and LG50) promoted influx of macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils and eosinophils compared to CG and VG. Also, LG50 increased the levels of IL-6 and IL-13, and promoted the redox imbalance in the pulmonary tissue. On the contrary, low concentrations did not produce significative effects. In conclusion, our results suggest that intranasal administration of high concentrations of Lyc-LDH induces inflammation as well as redox status changes in the lungs of healthy mice, however, results with low concentrations open a promising way to study LDH composites as vehicles for intranasal administration of antioxidant coadjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iriane Marques de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Thalles de Feitas Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro Alves Machado-Júnior
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prata Menezes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreia da Silva Dias
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biomaterials (LNBio), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laser Antônio Machado Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biomaterials (LNBio), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Katiane de Oliveira Pinto Coelho Nogueira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biomaterials (LNBio), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000 Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Zhang L, Song J, Peng L, Xie W, Li S, Wang J. Comprehensive Biochemical, Physiological, and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Insights Into Floral Bud Dormancy in Rhododendron delavayi Franch. Front Genet 2022; 13:856922. [PMID: 35656313 PMCID: PMC9152171 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.856922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a scarcity of relevant data, the ornamental woody flower Rhododendron delavayi Franch. is examined in the current study for its low temperature-induced floral bud dormancy (late October-end December) aspect. This study used transcriptome data profiling and co-expression network analyses to identify the interplay between endogenous hormones and bud dormancy phases such as pre-dormancy, para-dormancy, endo-dormancy, eco-dormancy, and dormancy release. The biochemical and physiological assays revealed the significance of the abundance of phytohormones (abscisic acid, auxin, zeatin, and gibberellins), carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative species, and proteins (soluble proteins, proline, and malondialdehyde) in the regulatory mechanism of floral bud dormancy. The transcriptome sequencing generated 65,531 transcripts, out of which 504, 514, 307, and 240 expressed transcripts were mapped uniquely to pre-, para-, endo-, and eco-phases of dormancy, showing their roles in the stimulation of dormancy. The transcripts related to LEA29, PGM, SAUR family, RPL9e, ATRX, FLOWERING LOCUS T, SERK1, ABFs, ASR2, and GID1 were identified as potential structural genes involved in floral bud dormancy. The transcription factors, including Zinc fingers, CAD, MADS-box family, MYB, and MYC2, revealed their potential regulatory roles concerning floral bud dormancy. The gene co-expression analysis highlighted essential hub genes involved in cold stress adaptations encoding proteins, viz, SERPIN, HMA, PMEI, LEA_2, TRX, PSBT, and AMAT. We exposed the connection among low temperature-induced dormancy in floral buds, differentially expressed genes, and hub genes via strict screening steps to escalate the confidence in selected genes as being truly putative in the pathways regulating bud dormancy mechanism. The identified candidate genes may prove worthy of further in-depth studies on molecular mechanisms involved in floral bud dormancy of Rhododendron species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming, China
| | - Jie Song
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming, China
| | - Lvchun Peng
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming, China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Ornamental Horticulture, Kunming, China
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de Souza ABF, de Matos NA, Castro TDF, Costa GDP, Oliveira LAM, Nogueira KDOPC, Ribeiro IML, Talvani A, Cangussú SD, de Menezes RCA, Bezerra FS. Effects in vitro and in vivo of hesperidin administration in an experimental model of acute lung inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 180:253-262. [PMID: 35092853 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a tool used in critical patient care. However, it can trigger inflammatory and oxidative processes capable of causing or aggravating lung injuries, which is known as ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Hesperidin is a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in various diseases. The role of hesperidin in the process triggered by MV is poorly studied. Thus, we hypothesize hesperidin could protect the lung of mice submitted to mechanical ventilation. For that, we evaluated cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in macrophages using different hesperidin concentrations. We observed hesperidin did not reduce cell viability, however; it attenuated the production of intracellular ROS in cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We further evaluated the effects of hesperidin in vivo in animals submitted to MV. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, there were higher levels of macrophage, lymphocyte and neutrophil counts in animals submitted to MV, indicating an inflammatory process. In the lung tissue, MV induced oxidative damage and increased myeloperoxidase activity, though the antioxidant enzyme activity decreased. MV also induced the production of the inflammatory mediators CCL-2, TNF-α and IL-12. Pretreatment with hesperidin resulted in less recruitment of inflammatory cells to the airways and less oxidative damage. Also, it reduced the formation of CCL-2 and IL-12. Our results show pretreatment with hesperidin can protect the lungs of mice submitted to mechanical ventilation by modulating the inflammatory response and redox imbalance and may act to prevent MV injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Beatriz Farias de Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Alves de Matos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Thalles de Freitas Castro
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Laser Antônio Machado Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biomaterials, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Katiane de Oliveira Pinto Coelho Nogueira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biomaterials, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Iara Mariana Léllis Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Biomaterials, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation, Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Sílvia Dantas Cangussú
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cunha Alvim de Menezes
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Department of Biological Sciences and Center of Research in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto (UFOP), 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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Singh A, Singh V, Ananthan R, Kumar BD. Evaluation of immunomodulatory and antioxidants properties of Kwath, conventional extracts in plants Cocculus hirsutus and Cuscuta reflexa - in vitro &ex vivo studies. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2022; 13:100537. [PMID: 35026525 PMCID: PMC8760447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.100537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The consumption of ‘Patalagarudi’ (Cocculus hirsutus ‘CHP’) and ‘Amarbel’ (Cuscuta reflexa ‘CRA’) as ethnic plants for health promotions rarely validated. The limited literature reported these plants as antioxidant and immunomodulators. Objective To evaluate the biodynamic properties of CHP and CRA extracts. Methodology The traditional formulation, ‘Kwath’ (K) and conventional extracts were prepared with CRA and CHP. The total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated. Various polyphenol compounds in the extracts were eluted on UHPLC. The biodynamic activities; i. Free radical scavenging (FRS-DPPH and ABTS), ii. Intracellular ROS scavenging activity in RAW 264.7 cell line iii. Spleenocytes proliferation assay for Th1/Th2 Immunomodulatory potential by flow-cytometer were assessed. Results The TPC in CRA (105–159 μg GAE/mg) and CHP (35–48 μg GAE/mg) recorded. The chromatographic peaks confirmed the presence of polyphenols in CRA and CHP extracts. UV spectra of the extracts to the extent possible have been correlated with certain polyphenols. The FRS (IC50) was significantly low in CRA-K (DPPH = 22.7; ABTS = 12.0 μg/ml) than CHP-K (DPPH = 70.4; ABTS = 50.2 μg/ml). Similarly, intracellular ROS scavenging activity with CRA-K (84%) showed the highest inhibitory potential compared to CHP-K (50%) and LPS control. The immunomodulatory activity of CRA-K significantly upregulated TH1 cytokines (TNFα and IFN-γ). The downregulation of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) was in all CRA and CHP extracts as compared to Con A. Conclusion The current study confirms the immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties of CRA and CHP along with the presence of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Singh
- Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Vandana Singh
- Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - R Ananthan
- Food Chemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - B Dinesh Kumar
- Food and Drug Toxicology Research Centre, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.
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Karthikeyan A, Kim HH, Preethi V, Moniruzzaman M, Lee KH, Kalaiselvi S, Kim GS, Min T. Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effects of Citrus unshiu Peel (CUP) Flavonoids on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2209. [PMID: 34686018 PMCID: PMC8538621 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Citrus unshiu is a popular medicinal herb in several Asian countries, in particular South Korea. C. unshiu peel (CUP) has several biologically active compounds, including flavonoids. Hence, this research aimed to label the flavonoids from CUP by HPLC-MS/MS analysis and examine their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. A total of four flavonoids (Rutin, naringin, hesperidin, and poncirin) were characterized, and their contents were quantified from CUP. It showed that the naringin is rich in CUP. Further, treatment with the flavonoids at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μg/mL had no effect on the cell viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages. On the other hand, it decreased the production and expression of inflammatory mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as NO, PGE2, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX2 in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, flavonoids treatment inhibited the NF-κB activation by downregulating the p-p65 and p-IκBα proteins expression. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production considerably decreased at the same concentrations while antioxidant enzyme activity increased in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Collectively, our results show that CUP flavonoids have the potential to decrease inflammation and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhimoolam Karthikeyan
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea;
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.H.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vetrivel Preethi
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.H.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Mohammad Moniruzzaman
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju International Animal Research Center (JIA) and Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea;
| | - Ki Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea;
| | - Senthil Kalaiselvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641028, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Research Institute of Life Science and College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gazwa, Jinju 52828, Korea; (H.H.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Taesun Min
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeju International Animal Research Center (JIA) and Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (SARI), Jeju National University, Jeju City 63243, Korea;
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10
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Antony R, Raveendran J, Biju PG. Anti-inflammatory Activity of Mollugo cerviana Methanolic Extract in LPS-induced Acute Inflammatory RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2021; 25:1661-1671. [PMID: 33653239 DOI: 10.2174/1386207324666210302101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of acute inflammation, which arises from complex biological responses to harmful stimuli, is an important determinant in recovery of the system from an otherwise detrimental outcome such as septicemia. However, the side effects and limitations of current therapeutics necessitate the development of newer and safer alternatives. Mollugo cerviana is a common medicinal herb of the Indian subcontinent and has been traditionally used for its fever mitigating, anti-microbial and hepatoprotective action. We have already reported the rich presence of radical scavenging phytochemicals in the plant extracts and their strong antioxidant properties. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we have evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract (ME) of the areal parts of M. cerviana in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute inflammatory cell culture model. METHOD RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages cell were stimulated by the bacterial endotoxin LPS at a concentration of 1 µg/mL. Cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory potential of ME were carried out. RESULTS M. cerviana extract concentration up to 150 µg/ml was found to be non-toxic to cells (MTT and NRU assay). LPS induces acute inflammation by binding to TLR-4 receptors, initiating downstream signalling cascade that result in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Extract treatment at 100 µg/ml suppressed LPS-induced gene expression (qPCR) and secretion (ELISA) of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, and the chemokine CCL2, indicating a dampening of the acute inflammatory cascade. LPS-induced elevation of ROS level (DCFDA method) was significant reduced by extract treatment. Nitric oxide production, as indicated by nitrite level, was significantly reduced post extract treatment. CONCLUSION From this study, it is demonstrated that M. cerviana methanolic extract has potent anti-inflammatory effect in the in vitro acute inflammation model of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. There is not reported study so far on the anti-inflammatory properties of M. cerviana in an LPS-induced acute inflammatory model which closely mimics a human bacteremia response. Hence, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of this extract as a source of anti-inflammatory lead molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Antony
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581. India
| | - Jijin Raveendran
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581. India
| | - Prabath Gopalakrishnan Biju
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom campus, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695581. India
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Dai L, He J, Miao X, Guo X, Shang X, Wang W, Li B, Wang Y, Pan H, Zhang J. Multiple Biological Activities of Rhododendron przewalskii Maxim. Extracts and UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS Characterization of Their Phytochemical Composition. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:599778. [PMID: 33732152 PMCID: PMC7957927 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.599778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgroud:Rhododendron przewalskii Maxim. is an evergreen shrub that is used as a traditional medicine in China. However, the modern pharmacology and the chemical components of this plant has not been studied. In this paper, we aimed to investigate the antifungal, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and underlying mechanism of its aqueous and ethanol extracts, and analyze their chemical composition and active compounds of R. przewalskii. Methods: The antifungal activity was determined in vitro, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and underlying mechanism of its aqueous and ethanol extracts were evaluated in vitro and in RAW 264.7 cells. The chemical composition were analyzed using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS, and the contents of six compounds were determined via HPLC. Results: Both extracts of R. przewalskii showed promising anti-inflammatory activity in vitro; decreased the production of four inflammatory cytokines, namely, nitric oxide, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-ɑ, in RAW 264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide; and exhibited weak cytotoxicity. The extracts significantly scavenged DPPH radicals, superoxide radicals and hydroxyl radicals to exert antioxidant effects in vitro. The two extracts also exhibited cellular antioxidant activity by increasing superoxide dismutase and CAT activities and decreasing malondialdehyde content in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS. However, the antifungal activity of the two extracts was weak. Nine flavonoids were identified by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS. Of these, six compounds were analyzed quantitatively, including avicularin, quercetin, azaleatin, astragalin and kaempferol, and five compounds (myricetin 3-O-galactoside, paeoniflorin, astragalin, azaleatin and kaempferol) were found in this species for the first time. These compounds demonstrated antioxidant activities that were similar to those of the R. przewalskii extracts and were thought to be the active compounds in the extracts. Conclusion:R. przewalskii extracts presented promising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The extracts contained amounts of valuable flavonoids (8.98 mg/g fresh material) that were likely the active compounds in the extract contributing to the potential antioxidant activity. These results highlight the potential of R. przewalskii as a source of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents for the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Dai
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian He
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolou Miao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Tibetan Medical College of Qinghai University, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and Development, Xining, China
| | - Xiaofei Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research and Development, Xining, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hu Pan
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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12
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Yu JS, Lim SH, Lee SR, Choi CI, Kim KH. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of White Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Fruits on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040920. [PMID: 33572374 PMCID: PMC7916181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the protective effects of white mulberry (Morus alba) fruits on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were investigated. The ethanol (EtOH) extract of white mulberry fruits and its derived fractions contained adequate total phenolic and flavonoid contents, with good in vitro antioxidant radical scavenging activity. The extract and fractions also markedly inhibited ROS generation and antioxidant activity. After treatment with the EtOH extract and its fractions, LPS stimulation-induced elevated nitric oxide (NO) production was restored, which was primarily mediated by downregulation of inducible NO synthase expression. A total of 20 chemical constituents including flavonoids, steroids, and phenolics were identified in the fractions using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). These findings provide experimental evidence of the protective effects of white mulberry fruit extract against oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, suggesting their nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential as natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.S.Y.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Sung Ho Lim
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.S.Y.); (S.R.L.)
| | - Chang-Ik Choi
- Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.-I.C.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-961-5230 (C.-I.C.); +82-31-290-7700 (K.H.K.)
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (J.S.Y.); (S.R.L.)
- Correspondence: (C.-I.C.); (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82-31-961-5230 (C.-I.C.); +82-31-290-7700 (K.H.K.)
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Checa J, Aran JM. Airway Redox Homeostasis and Inflammation Gone Awry: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Emerging Therapeutics in Respiratory Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9317. [PMID: 33297418 PMCID: PMC7731288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As aerobic organisms, we are continuously and throughout our lifetime subjected to an oxidizing atmosphere and, most often, to environmental threats. The lung is the internal organ most highly exposed to this milieu. Therefore, it has evolved to confront both oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a variety of pollutants, pathogens, and allergens that promote inflammation and can harm the airways to different degrees. Indeed, an excess of ROS, generated intrinsically or from external sources, can imprint direct damage to key structural cell components (nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, and proteins) and indirectly perturb ROS-mediated signaling in lung epithelia, impairing its homeostasis. These early events complemented with efficient recognition of pathogen- or damage-associated recognition patterns by the airway resident cells alert the immune system, which mounts an inflammatory response to remove the hazards, including collateral dead cells and cellular debris, in an attempt to return to homeostatic conditions. Thus, any major or chronic dysregulation of the redox balance, the air-liquid interface, or defects in epithelial proteins impairing mucociliary clearance or other defense systems may lead to airway damage. Here, we review our understanding of the key role of oxidative stress and inflammation in respiratory pathology, and extensively report current and future trends in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatments focusing on the following major acute and chronic lung diseases: acute lung injury/respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep M. Aran
- Immune-Inflammatory Processes and Gene Therapeutics Group, IDIBELL, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain;
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Hwang JH, Ma JN, Park JH, Jung HW, Park YK. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of MOK, a polyherbal extract, on lipopolysaccharide‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Int J Mol Med 2019; 43:26-36. [PMID: 30365058 PMCID: PMC6257867 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MOK, a pharmacopuncture medicine consisting of 10 herbs, has a long history as treatment for various inflammatory conditions. To investigate the mechanisms of action of MOK, its anti‑inflammatory and antioxidative effects were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of MOK extract for 30 min prior to stimulation with or without LPS for the indicated times. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using Griess reagent, while the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, interleukin (IL)‑1β, IL‑6 and the antioxidant enzymes Mn superoxide dismutase and heme oxygenase‑1, were determined using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction analysis. Western blotting was used to determine the protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)‑2, superoxide dismutase (SOD)2, catalase (CAT) and heme oxygenase‑1 (HO‑1), and the phosphorylation of mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including ERK1/2, JNK and p38. Western blotting and immunocytochemistry were used to observe the nuclear expression of nuclear factor (NF)‑κB p65. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prostaglandin (PG)E2 production were determined using the ROS assay and an enzyme immunoassay. With MOK treatment, there was a notable decrease in NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS in RAW 264.7 cells by downregulation of iNOS and COX‑2 mRNA and protein expression. Furthermore, with MOK treatment, there was a decrease in the mRNA expression levels of TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6, as well as in the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK, by blocking the nuclear translocation of NF‑κB p65 in LPS‑stimulated cells. In addition, MOK treatment led to an increase in the antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT and HO‑1 in LPS‑stimulated cells, with a concomitant decrease in ROS generation. These results indicate that the inflammatory responses in activated macrophages are inhibited by MOK through downregulation of the transcription levels of inflammatory mediators and inhibition of the MAPK/NF‑κB pathway. Moreover, MOK protects against oxidative damage by upregulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes and generating ROS scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13120
| | - Jun Nan Ma
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hun Park
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Jung
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Park
- Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang 38066, Republic of Korea
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15
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Huang S, Meng N, Chang B, Quan X, Yuan R, Li B. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim Ethanol Extract. J Med Food 2018; 21:726-733. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Bingquan Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianghua Quan
- Department of Medicament, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - RuiYing Yuan
- Department of Medicament, College of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, China
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16
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Abu-Serie MM, Habashy NH, Attia WE. In vitro evaluation of the synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the combined extracts from Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum and Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 18:154. [PMID: 29747629 PMCID: PMC5946467 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Since oxidative stress and inflammation are two linked factors in the pathogenesis of several human diseases. Thus identification of effective treatment is of great importance. Edible mushroom and microalgae are rich in the effective antioxidant phytochemicals. Hence, their beneficial effects on oxidative stress-associated inflammation are extremely required to be investigated. Methods This study evaluated the functional constituents, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Malaysian Ganoderma lucidum aqueous extract (GLE) and Egyptian Chlorella vulgaris ethanolic extract (CVE). Also, the synergistic, addictive or antagonistic activities of the combination between the two extracts (GLE-CVE) were studied. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor-kappa B, as well as levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were determined using in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated white blood cells.
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17
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The Traditional Medicinal Plants Cuphea calophylla, Tibouchina kingii, and Pseudelephantopus spiralis Attenuate Inflammatory and Oxidative Mediators. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:1953726. [PMID: 29849694 PMCID: PMC5941728 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1953726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Aerial parts of Cuphea calophylla, Tibouchina kingii, and Pseudelephantopus spiralis have been used in Colombian traditional medicine for inflammation. However, the underlying mechanisms that could explain the anti-inflammatory actions remain unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from C. calophylla (HECC), T. kingii (HETK), and P. spiralis (HEPS) in LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were monitored as inflammatory and oxidative markers. The inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) activities in a cell-free system were also investigated. Antioxidant activities were determined using standard in vitro methods. All extracts inhibited the NO, ROS, and MDA levels. HETK showed the highest ROS production inhibition and the highest antioxidant values, whereas HETK and HEPS significantly decreased the cytotoxicity mediated by LPS. The release of MDA was reduced significantly by all extracts. Moreover, the catalytic activity of LOX was inhibited by HECC and HETK. HECC was a more potent reducer of COX-2 activity. All extracts effectively suppressed COX-1 activity. In summary, these results suggest that HECC, HEPS, and HETK possess anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, these plants could provide a valuable source of natural bioactive compounds for the treatment of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Kwon DAH, Jeong JW, Choi EO, Lee HW, Lee KW, Kim KY, Kim SG, Hong SH, Kim GY, Park C, Hwang HJ, Son CG, Choi YH. Inhibitory effects on the production of inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen species by Mori folium in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages and zebrafish. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 89:661-674. [PMID: 28562828 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201720160836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been traditionally used for various medicinal purposes from ancient times to the present. In this study, we examined the effects of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) on the production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Our data indicated that WEMF significantly suppressed the secretion of NO and PGE2 in RAW 264.7 macrophages without any significant cytotoxicity. The protective effects were accompanied by a marked reduction in their regulatory gene expression at the transcription level. WEMF attenuated LPS-induced intracellular ROS production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. It inhibited the nuclear translocation of the nuclear factor-kappa B p65 subunit and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, WEMF reduced LPS-induced NO production and ROS accumulation in zebrafish. Although more efforts are needed to fully understand the critical role of WEMF in the inhibition of inflammation, the findings of the present study may provide insights into the approaches for Mori folium as a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory and antioxidant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- DA Hye Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ok Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Lee
- KM Convergence Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Bio-Port Korea INC, Gijang-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Bio-Port Korea INC, Gijang-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kim
- Marine Bio-industry Development Center, Bio-Port Korea INC, Gijang-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences & Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences & Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Daejeon Oriental Hospital, Oriental Medical College, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JW, Cha HJ, Han MH, Hwang SJ, Lee DS, Yoo JS, Choi IW, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim GY, Hong SH, Park C, Lee HJ, Choi YH. Spermidine Protects against Oxidative Stress in Inflammation Models Using Macrophages and Zebrafish. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:146-156. [PMID: 28365977 PMCID: PMC5839493 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine compound that has recently emerged with anti-aging properties and suppresses inflammation and oxidation. However, its mechanisms of action on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the potential of spermidine for reducing pro-inflammatory and oxidative effects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages and zebrafish was explored. Our data indicate that spermidine significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β in RAW 264.7 macrophages without any significant cytotoxicity. The protective effects of spermidine accompanied by a marked suppression in their regulatory gene expression at the transcription levels. Spermidine also attenuated the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit and reduced LPS-induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Moreover, spermidine prevented the LPS-induced NO production and ROS accumulation in zebrafish larvae and was found to be associated with a diminished recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages. Although more work is needed to fully understand the critical role of spermidine on the inhibition of inflammation-associated migration of immune cells, our findings clearly demonstrate that spermidine may be a potential therapeutic intervention for the treatment of inflammatory and oxidative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Departments of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 49267, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Han
- Natural products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jung Hwang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- Natural products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Su Yoo
- Natural products Research Team, Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Inje University, Busan 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences & Human Ecology, Dongeui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 47227, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JW, Hwang SJ, Han MH, Lee DS, Yoo JS, Choi IW, Cha HJ, Kim S, Kim HS, Kim GY, Jeon YJ, Lee HJ, Park HT, Yoo YH, Choi YH. Fucoidan inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae. Mol Cell Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-017-0045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chen H, Yu W, Chen G, Meng S, Xiang Z, He N. Antinociceptive and Antibacterial Properties of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Fruits of Black and Non-Black Mulberries. Molecules 2017; 23:E4. [PMID: 29267231 PMCID: PMC5943937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins and flavones are important pigments responsible for the coloration of fruits. Mulberry fruit is rich in anthocyanins and flavonols, which have multiple uses in traditional Chinese medicine. The antinociceptive and antibacterial activities of total flavonoids (TF) from black mulberry (MnTF, TF of Morus nigra) and non-black mulberry (MmTF, TF of Morus mongolica; and MazTF, TF of Morus alba 'Zhenzhubai') fruits were studied. MnTF was rich in anthocyanins (11.3 mg/g) and flavonols (0.7 mg/g) identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tunable ultraviolet/mass single-quadrupole detection (UPLC-TUV/QDa). Comparatively, MmTF and MazTF had low flavonol contents and MazTF had no anthocyanins. MnTF showed significantly higher antinociceptive and antibacterial activities toward Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus than MmTF and MazTF. MnTF inhibited the expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), phospho-p65 (p-p65) and phospho-IκBα (p-IκBα), and increased interleukin 10 (IL-10). Additionally, mice tests showed that cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), rutin (Ru) and isoquercetin (IQ) were the main active ingredients in the antinociceptive process. Stronger antinociceptive effect of MnTF was correlated with its high content of anthocyanins and flavonols and its inhibitory effects on proinflammatory cytokines, iNOS and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Wansha Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Guo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Shuai Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Zhonghuai Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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The flavonoid rutin modulates microglial/macrophage activation to a CD150/CD206 M2 phenotype. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 274:89-99. [PMID: 28693884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rutin is a glycosylated flavonoid present in many fruits and plants that has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and its effects on the regulation of cytokines and chemokines associated with inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. In this study we examined the effect of rutin on resting or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia and characterized their modulation to an activated M1 phenotype or an alternatively activated M2 phenotype. Microglial cells were treated with rutin (1-100 μM); alternatively, microglial cells were stimulated with LPS and the cells were then treated with rutin (50 μM). The results revealed that rutin treatment was not toxic to microglial cells and induced a dose-dependent increase in microglial proliferation associated with changes in morphology after 24 h of treatment. Rutin also induced microglial activation characterized by an increase in OX-42 positive cells and a large proportion of cells with a CD150/CD206-positive M2 phenotype. Rutin also induced a decrease in the mRNA levels of TNF, IL1β, IL6 and iNOS, reduced the production of IL6, TNF, and nitric oxide, and increased production of the M2 regulatory cytokine IL10 and arginase. Rutin also significantly inhibited the LPS-induced expression of PTGS2, IL18 and TGFβ mRNA. These findings show that rutin has the ability to promote microglial proliferation and induces microglial polarization to the M2 profile when cells are stimulated with LPS. These results point this flavonoid as a possible alternative in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Zhu LY, Ni ZH, Luo XM, Wang XB. Advance of antioxidants in asthma treatment. World J Respirol 2017; 7:17-28. [DOI: 10.5320/wjr.v7.i1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an allergic disease, characterized as a recurrent airflow limitation, airway hyperreactivity, and chronic inflammation, involving a variety of cells and cytokines. Reactive oxygen species have been proven to play an important role in asthma. The pathogenesis of oxidative stress in asthma involves an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems that is caused by environment pollutants or endogenous reactive oxygen species from inflammation cells. There is growing evidence that antioxidant treatments that include vitamins and food supplements have been shown to ameliorate this oxidative stress while improving the symptoms and decreasing the severity of asthma. In this review, we summarize recent studies that are related to the mechanisms and biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidant treatments in asthma.
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Kang HJ, Jeong JS, Park NJ, Go GB, Kim SO, Park C, Kim BW, Hong SH, Choi YH. An ethanol extract of Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Biosci Trends 2017; 11:85-94. [PMID: 28179600 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aster yomena (Kitam.) Honda has been widely used as a traditional herbal medicine for centuries to treat cough, asthma, insect bites, etc. Recent reports indicate that A. yomena possesses a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities; however, few experiments have described its anti-inflammatory properties. The present study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of A. yomena leaves (EEAY) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Treatment with EEAY significantly reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as nitric oxide and interleukin-1β, in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, without incurring any significant cytotoxicity. These protective effects were accompanied by a marked reduction in the expression of regulatory genes at the transcription level. Treatment with EEAY also inhibited the DNA-binding activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by suppression of nuclear translocation of NF-κB and by degradation of the inhibitor of NF-κB; these effects were associated with suppression of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. The EEAY treatment also potently suppressed LPS-induced toll like receptor (TLR) 4 expression and attenuated the binding of LPS to the macrophage cell surface. In addition, EEAY treatment markedly inhibited LPS-induced accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Therefore, the inhibitory effects of EEAY on LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages were apparently associated with suppression of the TLR-mediated NF-κB signaling pathway. More work is needed to fully understand the critical role and clinical usefulness of EEAY treatment, but the findings of the present study provide some insights into the potential of EEAY as a therapeutic agent for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Joo Kang
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine
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Kwon DH, Cheon JM, Choi EO, Jeong JW, Lee KW, Kim KY, Kim SG, Kim S, Hong SH, Park C, Hwang HJ, Choi YH. The Immunomodulatory Activity of Mori folium, the Leaf of Morus alba L., in RAW 264.7 Macrophages In Vitro. J Cancer Prev 2016; 21:144-151. [PMID: 27722140 PMCID: PMC5051588 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2016.21.3.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoregulatory elements have emerged as useful immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. In traditional medicine, Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been used for various medicinal purposes; however, the immunomodulatory effects have not been fully identified. We evaluated the immunoenhancing potential of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods RAW264.7 cells were treated with WEMF for 24 hours and cell viability was detected by an MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the culture supernatants were assayed using Griess reagent. The productions of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and immune-related cytokines was measured using ELISA detection kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Inducible NO synthase, COX-2, and cytokines were assayed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effect of WEMF on phagocytic activity was measured using a Phagocytosis Assay Kit. Results WEMF significantly stimulated the production of NO and PGE2 as immune response parameters at noncytotoxic concentrations, which was associated with the increased expression of inducible NO synthase and COX-2. The release and expression of cytokines, such as TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, were also significantly increased in response to treatment with WEMF. Moreover, WEMF promoted the macrophagic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and the resulting phagocytosis activity. Conclusions WEMF has the potential to modulate the immune function by regulating immunological parameters. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and to support the use of WEMF as an immune stimulant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ji Min Cheon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Busan, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Jeong
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Busan, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Ki Young Kim
- Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung Goo Kim
- Bio-Port Korea Inc., MarineBio-industry Development Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Su Hyun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Hwang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongeui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Anti-Aging Research Center, Busan, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Agmatine Reduces Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Oxidant Response via Activating PI3K/Akt Pathway and Up-Regulating Nrf2 and HO-1 Expression in Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163634. [PMID: 27685463 PMCID: PMC5042521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key responders of inflammation and are closely related with oxidative stress. Activated macrophages can enhance oxygen depletion, which causes an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to further excessive inflammatory response and tissue damage. Agmatine, an endogenous metabolite of L-arginine, has recently been shown to have neuroprotective effects based on its antioxidant properties. However, the antioxidant effects of agmatine in peripheral tissues and cells, especially macrophages, remain unclear. In this study we explored the role of agmatine in mediating antioxidant effects in RAW 264.7 cells and studied its antioxidant mechanism. Our data demonstrate that agmatine is an activator of Nrf2 signaling that markedly enhances Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increases nuclear Nrf2 protein level, up-regulates the expression of the Nrf2 downstream effector HO-1, and attenuates ROS generation induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We further demonstrated that the agmatine-induced activation of Nrf2 is likely through the PI3K/Akt pathway. LY294002, a specific PI3K/Akt inhibitor, abolished agmatine-induced HO-1 up-regulation and ROS suppression significantly. Inhibiting HO-1 pathway significantly attenuated the antioxidant effect of agmatine which the products of HO-1 enzymatic activity contributed to. Furthermore, the common membrane receptors of agmatine were evaluated, revealing that α2-adrenoceptor, I1-imidazoline receptor or I2-imidazoline receptor are not required by the antioxidant properties of agmatine. Taken together, our findings revealed that agmatine has antioxidant activity against LPS-induced ROS accumulation in RAW 264.7 cells involving HO-1 expression induced by Nrf2 via PI3K/Akt pathway activation.
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