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Jensen NJ, Depledge DP, Ng TFF, Leung J, Quinlivan M, Radford KW, Folster J, Tseng HF, LaRussa P, Jacobsen SJ, Breuer J, Schmid DS. Analysis of the reiteration regions (R1 to R5) of varicella-zoster virus. Virology 2020; 546:38-50. [PMID: 32452416 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) genome, comprises both unique and repeated regions. The genome also includes reiteration regions, designated R1 to R5, which are tandemly repeating sequences termed elements. These regions represent an understudied feature of the VZV genome. The R4 region is duplicated, with one copy in the internal repeat short (IRs) which we designated R4A and a second copy in the terminal repeat short (TRs) termed R4B. We developed primers to amplify and Sanger sequence these regions, including independent amplification of both R4 regions. Reiteration regions from >80 cases of PCR-confirmed shingles were sequenced and analyzed. Complete genome sequences for the remaining portions of these viruses were determined using Illumina MiSeq. We identified 28 elements not previously reported, including at least one element for each R region. Length heterogeneity was substantial in R3, R4A and R4B. Length heterogeneity between the two copies of R4 was common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Jensen
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Leung
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark Quinlivan
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kay W Radford
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Folster
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hung-Fu Tseng
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Philip LaRussa
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Jacobsen
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunizations and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Harbecke R, Jensen NJ, Depledge DP, Johnson GR, Ashbaugh ME, Schmid DS, Breuer J, Levin MJ, Oxman MN. Recurrent herpes zoster in the Shingles Prevention Study: Are second episodes caused by the same varicella-zoster virus strain? Vaccine 2020; 38:150-157. [PMID: 31679866 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herpes zoster (HZ) is caused by reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) that established latency in sensory and autonomic neurons during primary infection. In the Shingles Prevention Study (SPS), a large efficacy trial of live attenuated Oka/Merck zoster vaccine (ZVL), PCR-confirmed second episodes of HZ occurred in two of 660 placebo and one of 321 ZVL recipients with documented HZ during a mean follow-up of 3.13 years. An additional two ZVL recipients experienced a second episode of HZ in the Long-Term Persistence Substudy. All episodes of HZ were caused by wild-type VZV. The first and second episodes of HZ occurred in different dermatomes in each of these five participants, with contralateral recurrences in two. Time between first and second episodes ranged from 12 to 28 months. One of the five participants, who was immunocompetent on study enrollment, was immunocompromised at the onset of his first and second episodes of HZ. VZV DNA isolated from rash lesions from the first and second episodes of HZ was used to sequence the full-length VZV genomes. For the unique-sequence regions of the VZV genome, we employed target enrichment of VZV DNA, followed by deep sequencing. For the reiteration regions, we used PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. Our analysis and comparison of the VZV genomes from the first and second episodes of HZ in each of the five participants indicate that both episodes were caused by the same VZV strain. This is consistent with the extraordinary stability of VZV during the replication phase of varicella and the subsequent establishment of latency in sensory ganglia throughout the body. Our observations also indicate that VZV is stable during the persistence of latency and the subsequent reactivation and replication that results in HZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Harbecke
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Nancy J Jensen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary R Johnson
- Cooperative Studies Program Coordinating Center, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mark E Ashbaugh
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - D Scott Schmid
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Judith Breuer
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Myron J Levin
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael N Oxman
- Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Hwang HR, Kim SC, Kang SH, Lee CH. Increase in the genetic polymorphism of varicella-zoster virus after passaging in in vitro cell culture. J Microbiol 2019; 57:1033-1039. [PMID: 31659688 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-019-9429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary infections with the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) result in varicella, while latent reactivation leads to herpes zoster. Both varicella and zoster can be prevented by live attenuated vaccines. There have been reports suggesting that both clinical VZV strains and those in vaccine preparations are genetically polymorphic, containing mixtures of both wild-type and vaccine-type sequences at certain vaccine-specific sites. In this study, the genetic polymorphism of the VZV genome was examined by analyzing the frequencies of minor alleles at each nucleotide position. Next-generation sequencing of the clinical VZV strain YC02 passaged in an in vitro cell culture was used to identify genetically polymorphic sites (GPS), where the minor allele frequency (MAF) exceeded 5%. The number of GPS increased by 7.3-fold at high passages (p100) when compared to low passages (p17), although the average MAF remained similar. GPS were found in 6 open reading frames (ORFs) in p17, 35, and 54 ORFs in p60 and p100, respectively. GPS were found more frequently in the dispensable gene group than the essential gene group, but the average MAF was greater in the essential gene group. The most common two major/minor base pairs were A/g and T/c. GPS were found in all three passages at 16 positions, all located in the reiterated (R) region. The population diversity as measured by Shannon entropy increased in p60 and p100. However, the entropy remained unchanged in the R regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Rim Hwang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Cheon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwan Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Whole Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Differential mRNA and microRNA Expression Profiles in Primary Human Dermal Fibroblasts Infected with Clinical or Vaccine Strains of Varicella Zoster Virus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040183. [PMID: 31658769 PMCID: PMC6963325 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Licensed live attenuated vaccines have been developed to prevent varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection, which causes chickenpox and shingles. The genomic sequences of both clinical- and vaccine-derived VZV strains have been analyzed previously. To further characterize the molecular signatures and complexity of wildtype (clinical) versus attenuated (vaccine-derived) VZV-mediated host cellular responses, we performed high-throughput next generation sequencing to quantify and compare the expression patterns of mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) in primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) infected with wildtype (YC01 low passage) and attenuated (YC01 high passage, SuduVax, and VarilRix) VZV strains. 3D-multidimensional scaling of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated the distinct grouping of wildtype and attenuated strains. In particular, we observed that HDFs infected with attenuated strains had more differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the retinoic-acid inducible gene–I-like receptor and interferon-mediated signaling pathways compared with wildtype strains. Additionally, miRNA expression patterns were profiled following the infection of HDFs with VZV. Small RNA sequencing identified that several miRNAs were upregulated, including miR-146a-5p, which has been associated with other herpesvirus infections, whereas let-7a-3p was downregulated in both wildtype and attenuated VZV-infected cells. This study identified genes and miRNAs that may be essential in VZV pathogenesis.
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STING Is Involved in Antiviral Immune Response against VZV Infection via the Induction of Type I and III IFN Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28647346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is a human-restricted α-herpesvirus that exhibits tropism for the skin. The VZV host receptors and downstream signaling pathways responsible for the antiviral innate immune response in the skin are not completely understood. Here, we show that STING mediates an important host defense against VZV infection in dermal cells including human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes. Inhibition of STING using small interfering-RNA or short hairpin RNA-mediated gene disruption resulted in enhanced viral replication but diminished IRF3 phosphorylation and induction of IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. Pretreatment with STING agonists resulted in reduced VZV glycoprotein E expression and viral replication. Additionally, using RNA sequencing to analyze dual host and VZV transcriptomes, we identified several host immune genes significantly induced by VZV infection. Furthermore, significant up-regulation of IFN-λ secretion was observed after VZV infection, partly through a STING-dependent pathway; IFN-λ was shown to be crucial for antiviral defense against VZV in human dermal cells. In conclusion, our data provide an important insight into STING-mediated induction of type I and III IFNs and subsequent antiviral signaling pathways that regulate VZV replication in human dermal cells.
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Bae S, Song YJ. Inhibition of varicella‑zoster virus replication by an ethanol extract of Lysimachia mauritiana. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:3847-3851. [PMID: 28393250 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella‑zoster virus (VZV), a ubiquitous human α‑herpesvirus, is the causative agent of chickenpox and shingles. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral activity of a 70% ethanol extract of Lysimachia mauritiana (LME) against VZV. LME strongly interfered with the replication of both laboratory and clinical strains of VZV without affecting the viability of MRC‑5 cells. Moreover, LME treatment suppressed the expression of an essential viral transactivator, immediate‑early 62 protein (IE62), in addition to other lytic genes in the later phases of viral replication. The finding that LME exerts potent inhibitory effects on VZV gene expression and replication supports its potential utility as a therapeutic anti‑viral agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Bae
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam‑Si, Kyeonggi‑Do 461‑701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jae Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam‑Si, Kyeonggi‑Do 461‑701, Republic of Korea
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Kim JA, Park SK, Kumar M, Lee CH, Shin OS. Insights into the role of immunosenescence during varicella zoster virus infection (shingles) in the aging cell model. Oncotarget 2016; 6:35324-43. [PMID: 26473290 PMCID: PMC4742108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is the etiological agent of shingles, a painful skin rash that affects a significant proportion of the elderly population. In the present study, we used two aging cell models, Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) fibroblasts and stress or replicative senescence-induced normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs), to investigate age-associated susceptibility to VZV infection. VZV infectivity titers were significantly associated with donor age in HGPS fibroblasts and senescence induction in NHDFs. High throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed to assess global and dynamic changes in the host transcriptomes of VZV-infected aging cells. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) indicated that VZV infection in aged HGPS fibroblasts resembled that in senescent NHDFs, particularly in terms of genes associated with pattern recognition receptors in virus sensing network, providing novel insights into the mechanisms of senescence-associated susceptibility to VZV infection. Additionally, we identified stimulator of interferon genes (STING) as a potential VZV sensing receptor. Knockdown of STING expression resulted in increased viral replication in primary fibroblasts, whereas STING overexpression led to suppression of VZV plaque formation. In conclusion, our findings highlight the important role of immunosenescence following VZV infection and provide significant insights into the mechanisms underlying cellular sensing of VZV infection and the induction of immune responses in aged skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Medical Microbiology and Pharmacology, Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Chan-Hee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Choi EJ, Lee CH, Kim YC, Shin OS. Wogonin inhibits Varicella-Zoster (shingles) virus replication via modulation of type I interferon signaling and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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