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Seakamela EM, Henton MM, Jonker A, Kayoka-Kabongo PN, Matle I. Temporal and Serotypic Dynamics of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in South African Porcine Populations: A Retrospective Study from 1985 to 2023. Pathogens 2024; 13:599. [PMID: 39057825 PMCID: PMC11280335 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a major bacterial pathogen causing porcine pleuropneumoniae, which is a disease of notable economic impact and high fatality rates among pigs worldwide. It has been reported that 19 distinct serotypes of this bacterium exist. Despite its global prominence, there exists a scarcity of information regarding its prevalence and distribution in South Africa. Thus, this study used laboratory records to investigate the serotype diversity, temporal distribution, and seasonal patterns of A. pleuropneumoniae isolated from porcine samples spanning from 1985 to 2023 within South Africa. Data from laboratory registries of 354 cases, obtained from three veterinary laboratories in South Africa, were analyzed. The data were categorized into two-time frames: term 1, covering 1985 to 2001, and term 2, spanning from 2002 to 2023. The dataset identified 11 different serotypes, with serotype 7 being the most prevalent at 22.7% (n = 62), which was followed by serotype 5 at 13.8% (n = 42). The study highlighted variations in the prevalence of serotypes among diseased animals over a 38-year period. Serotypes 3, 5, 7 and 8 were commonly observed during this time, while serotype 4 was absent from 1985 to 2001, and serotypes 1, 6, and 10 were absent from 2002 to 2023. The distribution of serotypes showed a diverse variation in the age of affected animals, clinical manifestation, and seasonal occurrence. Key findings revealed that serotype 7 was the most prevalent across all seasons with the highest occurrence in winter. Additionally, Gauteng province showed the highest prevalence of various serotypes. The information collected during this study will serve as a baseline for future epidemiological studies as well as inform control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel M. Seakamela
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Marijke M. Henton
- Vetdiagnostix Veterinary Pathology Services, P.O. Box 13624, Cascades 3202, South Africa;
| | - Annelize Jonker
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - Prudence N. Kayoka-Kabongo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa;
| | - Itumeleng Matle
- Bacteriology Division, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
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Soto Perezchica MM, Guerrero Barrera AL, Avelar Gonzalez FJ, Quezada Tristan T, Macias Marin O. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, surface proteins and virulence: a review. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1276712. [PMID: 38098987 PMCID: PMC10720984 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1276712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is a globally distributed Gram-negative bacterium that produces porcine pleuropneumonia. This highly contagious disease produces high morbidity and mortality in the swine industry. However, no effective vaccine exists to prevent it. The infection caused by App provokes characteristic lesions, such as edema, inflammation, hemorrhage, and necrosis, that involve different virulence factors. The colonization and invasion of host surfaces involved structures and proteins such as outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), pili, flagella, adhesins, outer membrane proteins (OMPs), also participates proteases, autotransporters, and lipoproteins. The recent findings on surface structures and proteins described in this review highlight them as potential immunogens for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Soto Perezchica
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alma L. Guerrero Barrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Francisco J. Avelar Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Estudios Ambientales, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Teodulo Quezada Tristan
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinaria, Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Macias Marin
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Tisular, Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Pepovich R, Hristov K, Nikolov B, Genova K, Ivanova E, Kundurzhiev T, Tsachev I, Ciccozzi M, Baymakova M. Seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs from Bulgaria. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.15547/bjvm.2020-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. The purpose of the study was to present a serological report on App prevalence among pigs in industrial farms in Bulgaria. Seventy-two pigs from four industrial farms in four districts of Bulgaria – Eastern Bulgaria (Razgrad and Yambol districts) and Western Bulgaria (Lovech and Sofia districts) were included. Animals were divided in two age groups: weaners and fattening pigs. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA, INgezim APP MIX, Eurofins Ingenasa, Madrid, Spain) for the detection of antibodies against App parasuis in porcine serum was used. Microtitrе plate was coated with App antigen of the serovars 1, 2, 9 and 11. Positive results for anti-App antibodies were detected in 32 (44.4%) of all 72 tested sera. The overall seropositivity in weaners and fattening pigs was 22.2% (8/36), and 66.7% (24/36), respectively. The highest App seropositivity in pigs was found in Eastern Bulgaria - 61.1% (22/36; P<0.001) in comparison to App seropositivity in Western Bulgaria – 27.8% (10/36; P=0.137). This study on anti-App prevalence among pigs in Bulgaria gives new insights on App epidemiology in our country.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pepovich
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K. Hristov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - B. Nikolov
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - K. Genova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - E. Ivanova
- National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - T. Kundurzhiev
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - I. Tsachev
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - M. Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemio¬logy, Universita Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Baymakova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Cohen LM, Bossé JT, Stegger M, Li Y, Langford PR, Kielland C, Klem TB, Gulliksen SM, Ranheim B, Grøntvedt CA, Angen Ø. Comparative Genome Sequence Analysis of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serovar 8 Isolates From Norway, Denmark, and the United Kingdom Indicates Distinct Phylogenetic Lineages and Differences in Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:729637. [PMID: 34566934 PMCID: PMC8461171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.729637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a disease of major impact on pig health, welfare, and productivity globally. Serovar 8 (APP) is the predominant clinical serovar in Norway and the United Kingdom (UK), and has been isolated from clinical cases in Denmark. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the genetic variability of isolates of A. pleuropneumoniae APP8 in the Norwegian population. The secondary objectives were to determine the within-host variability of APP8; to compare the APP8 bacterial populations in Norway, Denmark, and the UK, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene profiles and to assess the effect of national differences in antimicrobial drug use and restricted animal movement on the occurrence of resistance. Isolates of APP8 from the UK (n=67), Denmark (n=22), and Norway (n=123) collected between 1983 and 2020 were compared using whole genome sequencing. To investigate genetic variability within individual hosts, an additional 104 APP8 isolates from the lungs of six Norwegian pigs were compared. Very low within-host variation was observed (≤ 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms). The phylogeny of 123 Norwegian APP8 isolates from 76 herds revealed some within-herd genetic variation, but substantial geographical clustering. When inferring the relatedness of the three international APP8 collections, the topology highlighted the existence of two distinct monophyletic branches characterized by the Norwegian and UK isolates, respectively. Three Danish isolates were scattered across the UK branch, whereas the remaining 19 Danish isolates clustered in two monophyletic groups nested in the Norwegian branch. Coalescence analysis, performed to estimate the divergences from a common ancestor, indicated a last common ancestor several centuries ago. The phylogenetic analyses also revealed striking differences in occurrence of AMR genes, as these were 23-times more prevalent among the UK isolates than among the Norwegian isolates. An increased understanding of the effects of population strategies is helpful in surveillance and control of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Miriam Cohen
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Janine T Bossé
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Stegger
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yanwen Li
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Langford
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camilla Kielland
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Birgit Ranheim
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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A Multivalent Vaccine Containing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Antigens Elicits Strong Immune Responses and Promising Protection in Pigs. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) cause porcine pleuropneumonia and mycoplasmal pneumonia, respectively, and have serious impacts on the swine industry because they retard the growth of pigs. To protect pigs against these diseases, we have developed a multivalent vaccine consisting of App bacterins, APP RTX toxins (Apx toxins), and Mhp bacterin and adhesin protein. This vaccine induced the production of higher levels of antibodies against App and Mhp than the commercial vaccine (Nisseiken Swine APM Inactivated Vaccine). Furthermore, the vaccine efficiently protected pigs against virulent App challenge, showing promise as an efficient vaccine for the prevention of two important respiratory diseases, porcine pleuropneumonia and mycoplasmal pneumonia.
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Dao HT, Truong QL, Do VT, Hahn TW. Construction and immunization with double mutant Δ apxIBD Δ pnp forms of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotypes 1 and 5. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e20. [PMID: 32233129 PMCID: PMC7113565 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) causes a form of porcine pleuropneumonia that leads to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The apxIBD gene is responsible for the secretion of the ApxI and ApxII toxins and the pnp gene is responsible for the adaptation of bacteria to cold temperature and a virulence factor. The apxIBD and pnp genes were deleted successfully from APP serotype 1 and 5 by transconjugation and sucrose counter-selection. The APP1ΔapxIBDΔpnp and APP5ΔapxIBDΔpnp mutants lost hemolytic activity and could not secrete ApxI and ApxII toxins outside the bacteria because both mutants lost the ApxI- and ApxII-secreting proteins by deletion of the apxIBD gene. Besides, the growth of these mutants was defective at low temperatures resulting from the deletion of pnp. The APP1ΔapxIBDΔpnp and APP5ΔapxIBDΔpnp mutants were significantly attenuated compared with wild-type ones. However, mice vaccinated intraperitoneally with APP5ΔapxIBDΔpnp did not provide any protection when challenged with a 10-times 50% lethal dose of virulent homologous (APP5) and heterologous (APP1) bacterial strains, while mice vaccinated with APP1ΔapxIBDΔpnp offered 75% protection against a homologous challenge. The ΔapxIBDΔpnp mutants were significantly attenuated and gave different protection rate against homologous virulent wild-type APP challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Thu Dao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Quang Lam Truong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van Tan Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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Dao HT, Do VT, Truong QL, Hahn TW. Enhancement of Apx Toxin Production in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Serotypes 1, 2, and 5 by Optimizing Culture Condition. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:1037-1043. [PMID: 32238774 PMCID: PMC9745662 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1912.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is a causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Therefore, the development of an effective vaccine for APP is necessary. Here, we optimized the culture medium and conditions to enhance the production yields of Apx toxins in APP serotype 1, 2, and 5 cultures. The use of Mycoplasma Broth Base (PPLO) medium improved both the quantity and quality of the harvested Apx toxins compared with Columbia Broth medium. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) was first demonstrated as a stimulation factor for the production of Apx toxins in APP serotype 2 cultures. Cultivation of APP serotype 2 in PPLO medium supplemented with 10 μg/ml of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and 20 mM CaCl2 yielded the highest levels of Apx toxins. These findings suggest that the optimization of the culture medium and conditions increases the concentration of Apx toxins in the supernatants of APP serotype 1, 2, and 5 cultures and may be applied for the development of vaccines against APP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Thu Dao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Tan Do
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Quang Lam Truong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tae-Wook Hahn
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea,Innovac Co., Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-33-2508671 Fax: +82-33-2595625 E-mail:
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Park BS, Lee N. A bivalent fusion vaccine composed of recombinant Apx proteins shows strong protection against Actinobacillus pleuroneumoniae serovar 1 and 2 in a mouse model. Pathog Dis 2020; 77:5426212. [PMID: 30939190 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP) causes porcine pleuropneumoniae, resulting in severe economic losses in the swine industry. Since there are diverse serotypes of APP, it is necessary for vaccines to induce cross-protection. In this report, we developed a bivalent fusion vaccine, the L vaccine composed of ApxIA and ApxIIA fragments. According to the experimental results of the L vaccine, recombinant protein specific-IgG antibody level increased significantly as well as Apx toxin specific-IgG antibody, suggesting toxin-neutralizing effect. Also, the production of both IgG1 and IgG2a indicates this fusion vaccine induces Th1 and Th2 immune reactions. In addition, lymphocytes were proliferated and immune related-cytokines of TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-5 were detected in the serum after the vaccination. The L vaccine showed a perfect cross-protection against APP serovar 1 and 2 that each secrete different Apx exotoxins. These findings reveal that the fusion L vaccine induces specific humoral and cellular immunity, leading to a perfect cross-protection against A. pleuropneumoniae infections in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Sun Park
- Technology Institute, KBNP, Inc., Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Nakhyung Lee
- Technology Institute, KBNP, Inc., Anyang, Gyeonggi, South Korea
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