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Razak NA, Abu N, Ho WY, Zamberi NR, Tan SW, Alitheen NB, Long K, Yeap SK. Cytotoxicity of eupatorin in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells via cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1514. [PMID: 30728391 PMCID: PMC6365513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37796-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Eupatorin has been reported with in vitro cytotoxic effect on several human cancer cells. However, reports on the mode of action and detail mechanism of eupatorin in vitro in breast cancer disease are limited. Hence, eupatorin's effect on the human breast carcinoma cell line MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 was investigated. MTT assay showed that eupatorin had cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells but was non-toxic to the normal cells of MCF-10a in a time-dose dependent manner. At 24 h, the eupatorin showed mild cytotoxicity on both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells with IC50 values higher than 20 μg/mL. After 48 h, eupatorin at 5 μg/mL inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by 50% while the IC50 of MCF-10a was significantly (p < 0.05) high with 30 μg/mL. The concentration of eupatorin at 5 μg/mL induced apoptosis mainly through intrinsic pathway by facilitating higher fold of caspase 9 compared to caspase 8 at 48 h. The cell cycle profile also showed that eupatorin (5 μg/mL) exerted anti-proliferation activity with the cell cycle arrest of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells at sub Gθ/G1 in a time-dependent manner. In addition, wound healing assay showed an incomplete wound closure of scratched MDA-MB-231 cells, and more than 60% of the MDA-MB-231 cells were prevented to migrate and invade the membrane in the Boyden chamber after 24 h. Eupatorin also inhibited angiogenic sprouting of new blood vessels in ex vivo mouse aorta ring assay. In gene expression assay, eupatorin up-regulated pro-apoptotic genes such as Bak1, HIF1A, Bax, Bad, cytochrome c and SMAC/Diablo and blocked the Phospho-Akt pathway. In conclusion, eupatorin is a potent candidate to induce apoptosis and concurrently inhibit the invasion, migration and angiogenesis of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells through inhibition of Phospho-Akt pathway and cell cycle blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyamirah Abd Razak
- Laborotary of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaa'cob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wan Yong Ho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, 43500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Rizi Zamberi
- Laborotary of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Laborotary of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Long
- Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Laborotary of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
- China-ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, Sepang, 43900, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Iqbal F, Szaraz P, Librach M, Gauthier-Fisher A, Librach CL. Angiogenic potency evaluation of cell therapy candidates by a novel application of the in vitro aortic ring assay. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:184. [PMID: 28807010 PMCID: PMC5557530 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0631-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to limitations of current angiogenesis assays, we aimed to develop a novel application of the rat aortic ring assay to assess the angiogenic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). First-trimester human umbilical cord-derived perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs) have multipotent characteristics and previously demonstrated angiogenic potential. We compared the effect of this young source of MSCs and adult bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on ex vivo aortic endothelial network formation. Methods Thoracic segments of adult rat aortas were isolated, sectioned and embedded into Matrigel™. Fluorophore-labeled FTM HUCPVC lines and BMSCs (N = 3) were cocultured with developing endothelial networks (day 0). MSC integration, tube formation and endothelial network growth were monitored daily using phase-contrast and fluorescence microscopy. Quantification of endothelial networks was performed using ImageJ network analysis software on day 5 of coculture. Results FTM HUCPVCs from two umbilical cord samples migrated toward and integrated with developing aortic ring tubular networks while displaying elongated morphologies (day 1). In contrast, BMSCs did not show targeted migration and maintained spherical morphologies with limited physical interactions. Within 1 week of coculture, FTM HUCPVC lines contributed to significantly greater radial network growth and network loop formation when compared to BMSCs and untreated networks. Conclusions We have developed a novel potency assay to assess the angiogenic potential of cell therapy candidates. Favorable properties of FTM HUCPVCs over BMSCs that we observed with this assay and which merit further study include chemotaxis, affinity for developing vasculature, and physical supportive interactions contributing to the development of endothelial networks. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0631-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farwah Iqbal
- The Create Fertility Centre, 790 Bay Street, Suite 412, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1N8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 3127, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Peter Szaraz
- The Create Fertility Centre, 790 Bay Street, Suite 412, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1N8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 3127, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Matthew Librach
- The Create Fertility Centre, 790 Bay Street, Suite 412, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Andrée Gauthier-Fisher
- The Create Fertility Centre, 790 Bay Street, Suite 412, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1N8, Canada
| | - Clifford L Librach
- The Create Fertility Centre, 790 Bay Street, Suite 412, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1N8, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, 123 Edward Street, Suite 1200, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1E2, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 3127, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Chen WS, Cao Z, Leffler H, Nilsson UJ, Panjwani N. Galectin-3 Inhibition by a Small-Molecule Inhibitor Reduces Both Pathological Corneal Neovascularization and Fibrosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:9-20. [PMID: 28055102 PMCID: PMC5225999 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Corneal neovascularization and scarring commonly lead to significant vision loss. This study was designed to determine whether a small-molecule inhibitor of galectin-3 can inhibit both corneal angiogenesis and fibrosis in experimental mouse models. Methods Animal models of silver nitrate cautery and alkaline burn were used to induce mouse corneal angiogenesis and fibrosis, respectively. Corneas were treated with the galectin-3 inhibitor, 33DFTG, or vehicle alone and were processed for whole-mount immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis to quantify the density of blood vessels and markers of fibrosis. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and primary human corneal fibroblasts were used to analyze the role of galectin-3 in the process of angiogenesis and fibrosis in vitro. Results Robust angiogenesis was observed in silver nitrate-cauterized corneas on day 5 post injury, and markedly increased corneal opacification was demonstrated in alkaline burn-injured corneas on days 7 and 14 post injury. Treatment with the inhibitor substantially reduced corneal angiogenesis and opacification with a concomitant decrease in α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and distribution. In vitro studies revealed that 33DFTG inhibited VEGF-A-induced HUVEC migration and sprouting without cytotoxic effects. The addition of exogenous galectin-3 to corneal fibroblasts in culture induced the expression of fibrosis-related proteins, including α-SMA and connective tissue growth factor. Conclusions Our data provide proof of concept that targeting galectin-3 by the novel, small-molecule inhibitor, 33DFTG, ameliorates pathological corneal angiogenesis as well as fibrosis. These findings suggest a potential new therapeutic strategy for treating ocular disorders related to pathological angiogenesis and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Sheng Chen
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Zhiyi Cao
- New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Hakon Leffler
- Section of Microbiology Immunology and Glycobiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf J Nilsson
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Noorjahan Panjwani
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States 2New England Eye Center/Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Discovery and Optimization of N-Substituted 2-(4-pyridinyl)thiazole carboxamides against Tumor Growth through Regulating Angiogenesis Signaling Pathways. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33434. [PMID: 27633259 PMCID: PMC5025770 DOI: 10.1038/srep33434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis is considered as one of the desirable pathways for the treatment of tumor growth and metastasis. Herein we demonstrated that a series of pyridinyl-thiazolyl carboxamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and examined against angiogenesis through a colony formation and migration assays of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study was carried out and optimization toward this series of compounds resulted in the discovery of N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-2-(2-propyl-4-pyridinyl)thiazole-5-carboxamide (3k). The results indicated that compound 3k showed similar or better effects compared to Vandetanib in suppressing HUVECs colony formation and migration as well as VEGF-induced angiogenesis in the aortic ring spreading model and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. More importantly, compound 3k also strongly blocked tumor growth with the dosage of 30 mg/kg/day, and subsequent mechanism exploration suggested that this series of compounds took effect mainly through angiogenesis signaling pathways. Together, these results suggested compound 3k may serve as a lead for a novel class of angiogenesis inhibitors for cancer treatments.
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De Rossi G, Evans AR, Kay E, Woodfin A, McKay TR, Nourshargh S, Whiteford JR. Shed syndecan-2 inhibits angiogenesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 127:4788-99. [PMID: 25179601 PMCID: PMC4215719 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.153015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for the development of a normal vasculature, tissue repair and reproduction, and also has roles in the progression of diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The heparan sulphate proteoglycan syndecan-2 is expressed on mesenchymal cells in the vasculature and, like the other members of its family, can be shed from the cell surface resulting in the release of its extracellular core protein. The purpose of this study was to establish whether shed syndecan-2 affects angiogenesis. We demonstrate that shed syndecan-2 regulates angiogenesis by inhibiting endothelial cell migration in human and rodent models and, as a result, reduces tumour growth. Furthermore, our findings show that these effects are mediated by the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor CD148 (also known as PTPRJ) and this interaction corresponds with a decrease in active β1 integrin. Collectively, these data demonstrate an unexplored pathway for the regulation of new blood vessel formation and identify syndecan-2 as a therapeutic target in pathologies characterised by angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Rossi
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Alun R Evans
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Emma Kay
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Tristan R McKay
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0NE, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - James R Whiteford
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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