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Yoon JH, Choi BJ, Nam SW, Park WS. Gastric cancer exosomes contribute to the field cancerization of gastric epithelial cells surrounding gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2022; 25:490-502. [PMID: 34993738 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-021-01269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A dynamic molecular interaction between cancer and the surrounding normal cells is mediated through exosomes. We investigated whether exosomes derived from gastric cancer cells affected the fate of the surrounding gastric epithelial cells. METHODS We analyzed the cell viability and immortalization of primary normal stomach epithelial cells (PNSECs) after treatment with exosomes derived from AGS gastric cancer cells and/or H. pylori CagA. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analyzed by BrdU incorporation, flow-cytometry, and colony formation assays. We examined telomere length, expression and activity of telomerase, and expression of telomere-related genes in PNSECs treated with cancer exosomes, and in 60 gastric cancer and corresponding mucosal tissues. The differentially expressed genes and transcriptional regulation of telomere-related genes were verified using real-time qPCR and ChIP analyses, respectively. RESULTS Gastric cancer exosomes increased cell viability and the population-doubling levels but inhibited the cellular senescence and apoptosis of PNSECs. The internalization of cancer exosomes in PNSECs dramatically increased the number of surviving colonies and induced a multilayer growth and invasion into the scaffold. Treatment of PNSECs with cancer exosomes markedly increased the expression and activity of telomerase and the T/S ratio and regulated the expression of the telomere-associated genes, heat-shock genes, and hedgehog genes. Compared to gastric mucosae, gastric cancer showed increased hTERT expression, which was positively correlated with telomere length. Interestingly, seven (46.7%) of 15 non-cancerous gastric mucosae demonstrated strong telomerase activity. CONCLUSION These results suggest that gastric cancer exosomes induced the transformation and field cancerization of the surrounding non-cancerous gastric epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Yoon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Byung Joon Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Suk Woo Nam
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Won Sang Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea. .,Functional RNomics Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, South Korea.
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Kelly GM, Gatie MI. Mechanisms Regulating Stemness and Differentiation in Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3684178. [PMID: 28373885 PMCID: PMC5360977 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3684178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Just over ten years have passed since the seminal Takahashi-Yamanaka paper, and while most attention nowadays is on induced, embryonic, and cancer stem cells, much of the pioneering work arose from studies with embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) derived from teratocarcinomas. This original work was broad in scope, but eventually led the way for us to focus on the components involved in the gene regulation of stemness and differentiation. As the name implies, ECCs are malignant in nature, yet maintain the ability to differentiate into the 3 germ layers and extraembryonic tissues, as well as behave normally when reintroduced into a healthy blastocyst. Retinoic acid signaling has been thoroughly interrogated in ECCs, especially in the F9 and P19 murine cell models, and while we have touched on this aspect, this review purposely highlights how some key transcription factors regulate pluripotency and cell stemness prior to this signaling. Another major focus is on the epigenetic regulation of ECCs and stem cells, and, towards that end, this review closes on what we see as a new frontier in combating aging and human disease, namely, how cellular metabolism shapes the epigenetic landscape and hence the pluripotency of all stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed I. Gatie
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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