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Cho YD, Choi SH, Park SJ, Kim JY, Lim CS, Yu WS, Kyung Hwan K, Shin TG. The impacts of oxygen and pentoxifylline in hypoxic condition. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/20587392211056508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Among major trauma patients in the emergency department, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality is a hemorrhagic shock. The low oxygen flow with hypovolemia in trauma patients is believed to play a significant role. Hence, oxygen supply is essential in severe trauma patients with massive hemorrhage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of oxygen supply in hypoxic condition and variable treatments such as pentoxifylline (PTX), glycerol, hypertonic saline (HTS), protease inhibitor, and dexamethasone (DEXA) in macrophage and T cells. Method:Nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were measured for macrophage. MIF, interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-8 were measured for T cells. T cell viability was measued by MTT assay. Results: Pentoxifylline decreased iNOS expression mostly followed by glycerol under hypoxia. Under the hyperoxia, PTX and other treatments decreased iNOS expressions in macrophage. MIF expression was lowered with PTX under hypoxia. PTX, glycerol, HTS, and protease inhibitor were effective under hyperoxia in macrophage. PTX increased T cell survival under hypoxia. Under the hyperoxia, IL-2 expressions were upregulated with PTX, glycerol, and HTS. PTX and other treatments were effective for IL-8. Our results indicate that the PTX and the other agents tested reversed the effects of stimulation of lipopolysaccharide, PGE2 in hypoxia or hypoxia. Conclusion:Our study demonstrated potential usefulness in improving immune systems during severe inflammatory conditions similar to septic shock possibly caused by massive hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Duck Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Jun Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Youn Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Seung Lim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Bundang Jasaeng Hospital, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Kim Kyung Hwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae-Gun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Park SJ, Choi SH, Cho YD, Kim JY, Cho HJ, Kim KH, Kim WY. Protective effects of pentoxifylline on T-cell viability under inflammatory conditions. EUR J INFLAMM 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x221120753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Pentoxifylline (PTX) reduces the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines; however, its effects on immune system is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PTX on T cells under inflammatory conditions in co-culture with THP-1-derived macrophages. Methods: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) levels were measured after addition of PTX to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated differentiated THP-1 cells. T cell viability and MIF levels were measured after PTX was added to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-stimulated Jurkat T-cell leukemia line. Co-culture was conducted to determine the effect of LPS-stimulated differentiated THP-1 cells that are affected by PTX on Jurkat cells. To prevent the direct effects of LPS and PTX on Jurkat cells, LPS and PTX were washed from THP-1 cells before co-culture. T cell viability and interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels were determined in Jurkat cells. Results: Increase in the MIF concentration and TLR4 expression level in differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS were reversed after PTX addition. However, PTX did not improve T cell viability in PGE2–stimulated Jurkat cells. Co-culturing Jurkat cell and LPS-stimulated differentiated THP-1 cells resulted in a decreased viability of T cells. The addition of PTX restored T cell viability to normal control levels and IL-2 expression level in Jurkat cells. Conclusion: LPS-stimulated THP-1-derived macrophages reduced the T cell viability under inflammation. However, PTX restored T cells viability and IL-2 back to normal levels. Therefore, the immunomodulatory action of PTX may be mediated by macrophage-T cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Joon Park
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Duck Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Youn Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Jin Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsanbaik Hospital, Ilsan, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Won-Young Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Galvagno SM, Mackenzie CF. New and future resuscitation fluids for trauma patients using hemoglobin and hypertonic saline. Anesthesiol Clin 2012; 31:1-19. [PMID: 23351531 DOI: 10.1016/j.anclin.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) and hypertonic saline solutions (HSS) are used for resuscitation of trauma patients with hemorrhagic shock. In this review, the clinical application, dosing, administration, and side effects of these solutions are discussed. Although HBOC and HSS are not ideal resuscitation fluids, until rapidly thawed universal donor frozen blood and blood component therapy becomes widely available in North America, these fluids should to be considered immediately after injury and throughout the spectrum of care for patients with hemorrhagic shock, until blood and blood components become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Galvagno
- Division of Trauma Anesthesiology (Program in Trauma, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center), Department of Anesthesiology, Shock Trauma Anesthesia Organized Research Center (STAR ORC), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kim JY, Choi SH, Yoon YH, Moon SW, Cho YD. Effects of hypertonic saline on macrophage migration inhibitory factor in traumatic conditions. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:362-366. [PMID: 23251299 PMCID: PMC3524247 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Trauma-induced suppression of cellular immune function contributes to sepsis, multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and mortality. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has been revealed to be central to several immune responses. However, the role of MIF in trauma-like conditions is unknown. Therefore, the present study evaluated MIF in macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The effects of hypertonic saline (HTS) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced MIF levels were evaluated in macrophages. MIF concentrations were determined by an enzyme-linked immnosorbent assay (ELISA) and cell lysates were used for western blot analysis. The effects of HTS on N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced MIF were evaluated in PMNs. MIF concentrations were determined by ELISA, western blotting and real time-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine MIF expression. MIF levels, which were measured by the ELISA, increased by 1.24±0.38 ng/ml in the supernatants of LPS-stimulated macrophages compared with the controls (0.79±0.07 ng/ml) at 2 h. HTS10 (150 mmol/l) partially restored MIF levels (0.84±0.22 ng/ml; P<0.05). Also, western blotting was performed and MIF protein levels were higher in the LPS-stimulated macrphages (20% increase in band density) compared with the controls (P<0.05). The addition of HTS decreased MIF protein expression. MIF levels in fMLP-stimulated PMN cells were unchanged compared with the controls according to the ELISA, western blotting and RT-PCR. No effects were observed following treatment with HTS. MIF concentrations and MIF expression were higher in LPS-stimulated macrophages than controls and HTS restored MIF levels to those of the controls. MIF levels were unchanged in PMNs stimulated by fMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Youn Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 152-703, Republic of Korea
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