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Saka N, Yamada K, Ono K, Iwata E, Mihara T, Uchiyama K, Watanabe Y, Matsushita K. Effect of topical vancomycin powder on surgical site infection prevention in major orthopaedic surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis. J Hosp Infect 2024; 150:105-113. [PMID: 38825190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2024.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has been mixed regarding the effect of topical vancomycin (VCM) powder in reducing surgical site infection (SSI). AIM To clarify the effect of topical VCM powder for the prevention of SSI in major orthopaedic surgeries. METHODS The MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL, ICTRP, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from their inception to September 25th, 2023. Randomized controlled trials comparing topical VCM powder and controls for the prevention of SSI in major orthopaedic surgeries were included. Two reviewers independently screened the title and abstract and extracted relevant data, followed by the assessment of the risk of bias and the certainty of the evidence. Main outcome measures were overall SSI, reoperation, and adverse events. Summary results were obtained using random-effects meta-analysis. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed. FINDINGS Eight randomized controlled trials yielded data on 4307 participants. VCM powder showed no difference in reducing overall SSI. The cumulative number of patients did not exceed the required information size of 19,233 in our TSA, and the Z-curves did not cross the trial sequential monitoring or futility boundary, suggesting an inconclusive result of the meta-analysis. No difference was found for reoperation. Among SSIs, VCM powder showed a statistically significant difference in reducing Gram-positive cocci SSI. However, the certainty of this evidence was very low. CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis suggests inconclusive results regarding the effect of VCM powder in reducing SSI in major orthopaedic surgeries. Further trials using rigorous methodologies are required to elucidate the effect of this intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - K Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nakanoshima Orthopaedics, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - K Ono
- Department of Joint Surgery, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Iwata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - T Mihara
- Department of Health Data Science, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Data Science, Yokohama, Japan
| | - K Uchiyama
- Department of Patient Safety and Healthcare Administration, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Y Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Matsushita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Tama Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
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Tian B, He Y, Han Z, Liu T, Zhang X. Effect of powdered vancomycin on stopping surgical site wound infections in neurosurgery: A meta-analysis. Int Wound J 2023; 20:1139-1150. [PMID: 36237125 PMCID: PMC10031230 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of powdered vancomycin on stopping surgical site wound infections in neurosurgery. A systematic literature search up to July 2022 was performed and 24 137 subjects with neurosurgery at the baseline of the studies; 10 496 of them were using the powdered vancomycin, and 13 641 were not using the powdered vancomycin as a control. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the effect of powdered vancomycin on stopping surgical site wound infections in neurosurgery using dichotomous methods with a random or fixed-effect model. The powdered vancomycin had significantly lower surgical site wound infections after spinal surgery (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.41-0.70, P < .001), deep surgical site wound infections after spinal surgery (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.35-0.57, P < .001), superficial surgical site wound infections after spinal surgery (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.43-0.83, P = .002), and surgical site wound infections after cranial surgery (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22-0.61, P < .001) compared to control in subjects with neurosurgery. The powdered vancomycin had significantly lower surgical site wound infections after spinal surgery, deep surgical site wound infections after spinal surgery, superficial surgical site wound infections after spinal surgery, and surgical site wound infections after cranial surgery compared to control in subjects with neurosurgery. The analysis of outcomes should be done with caution even though the low number of studies with low sample size, 3 out of the 42 studies, in the meta-analysis, and a low number of studies in certain comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanli He
- Department of Radiology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zian Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianjing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xingye Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Kim EK, Donnelley CA, Tiee M, Roberts HJ, Von Kaeppler E, Shearer D, Morshed S. Prophylactic Topical Antibiotics in Fracture Repair and Spinal Fusion. Adv Orthop 2021; 2021:1949877. [PMID: 34691783 PMCID: PMC8531801 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1949877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to determine whether prophylactic local antibiotics prevent surgical site infections (SSIs) in instrumented spinal fusions and traumatic fracture repair. A secondary objective is to investigate the effect of vancomycin, a common local antibiotic of choice, on the microbiology of SSIs. METHODS An electronic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases and major orthopedic surgery conferences was conducted to identify studies that (1) were instrumented spinal fusions or fracture repair and (2) had a treatment group that received prophylactic local antibiotics. Both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies were included. Meta-analysis was performed separately for randomized and nonrandomized studies with subgroup analysis by study design and antibiotic. RESULTS Our review includes 44 articles (30 instrumented spinal fusions and 14 fracture repairs). Intrawound antibiotics significantly decreased the risk of developing SSIs in RCTs of fracture repair (RR 0.61, 95% CI: 0.40-0.93, I 2 = 32.5%) but not RCTs of instrumented spinal fusion. Among observational studies, topical antibiotics significantly reduced the risk of SSIs in instrumented spinal fusions (OR 0.34, 95% CI: 0.27-0.43, I 2 = 52.4%) and in fracture repair (OR 0.49, 95% CI: 0.37-0.65, I 2 = 43.8%). Vancomycin powder decreased the risk of Gram-positive SSIs (OR 0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.51, I 2 = 0.0%) and had no effect on Gram-negative SSIs (OR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.62-1.44, I 2 = 0.0%). CONCLUSIONS Prophylactic intrawound antibiotic administration decreases the risk of SSIs in fracture surgical fixation in randomized studies. Therapeutic efficacy in instrumented spinal fusion was seen in only nonrandomized studies. Vancomycin appears to be an effective agent against Gram-positive pathogens. There is no evidence that local vancomycin powder is associated with an increased risk for Gram-negative infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric K. Kim
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Claire A. Donnelley
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Madeline Tiee
- University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Heather J. Roberts
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ericka Von Kaeppler
- Institute for Global Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David Shearer
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Saam Morshed
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Francisco, California, USA
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Dodson V, Majmundar N, Swantic V, Assina R. The effect of prophylactic vancomycin powder on infections following spinal surgeries: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus 2020; 46:E11. [PMID: 30611167 DOI: 10.3171/2018.10.focus18470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEThe use of vancomycin powder in spine surgery for prophylaxis against surgical site infections (SSIs) is well debated in the literature, with the majority of studies demonstrating improvement and some studies demonstrating no significant reduction in infection rate. It is well known in certain populations that vancomycin powder reduces the general rate of infection, but its effects on reducing the rate of infection due to gram-negative pathogens are not well reviewed. The goal of this paper was to review studies that investigated the efficacy of vancomycin powder as a prophylactic agent against SSI and demonstrate whether the rate of infections by gram-negative pathogens is impacted.METHODSAn electronic search of the published literature was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A variety of combinations of the search terms "vancomycin powder," "infection," "spine," "gram-negative," "prophylaxis," and "surgical site" was used. Inclusion criteria were studies that 1) described an experimental group that received intraoperative intrawound vancomycin powder; 2) included adequately controlled groups that did not receive intraoperative intrawound vancomycin powder; 3) included the number of patients in both the experimental and control groups who developed infection after their spine surgery; and 4) identified the pathogen-causing infection. Studies not directly related to this review's investigation were excluded from the initial screen. Among the studies that met the criteria of the initial screen, additional reasons for exclusion from the systematic review included lack of a control group, unspecified size of control groups, and inconsistent use of vancomycin powder in the experimental group.RESULTSThis systematic review includes 21 studies with control groups. Vancomycin powder significantly reduced the relative risk of developing an SSI (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.45-0.67, p < 0.0001). In addition, the use of vancomycin powder did not significantly increase the risk of infection by gram-negative pathogens (RR 1.11, 95% CI 0.66-1.86, p = 0.701).CONCLUSIONSThe results of this systematic review suggest that intrawound vancomycin powder is protective against SSI. It is less clear if this treatment increases the risk of gram-negative infection. Further studies are required to investigate whether rates of infection due to gram-negative pathogens are affected by the use of vancomycin powder.
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Spinal Fusion Surgery and Local Antibiotic Administration: A Systematic Review on Key Points From Preclinical and Clinical Data. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2020; 45:339-348. [PMID: 31568186 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000003255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. OBJECTIVE The present review of clinical and preclinical in vivo studies focused on the local antibiotic administration for surgical site infection (SSI) in spinal fusion procedures and identifying new approaches or research direction able to release antibiotics in the infected environment. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA SSI is a severe complication of spinal fusion procedures that represents a challenging issue for orthopedic surgeons. SSIs can range from 0.7% to 2.3% without instrumentation up to 6.7% with the use of instrumentation with significant implications in health care costs and patient management. METHOD A systematic search was carried out by two independent researchers according to the PRISMA statement in three databases (www.pubmed.com, www.scopus.com and www.webofknowledge.com) to identify preclinical in vivo and clinical reports in the last 10 years. Additionally, to evaluate ongoing clinical trials, three of the major clinical registry websites were also checked (www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.who.int/ictrp, https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu). RESULTS After screening, a total of 43 articles were considered eligible for the review: 36 clinical studies and seven preclinical studies. In addition, six clinical trials were selected from the clinical registry websites. CONCLUSION The results reported that the topical vancomycin application seem to represent a strategy to reduce SSI incidence in spine surgery. However, the use of local vancomycin as a preventive approach for SSIs in spine surgery is mostly based on retrospective studies with low levels of evidence and moderate/severe risk of bias that do not allow to draw a clear conclusion. This review also underlines that several key points concerning the local use of antibiotics in spinal fusion still remains to be defined to allow this field to make a leap forward that would lead to the identification of specific approaches to counteract the onset of SSIs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Li S, Rong H, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Wang C, Tan R, Wang Y, Zheng T, Zhu T. Meta-analysis of topical vancomycin powder for microbial profile in spinal surgical site infections. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2019; 28:2972-2980. [PMID: 31522274 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-019-06143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To systematically evaluate the impact of topical vancomycin powder for microbial profile in spinal surgical site infections. METHODS All available literature regarding the topical use of vancomycin powder to prevent postoperative spinal infections was retrieved from the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases starting from the creation date and up until September 30, 2018. RESULTS A total of 21 studies involving 15,548 patients were reviewed. The combined odds ratio showed that topical use of vancomycin powder was effective for reducing the incidence of gram-positive bacterial infections in spinal surgical sites (OR 0.41, P < 0.00001) without affecting its efficacy in the prevention of polymicrobial infections (OR 0.30, P = 0.03). Additionally, it could significantly reduce the infection rate of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (OR 0.34, P < 0.0001). However, topical vancomycin powder showed no advantage for preventing gram-negative bacterial infections (OR 0.94, P = 0.75). CONCLUSIONS Topical administration of vancomycin powder may not increase the rates of gram-negative bacterial or polymicrobial infections in spinal surgical sites. On the contrary, it can significantly reduce the infection rates of gram-positive bacteria, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus (MRS) and microorganism. Of course, the topical vancomycin powder cannot change the rates of gram-negative bacterial infections, which may be related to the antimicrobial spectrum of vancomycin. Due to the limited number of articles included in this study, additional large-scale and high-quality studies are needed to provide more reliable clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Hongtao Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhengshan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rui Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Järvinen S, Suojanen J, Kormi E, Wilkman T, Kiukkonen A, Leikola J, Stoor P. The use of patient specific polyetheretherketone implants for reconstruction of maxillofacial deformities. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2019; 47:1072-1076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Application of Vancomycin Powder to Reduce Surgical Infection and Deep Surgical Infection in Spinal Surgery: A Meta-analysis. Clin Spine Surg 2019; 32:150-163. [PMID: 30730427 DOI: 10.1097/bsd.0000000000000778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This was a meta-analysis study. OBJECTIVE Our meta-analysis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of vancomycin powder to reduce the surgical site infection (SSI) in spinal surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA The SSI is a potential and devastating complication after spinal surgery. Local application of vancomycin powder is an attractive adjunctive therapy to reduce SSI in spinal surgery. METHODS Studies were identified from PubMed, The Cochrane Library, AMED, Web of Science, Scopus, Ovid, EMBASE, and Ebsco Medline. The fixed-effects model was used to compute the merge of relative risk and 95% confidence interval (CI). Heterogeneity tests were checked by I statistics. Subgroup analysis was performed to determine whether vancomycin powder was beneficial, that could reduce the SSI in spinal surgery, or not. Publication bias was explored by funnel plot. RESULTS We included 21 studies for final analysis. In our analysis, application of vancomycin powder was associated with a significantly reduced risk of SSI and deep SSI. Pooled relative risks showed significant changes: SSI, 0.36 (95% CI: 0.27-0.47, P=0.000), SSI in the instrumented group, 0.35 (95% CI: 0.25-0.49, P=0.000), SSI in the noninstrumented group, 0.39 (95% CI: 0.24-0.65, P=0.000), deep SSI, 0.28 (95% CI: 0.18-0.44, P=0.000), and the incidence pseudoarthrosis, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.35-2.21, P=0.784). In the subgroup analysis, vancomycin powder showed beneficial effects to SSI in the instrumented group. Pooled the heterogeneity: SSI (P=0.124, I=30.0%), SSI in the instrumented group (P=0.366, I=8.2%), SSI in the noninstrumented group (P=0.039, I=60.5%), deep SSI (P=0.107, I=33.5%). CONCLUSIONS The application of vancomycin powder could decrease the SSI and deep SSI in spinal surgery. In the subgroup, vancomycin powder is beneficial to the SSI in the instrumented group. The available evidence is too limited to make the conclusion that the use of vancomycin powder causes pseudoarthrosis in spinal surgery, its extrapolation should be carefully executed.
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Xie LL, Zhu J, Yang MS, Yang CY, Luo SH, Xie Y, Pu D. Effect of Intra-wound Vancomycin for Spinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Orthop Surg 2018; 9:350-358. [PMID: 29178308 DOI: 10.1111/os.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Intra-site prophylactic vancomycin in spine surgery is an effective method of decreasing the incidence of postsurgical wound infection. However, there are differences in the prophylactic programs used for various spinal surgeries. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using intra-wound vancomycin during spinal surgery and to explore the effects of dose-dependence and the method of administration in a subgroup analysis. A total of 628 citations or studies were searched in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Google Scholar that were published before August 2016 with the terms "local vancomycin", "intra-wound vancomycin", "intraoperative vancomycin", "intra-site vancomycin", "topical vancomycin", "spine surgery", and "spinal surgery". Finally, 19 retrospective cohort studies and one prospective case study were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The odds of developing postsurgical wound infection without prophylactic local vancomycin use were 2.83-fold higher than the odds of experiencing wound infection with the use of intra-wound vancomycin (95% confidence interval, 2.03-3.95; P = 0.083; I2 = 32.2%). The subgroup analysis including the dosage and the method of administration, revealed different results compared to previous research. The value of I2 in the 1-g group was 27.2%, which was much lower than in the 2-g group (I2 = 57.6%). At the same time, the value of I2 was 0.0% (P = 0.792, OR = 2.70) when vancomycin powder was directly sprinkled into all layers of the wound. However, there is high heterogenicity (I2 = 60.0%, P = 0.007, OR = 2.83) when vancomycin powder is not exposed to the bone graft and instrumentation. There are differences found with the method of local application of vancomycin for reducing postoperative wounds and further studies are necessary, including investigations focusing on the dose-dependent effects during spinal or the topical pharmacokinetic and other orthopaedic surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun-Li Xie
- Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Huaihua, China.,Research Center of Translation Medicine, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Huaihua, China.,Research Center of Translation Medicine, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, China
| | - Mao-Sheng Yang
- Research Center of Translation Medicine, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, China
| | - Chang-Yuan Yang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Huaihua, China
| | - Shun-Hong Luo
- Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Huaihua, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Huaihua, China.,Research Center of Translation Medicine, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, China
| | - Dan Pu
- Department of Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic, Rehabilitation Medicine Center, First People's Hospital of Huaihua, Jishou University of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Huaihua, China.,Research Center of Translation Medicine, Jishou University School of Medicine, Jishou, China
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Texakalidis P, Lu VM, Yolcu Y, Kerezoudis P, Alvi MA, Parney IF, Fogelson JL, Bydon M. Impact of Powdered Vancomycin on Preventing Surgical Site Infections in Neurosurgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 2018; 84:569-580. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyy288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Texakalidis
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victor M Lu
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yagiz Yolcu
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Panagiotis Kerezoudis
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mohammed Ali Alvi
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ian F Parney
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Mohamad Bydon
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Mayo Clinic Neuro-Informatics Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Agarwal N, Agarwal P, Querry A, Mazurkiewicz A, Tempel ZJ, Friedlander RM, Gerszten PC, Hamilton DK, Okonkwo DO, Kanter AS. Implementation of an infection prevention bundle and increased physician awareness improves surgical outcomes and reduces costs associated with spine surgery. J Neurosurg Spine 2018; 29:108-114. [DOI: 10.3171/2017.11.spine17436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEPrevious studies have demonstrated the efficacy of infection prevention protocols in reducing infection rates. This study investigated the effects of the development and implementation of an infection prevention protocol that was augmented by increased physician awareness of spinal fusion surgical site infection (SSI) rates and resultant cost savings.METHODSA cohort clinical investigation over a 10-year period was performed at a single tertiary spine care academic institution. Preoperative infection control measures (chlorohexidine gluconate bathing, Staphylococcus aureus nasal screening and decolonization) followed by postoperative infection control measures (surgical dressing care) were implemented. After the implementation of these infection control measures, an awareness intervention was instituted in which all attending and resident neurosurgeons were informed of their individual, independently adjudicated spinal fusion surgery infection rates and rankings among their peers. During the course of these interventions, the overall infection rate was tracked as well as the rates for those neurosurgeons who complied with the preoperative and postoperative infection control measures (protocol group) and those who did not (control group).RESULTSWith the implementation of postoperative surgical dressing infection control measures and physician awareness, the postoperative spine surgery infection rate decreased by 45% from 3.8% to 2.1% (risk ratio 0.55; 95% CI 0.32–0.93; p = 0.03) for those in the protocol cohort, resulting in an estimated annual cost savings of $291,000. This reduction in infection rate was not observed for neurosurgeons in the control group, although the overall infection rate among all neurosurgeons decreased by 54% from 3.3% to 1.5% (risk ratio 0.46; 95% CI 0.28–0.73; p = 0.0013).CONCLUSIONSA novel paradigm for spine surgery infection control combined with physician awareness methods resulted in significantly decreased SSI rates and an associated cost reduction. Thus, information sharing and physician engagement as a supplement to formal infection control measures result in improvements in surgical outcomes and costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prateek Agarwal
- 2Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Eren B, Karagöz Güzey F, Kitiş S, Özkan N, Korkut C. The effectiveness of pedicle screw immersion in vancomycin and ceftriaxone solution for the prevention of postoperative spinal infection: A prospective comparative study. ACTA ORTHOPAEDICA ET TRAUMATOLOGICA TURCICA 2018; 52:289-293. [PMID: 29887199 PMCID: PMC6150440 DOI: 10.1016/j.aott.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the local application of vancomycin hydrochloride (HCl)-ceftriaxone disodium hemiheptahydrate onto implants before using them to prevent postoperative infection. METHODS The study included 239 patients (153 women and 86 men; mean age: 48.23 ± 16.77 years) who had thoracolumbar stabilization with transpedicular screws. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon. Patients were divided into two groups. In the group 1 (n = 104), implants were bathed in a solution of local prophylactic antibiotics for 5 seconds just before implantation. In the group 2 (n = 135), implants were not bathed before implantation. Local antibiotics used in the study was effective against gram positive bacteria (including methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria. The rate of surgical site infection and wound healing time were compared between the groups. RESULTS A total of 10 patients (4.1%) had deep wound infection and 20 (8.4%) had superficial infection. The most common bacteria was Staphylococcus aureus. One patient died 21 days after the surgery because of sepsis. The wound healed in a mean of 9.66 ± 2.04 days in patients who had no infection and in 32.33 ± 19.64 days in patients with infection (p < 0.001). The patients in group 1 had significantly less deep infection than the patients in group 2 (p < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups for superficial infection. Patients with vertebral fracture had significantly lower deep infection rate in group 1. The deep infection rate of group 1 patients with diabetes, with bleeding of more than 2000 mL, transfused with blood transfusions above 3 units and with dural injury was significantly lower than those in the group 2. None of the patients had allergic reactions to the drugs used for local prophylaxis. CONCLUSIONS This study shown that bathing implants in antibiotics solution was an effective local prophylactic method to prevent deep infections in spinal surgeries with instrumentation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, Therapeutic study.
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Do Dose-Dependent Microbial Changes Occur during Spine Surgery as a Result of Applying Intrawound Vancomycin Powder?: A Systematic Literature Review. Asian Spine J 2018; 12:162-170. [PMID: 29503697 PMCID: PMC5821923 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2018.12.1.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed dose-dependent effects of vancomycin on wound infection bacteria and investigated the relationship between dose and microbial imbalances in patients treated with intrawound vancomycin powder during spine surgery. Numerous trials have confirmed that using intrawound vancomycin powder during spine surgery may decrease postoperative wound infection rates. However, potential risks include changes in wound infection bacteria, inhibition of bone fusion, and systemic toxicity. We searched PubMed for articles published since October 2016 with the following terms: “local vancomycin” or “intrawound vancomycin” or “intraoperative vancomycin” or “intrawound vancomycin” or “topical vancomycin” and “spinal surgery” or “spine surgery.” We also screened the reference lists of included articles for additional studies and extracted data related to dose, infecting bacteria, sample size, infection rate and types, location of spine surgery, and perioperative antibiotics used. Our review includes one prospective and nine retrospective studies. Overall, 1 or 2 g local vancomycin powder was used in 2,394 patients. Gram-negative bacteria were dominant in patients in whom 1 g vancomycin powder was used, whereas gram-positive bacteria were dominant in those in whom 2 g powder was used. The exact mechanism underlying this dose-dependent trend remains unclear, although it may be attributed to the pharmacological characteristics of vancomycin. The included studies showed that trends in infection bacteria may change after the use of topical vancomycin powder. In addition, the observed increase in gram-negative bacteria when intrawound vancomycin powder is used has generated considerable attention. The present results differ from previous results but do not provide additional information regarding vancomycin dose and microbial changes in infected wounds. Additional large randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the relationship between vancomycin dose and the types of wound infection bacteria in patients treated with intrawound vancomycin powder during spine surgery.
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