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Zhu Z, Deng X, Xie W, Li H, Li Y, Deng Z. Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract: A comprehensive review. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38957072 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract (EE) and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE. We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain. We summarize the bioactive components of EE, including G-90, lysenin, lumbrokinase, antimicrobial peptides, earthworm serine protease (ESP), and polyphenols, and detail the antitumor, antithrombotic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, wound-healing, antifibrotic, and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies. We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid-modifying therapies, and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance. The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis. Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. The glycolipoprotein extract G-90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage. Earthworms have evolved a well-developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections, and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial, fungal, and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections, effectively reducing pain. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose. EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hengzhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Liu C, Zhang K, Zhang S, Li X, Sun H, Ma L. Maggot Kinase and Natural Thrombolytic Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:21768-21779. [PMID: 38799322 PMCID: PMC11112594 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Thrombolytic enzymes constitute a class of proteases with antithrombotic functions. Derived from natural products and abundant in nature, certain thrombolytic enzymes, such as urokinase, earthworm kinase, and streptokinase, have been widely used in the clinical treatment of vascular embolic diseases. Fly maggots, characterized by their easy growth and low cost, are a traditional Chinese medicine recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica. These maggots can also be used as raw material for the extraction and preparation of thrombolytic enzymes (maggot kinase). In this review, we assembled global research reports on natural thrombolytic enzymes through a literature search and reviewed the functions and structures of natural thrombolytic enzymes to provide a reference for natural thrombophilic drug screening and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing University
of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing University
of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Shihao Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing University
of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Key
Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing University
of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Huiting Sun
- Key
Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing University
of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Lanqing Ma
- Key
Laboratory for Northern Urban Agriculture of Ministry of Agriculture
and Rural Affairs of China, Beijing University
of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
- Beijing
Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, PR China
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3
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Hazare C, Bhagwat P, Singh S, Pillai S. Diverse origins of fibrinolytic enzymes: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26668. [PMID: 38434287 PMCID: PMC10907686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes cleave fibrin which plays a crucial role in thrombus formation which otherwise leads to cardiovascular diseases. While different fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified, only a few have been utilized as clinical and therapeutic agents; hence, the search continues for a fibrinolytic enzyme with high specificity, fewer side effects, and one that can be mass-produced at a lower cost with a higher yield. In this context, this review discusses the physiological mechanism of thrombus formation and fibrinolysis, and current thrombolytic drugs in use. Additionally, an overview of the optimization, production, and purification of fibrinolytic enzymes and the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in optimization and the patents granted is provided. This review classifies microbial as well as non-microbial fibrinolytic enzymes isolated from food sources, including fermented foods and non-food sources, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Despite holding immense potential for the discovery of novel fibrinolytic enzymes, only a few fermented food sources limited to Asian countries have been studied, necessitating the research on fibrinolytic enzymes from fermented foods of other regions. This review will aid researchers in selecting optimal sources for screening fibrinolytic enzymes and is the first one to provide insights and draw a link between the implication of source selection and in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinmay Hazare
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Prashant Bhagwat
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Suren Singh
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
| | - Santhosh Pillai
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban, 4000, South AfricaDurban
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Wang WL, Hsu YM, Lin ML, Chen SS, Lai YH, Huang CH, Yao CH. Ex Vivo Model to Evaluate the Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Gelatin-Tricalcium Phosphate Composite Incorporated with Emodin and Lumbrokinase for Bone Regeneration. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:906. [PMID: 37627791 PMCID: PMC10451264 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10080906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) has gained attention due to its interconnected porous structures which promote fibrovascular invasion and bony replacement. Moreover, when gelatin is added and crosslinked with genipin (GGT), TCP exhibits robust biocompatibility and stability, making it an excellent bone substitute. In this study, we incorporated emodin and lumbrokinase (LK) into GGT to develop an antibacterial biomaterial. Emodin, derived from various plants, possesses antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. LK comprises proteolytic enzymes extracted from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus and exhibits fibrinolytic activity, enabling it to dissolve biofilms. Additionally, LK stimulates osteoblast activity while inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. GGT was combined with emodin and lumbrokinase to produce the GGTELK composite. The biomedical effects of GGTELK were assessed through in vitro assays and an ex vivo bone defect model. The GGTELK composite demonstrated antibacterial properties, inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and reducing biofilm formation. Moreover, it exhibited anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the secretion of IL-6 in both in vivo cell experiments and the ex vivo model. Therefore, the GGTELK composite, with its stability, efficient degradation, biocompatibility, and anti-inflammatory function, is expected to serve as an ideal bone substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ling Wang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan;
- Department of Chinese Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital Taipei Branch, Taipei 11449, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Man Hsu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan;
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Shun Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Hui Lai
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Hua Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan;
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40202, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Biomaterials Translational Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. The potential role of ischaemia-reperfusion injury in chronic, relapsing diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, Long COVID, and ME/CFS: evidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Biochem J 2022; 479:1653-1708. [PMID: 36043493 PMCID: PMC9484810 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, initiated via bursts of reactive oxygen species produced during the reoxygenation phase following hypoxia, is well known in a variety of acute circumstances. We argue here that I-R injury also underpins elements of the pathology of a variety of chronic, inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, ME/CFS and, our chief focus and most proximally, Long COVID. Ischaemia may be initiated via fibrin amyloid microclot blockage of capillaries, for instance as exercise is started; reperfusion is a necessary corollary when it finishes. We rehearse the mechanistic evidence for these occurrences here, in terms of their manifestation as oxidative stress, hyperinflammation, mast cell activation, the production of marker metabolites and related activities. Such microclot-based phenomena can explain both the breathlessness/fatigue and the post-exertional malaise that may be observed in these conditions, as well as many other observables. The recognition of these processes implies, mechanistically, that therapeutic benefit is potentially to be had from antioxidants, from anti-inflammatories, from iron chelators, and via suitable, safe fibrinolytics, and/or anti-clotting agents. We review the considerable existing evidence that is consistent with this, and with the biochemical mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1 Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Liu H, Yang J, Li Y, Ma Y, Wang W, Zhong W, Li P, Du S. A Novel Fibrinolytic Protein From Pheretima vulgaris: Purification, Identification, Antithrombotic Evaluation, and Mechanisms Investigation. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:772419. [PMID: 35141276 PMCID: PMC8819685 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.772419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic diseases have been considered major causes of death around the world. Treatments with thrombolytic drugs, such as recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator, urokinase, and streptokinase, are reported to have a life-threatening bleeding tendency. On the contrary, lumbrokinase, identified from Lumbricus rubellus, is specific to fibrin and does not cause excessive bleeding. It possesses fibrinolytic activity and activation of plasminogen to dissolve fibrin. Hence, the purification of fibrinolytic protein monomer from earthworm and antithrombotic evaluation and investigation of mechanisms are needed. In this study, a novel fibrinolytic protein EPF3, with strong fibrinolytic activity, was purified from Pheretima vulgaris by ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. SDS PAGE, bottom-up proteomics analysis, de novo sequencing, and circular dichroism (CD) analysis were carried out for identification and characterization of it. EPF3, with a molecular weight of 25136.24 Da, consisted of 241 amino acids and contained various forms of secondary structures, including α-helix (3.9%), β-sheet (42.8%), β-turn (21.2%), and random coil (32.1%). It was a trypsin-like serine protease and stable at pH 7.0 to 11.0 and below 40°C. EPF3 was confirmed to possess an antithrombotic effect by ex vivo clot lysis test and fibrinogen-thrombin time (Fib-TT) assay. The three-dimensional structure of EPF3 was predicted by SWISS-MODEL. Molecular docking analysis predicted that EPF3 could directly interact with antithrombotic target proteins (fibrin, fibrinogen, and plasminogen), which was further confirmed by further studies. The antithrombotic mechanism of EPF3 was clarified to be outstanding direct fibrinolysis, fibrinogenolytic activity, and certain activation of plasminogen. EPF3 possesses the potential to be developed into a promising antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianqiong Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yamei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yunnan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wanling Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengyue Li, ; Shouying Du,
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengyue Li, ; Shouying Du,
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7
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In silico analyses of predicted substitutions in fibrinolytic protein ‘Lumbrokinase-6’ suggest enhanced activity. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Wu Y, Hu S, Ma Y, Zhao B, Yang W, Lu Y, Li P, Du S. Novel Pheretima guillelmi-derived antithrombotic protein DPf3: Identification, characterization, in vitro evaluation and antithrombotic mechanisms investigation. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:545-556. [PMID: 32173431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the antithrombotic protein, named DPf3, was purified from Pheretima guillelmi by ion-exchange chromatography. The protein pattern of DPf3 was mainly at 26-34 kDa; its two main proteins, DPf3 ID NO.1 and NO.2, were detected to be 36,121.745 Da and 24,485.004 Da consisting of 329 and 241 amino acids, respectively; the full covered protein sequences were consistent with Ac44553_g1_i1_1 and Dc43026_g1_i1_2 in our previous constructed P. guillelmi local database. The secondary structure of DPf3 is the mixture of α-helix (0.19), β-sheet (0.30) and random coil (0.51). DPf3 was predicted to possess a direct effect on fibrin, fibrinogen and plasminogen by protein-protein docking analysis, which was further confirmed by in vitro and ex vivo study. DPf3 was determined to possess antithrombotic ability by showing outstanding direct-hydrolysis ability on fibrin, fibrinogen and blood clot, and slight plasminogen activation activity. DPf3 could significantly prolong APTT and decrease fibrinogen content, indicating that DPf3 exerted antithrombotic activity via the intrinsic and/or common pathway, and the third coagulation phase. By this approach, the functional protein DPf3 was fully revealed and found to confer excellent anticoagulant and thrombolytic activity, and could be developed into a promising antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaonan Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunnan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wanqing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China.
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Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:345-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Liao J, Ren X, Yang B, Li H, Zhang Y, Yin Z. Targeted thrombolysis by using c-RGD-modified N,N,N-Trimethyl Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with lumbrokinase. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 45:88-95. [PMID: 30198790 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1522324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lumbrokinase (LK) has strong fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities, but it has a short half-life, can be easily inactivated, and may cause hemorrhage as a side effect. This study develops a potential thrombolytic therapy by fabricating N,N,N-Trimethyl Chitosan (TMC) nanoparticles modified with the cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-Phe-Lys peptide (c-RGD) and loaded with LK (i.e. c-RGD-LK-NPs). The binding of c-RGD to platelet membrane GPIIb/IIIa receptors is expected to enable targeted delivery of the c-RGD-conjugated TMC to the thrombus. The synthesized c-RGD-LK-NPs had a mean particle size of 232.0 nm, zeta potential of 19.8 mV, entrapment efficiency of 52.7% ± 2.5%, and loading efficiency of 17.4% ± 0.65%. Transmission electron microscopy showed that they were generally spherical. The c-RGD-LK-NPs gave a cumulative in vitro LK release of 80.6% over 8 h, and the activity of LK was close to 80%, indicating that the nanoparticles protected the activity of LK. In vitro blood clot lysis assays were carried out and in vivo thrombolysis effect was tested in Sprague-Dawley rats carotid artery thrombus model. In all cases, the c-RGD-LK-NPs showed superior performance compared with the free LK and the unmodified TMC nanoparticles loaded with LK. The c-RGD-LK-NPs reagent is expected to be potentially useful in treating thromboembolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liao
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China.,b Patent Examination Cooperation Center of the Patent Office , SIPO , Sichuan , PR China
| | - Xiaoting Ren
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Bowen Yang
- c West China School of Medicine , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Hou Li
- d Department of Hematology, West China Hospital , Sichuan University , PR China , Chengdu
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- c West China School of Medicine , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
| | - Zongning Yin
- a Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy , Sichuan University , Chengdu , PR China
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Gu T, Yao C, Zhang K, Li C, Ding L, Huang Y, Wu M, Wang Y. Toxic effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles combined with vitamin C and casein phosphopeptides on gastric epithelium cells and the intestinal absorption of mice. RSC Adv 2018; 8:26078-26088. [PMID: 35541949 PMCID: PMC9082813 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03693d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C is more powerful than casein phosphopeptides at controlling the combined toxic effects induced by ZnO NPs on gastric epithelium cells and intestinal absorption in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Gu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chenjie Yao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Kangkang Zhang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Chenchen Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Lin Ding
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yanan Huang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai
- China
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12
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Xu L, Lin D, Cao B, Ping D. Effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dilong Injection, on Random Skin Flap Survival in Rats. J INVEST SURG 2017; 31:38-43. [PMID: 28107102 DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2016.1273981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Xu
- Department of Hand Surgeries, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dingsheng Lin
- Department of Hand Surgeries, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Department of Hand Surgeries, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dongnan Ping
- Department of Hand Surgeries, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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13
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Zhang J, Zou H, Zhang Q, Wang L, Lei J, Wang Y, Ouyang J, Zhang Y, Zhao H. Effects of Xiaoshuan enteric-coated capsule on neurovascular functions assessed by quantitative multiparametric MRI in a rat model of permanent cerebral ischemia. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:198. [PMID: 27391841 PMCID: PMC4938911 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1184-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) formula for treating stroke-induced disability. Xiaoshuan enteric-coated capsule (XSECC), derived from the formula BYHWD, is a drug approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for stroke management. To further investigate the potential protective effects of XSECC on neurovascular functions, we endeavour to monitor the neurovascular functions using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and evaluated histopathological changes of neurovascular unit (NVU) after stroke. Methods Ischemic stroke was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). XSECC (420 mg/kg) was orally administered 2 h after stroke and daily thereafter. T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), T2 relaxometry mapping and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were used to measure cerebral infarct volume, edema and white matter fiber integrity, respectively. Neurochemical metabolite levels were monitored by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Arterial spin labeling (ASL) – cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements and structural magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) images provided real-time and dynamic information about vascular hemodynamic dysfunction on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days after pMCAO. At the last imaging time point, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to test the microscopic and ultrastructural changes of NVU. Results T2WI, T2 relaxometry mapping and Fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI showed that XSECC significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, relieved edema and alleviated nerve fiber injuries, respectively. 1H-MRS provided information about improvement of neuronal/glial metabolism after XSECC treatment. Moreover, ASL – CBF measurements combined with MRA showed that XSECC significantly increased CBF and vascular signal strength and alleviated ischemia-induced morphological changes of arteries in ischemic hemisphere within 14 days after stroke. In addition, neuron specific nuclear protein (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), CD34 staining and TEM detection indicated that XSECC not only ameliorated neuronal injury, but also reduced endothelial damage and inhibited astrocyte proliferation. Conclusions Our results suggested that XSECC has multi-target neurovascular protective effects on ischemic stroke, which may be closely correlated with the improvement of cerebral blood supply and neuronal/glial metabolism.
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Kawakami T, Fujikawa A, Ishiyama Y, Hosojima M, Saito A, Kubota M, Fujimura S, Kadowaki M. Protective effect of composite earthworm powder against diabetic complications via increased fibrinolytic function and improvement of lipid metabolism in ZDF rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:1980-9. [PMID: 27292184 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2016.1166932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Thrombosis is the leading cause of mortality globally. It is not only a complication but also a risk factor for progression of diabetes. However, alternative oral therapies and prophylaxis with less adverse effect for thrombosis have not been well studied. In this study, composite powder containing earthworm (CEP) was used and its fibrinolytic activity was measured. CEP was found to have a high urokinase-type plasminogen activator like activity in an in vitro assay. It also had significantly shortened euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) at 4 and 24 h after ingestion in Sprague Dawley rats. Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats were used to assess the effect of CEP on diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. After 10 weeks of feeding, CEP significantly shortened ECLT and attenuated HbA1c, hepatic lipid accumulation, and urinary albumin excretion and improved glomerular mesangial matrix score. Therefore, CEP may have beneficial effects on diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Kawakami
- a Miyato Yaso Institute Co. Ltd. Myoko , Japan.,b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan
| | - Airi Fujikawa
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan
| | | | - Michihiro Hosojima
- c Department of Clinical Nutrition Science , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Akihiko Saito
- d Department of Applied Molecular Medicine , Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences , Niigata , Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kubota
- e Center for Transdisciplinary Research , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Shinobu Fujimura
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan.,e Center for Transdisciplinary Research , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
| | - Motoni Kadowaki
- b Graduate School of Science and Technology , Niigata , Japan.,e Center for Transdisciplinary Research , Niigata University , Niigata , Japan
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15
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Lai CH, Han CK, Shibu MA, Pai PY, Ho TJ, Day CH, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Yao CH, Huang CY. Lumbrokinase from earthworm extract ameliorates second-hand smoke-induced cardiac fibrosis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1216-1225. [PMID: 24706507 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke has epidemiologically been linked to the occurrence of cardiovascular disease among nonsmokers but the associated molecular events are not well elucidated yet. When Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to second-hand tobacco cigarette smoke twice a day for a 30 days period at an exposure rate of 10 cigarettes/30 min, they showed adverse effects including reduced left ventricle weight, increased cardiac damages, deteriorated cardiac features, and cardiac fibrosis. Exposure to second-hand smoking (SHS) increased the molecular markers of cardiac fibrosis such as urokinase plasminogen activator and matrix metallopeptidases. The modulations in the protein levels were led by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2), the transcription factor-specificity protein 1 (SP1), and the fibrogenic master switch-connective for epithelial-mesenchymal transition tissue growth factor there by indicating their effective role in SHS-induced myocardial infraction. Dilong, an edible earthworm extract used in Chinese medicine and its bioactive fibrinolytic enzyme product-lumbrokinase, when administered in rats, restricted the SHS exposure induced cardiac fibrosis and provided cardio-protection. The results show that lumbrokinase and dilong administration can efficiently prevent epidemiological incidence of cardiac disease among SHS-exposed nonsmokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Aging Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Armed Force Taichung General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Kuo Han
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Pei Ying Pai
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Ho
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Taiwan
| | | | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Yao
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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16
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Han CK, Kuo WW, Shen CY, Chen TS, Pai P, Tsai CH, Lo FY, Ju DT, Huang CY. Dilong Prevents the High-KCl Cardioplegic Solution Administration-Induced Apoptosis in H9c2 Cardiomyoblast Cells Mediated by MEK. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:1507-19. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of high-KCl cardioplegic solution (High-KCS) is the most common method used to induce asystole before cardiac surgery. However, our previous study showed the High-KCS can cause the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes in patients who were administered High-KCS prior to undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) to treat coronary artery disease (CAD). Therefore, it is urgent today to find a complementary medicine to reduce this damage. Dilong (earthworm) has been used as a traditional medicine in China for several thousand years, and extract from the Dilong has been empirically used in Asia for the treatment of vascular disorders. In this study, we applied Dilong extract to reduce myocardial cell damage from High-KCS infusion and further investigated the mechanisms. H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells were cultured in serum-free medium for 4 h and then treated with Dilong at 31.25, 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/mL for 24 h, which was then followed by High-KCS treatment for 3 h to detect the protective mechanisms of Dilong behind cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis. Cells were harvested for MTT assay, TUNEL assay, and western blot analysis. We found that High-KCS-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, enhanced the protein level of pro-apoptotic Bad, released cytochrome c, and activated caspase-3 in H9c2 cells. The IGF-I/IGF-IR/ERK pathway involved in non-cardiomyocyte proliferation, and the expression/activation of uPA, Sp-1 and CTGF, which are implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis were up-regulated, but the Akt for cardiomyocyte survival was greatly deactivated in postcardioplegic H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. However, Dilong was highly protective and totally reversed the apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis effects induced by High-KCS. Chemical inhibitors P38 (SB203580), JNK (SP600125), MEK (U0126), IGF-1 (AG1024), and PI3K (LY294002) were applied to investigate which is the mediator for Dilong attenuated High-KCS stimulated caspase 3 activation. MEK (U0126) inhibitor completely blocked Dilong inhibited caspase 3 activation in High-KCS treated H9c2 cells. The MEK siRNA was further applied to knockdown MEK to confirm our finding. We found Dilong worked through MEK to inhibit caspase 3 activity induced by High-KCS in H9c2 cells. Furthermore, we used the pure component of Dilong, Lumbrokinase, to block the High-KCS effect. Using the microscope to observe the cell viability, we found Lumbrokinase could reverse the High-KCS effect. Lumbrokinase could also reduce the protein levels of caspase 8, caspase 9, and caspase 3, and enhance the survival related proteins PI3K/Akt and Bcl2. These results demonstrate that Dilong could be used as a potential agent to block the side effects caused by High-KCS in CABG surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Kuo Han
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Kuo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yao Shen
- Department of Nursing, MeiHo University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Peiying Pai
- Division of Cardiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yueh Lo
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tjandrawinata RR, Trisina J, Rahayu P, Prasetya LA, Hanafiah A, Rachmawati H. Bioactive protein fraction DLBS1033 containing lumbrokinase isolated from Lumbricus rubellus: ex vivo, in vivo, and pharmaceutic studies. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1585-93. [PMID: 25284988 PMCID: PMC4181543 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s66007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DLBS1033 is a bioactive protein fraction isolated from Lumbricus rubellus that tends to be unstable when exposed to the gastrointestinal environment. Accordingly, appropriate pharmaceutical development is needed to maximize absorption of the protein fraction in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo stability assays were performed to study the stability of the bioactive protein fraction in gastric conditions. The bioactive protein fraction DLBS1033 was found to be unstable at low pH and in gastric fluid. The "enteric coating" formulation showed no leakage in gastric fluid-like medium and possessed a good release profile in simulated intestinal medium. DLBS1033 was absorbed through the small intestine in an intact protein form, confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) analysis. This result confirmed that an enteric coating formula using methacrylic acid copolymer could protect DLBS1033 from the acidic condition of the stomach by preventing the release of DLBS1033 in the stomach, while promoting its release when reaching the intestine. From the blood concentration-versus-time curve, (99m)Tc-DLBS1033 showed a circulation half-life of 70 minutes. This relatively long biological half-life supports its function as a thrombolytic protein. Thus, an enteric delivery system is considered the best approach for DLBS1033 as an oral thrombolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Trisina
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Puji Rahayu
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
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Recombinant protein production of earthworm lumbrokinase for potential antithrombotic application. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:783971. [PMID: 24416067 PMCID: PMC3876685 DOI: 10.1155/2013/783971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms have been used as a traditional medicine in China, Japan, and other Far East countries for thousands of years. Oral administration of dry earthworm powder is considered as a potent and effective supplement for supporting healthy blood circulation. Lumbrokinases are a group of enzymes that were isolated and purified from different species of earthworms. These enzymes are recognized as fibrinolytic agents that can be used to treat various conditions associated with thrombosis. Many lumbrokinase (LK) genes have been cloned and characterized. Advances in genetic technology have provided the ability to produce recombinant LK and have made it feasible to purify a single lumbrokinase enzyme for potential antithrombotic application. In this review, we focus on expression systems that can be used for lumbrokinase production. In particular, the advantages of using a transgenic plant system to produce edible lumbrokinase are described.
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Comparative proteomic analysis of the sun- and freeze-dried earthworm Eisenia fetida with differentially thrombolytic activities. J Proteomics 2013; 83:1-14. [PMID: 23517719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The dried earthworm is a traditional thrombolytic medicine in East Asia. Its thrombolytic mechanism has been extensively studied. However, the effects of drying process on thrombolysis were rarely investigated. Herein, we compared the thrombolytic activity of earthworm Eisenia fetida processed by sun-drying to that by freeze-drying. Fibrin plate and blood clot lysis assays showed that freeze-dried earthworms gave dramatically higher fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities than the sun-dried earthworms. To address the thrombolytic difference, comparative proteomic analysis was carried out using fibrin zymography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The freeze- and sun-dried earthworms generated remarkably different 2-DE protein spot patterns. A total of 126 differential protein spots were detected, 83 of them were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and database searching with 13 quantitative changes and 70 qualitative changes. Five of these differential proteins were identified as fibrinolytic proteases (lumbrokinases), responsible for dissolving fibrin, the main protein component of thrombus. The total abundance of these fibrinolytic proteases in the freeze-dried earthworms was significantly higher, consistent with the results of fibrin zymography. Therefore, the higher concentration of fibrinolytic enzymes along with their broad substrate specificity explained the stronger fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities of the freeze-dried earthworms. This study suggests that freeze-drying represents an improved processing method for earthworm as the thrombolytic therapy in the future. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Thrombosis has become one of the biggest concerns all over the world. The dried earthworms have been intensively used as thrombolytic agents. Its thrombotic mechanism has been studied by the modern pharmacological researches. However, the drying procedure of the earthworm and its effects on the thrombolysis were rarely investigated. The present study compared the thrombolytic effects of the freeze-dried and the normal dried earthworm E. fetida. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for differential thrombolytic effects, the fibrin zymography and the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) were employed to identify sets of differential proteins. Therefore, this study provides not only the comparative proteomic analysis but also molecular mechanism underlying the differential thrombolytic effects.
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DLBS1033, a protein extract from Lumbricus rubellus, possesses antithrombotic and thrombolytic activities. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:519652. [PMID: 21403877 PMCID: PMC3051164 DOI: 10.1155/2011/519652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicinal value of earthworm has been widely known since the history of Asian ancient medicine. This present study aims to determine the mechanism of action and effect of a standardized extract of Lumbricus rubellus named as DLBS1033. The fibrinogen degradation, antiplatelet aggregation, and ex vivo antithrombotic assay using human blood were performed to study antithrombotic activity. Fibrin plate and clot lysis assay were also done to examine thrombolytic properties. DLBS1033 was found to possess fibrinogenolytic activity on α-, β-, and γ-chain of fibrinogen. It also induced antiplatelet aggregation and prolonged blood clotting time, which further confirmed its antithrombotic properties. In addition, thrombolytic properties of DLBS1033 were shown with its fast and long-acting fibrinolytic activity, as well as its effective blood clot lysis activities. In conclusion, DLBS1033 conferred antithrombotic and thrombolytic action which could be used as a safe and promising oral thrombolytic drug.
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