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Hafez HG, Mohareb RM, Salem SM, Matloub AA, Eskander EF, Ahmed HH. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Breast Cancer Stem Cell Activity of Pterocladia capillacea and Corallina officinalis Polysaccharides. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 22:1213-1225. [PMID: 34315394 DOI: 10.2174/1871520621666210727122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to appraise the activity of Pterocladia capillacea and Corallina officinalis polysaccharides against breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). P. capillacea and C. officinalis polysaccharides were characterized to be sulfated polysaccharide-protein complexes. METHODS Cytotoxicity of the polysaccharides against MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines along with their impact on CD44+/CD24- and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1(ALDH1) positive BCSC population were determined. Their effect on gene expression of CSC markers, Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling pathways was evaluated. RESULTS P. capillacea and C. officinalis polysaccharides inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells and reduced BCSC subpopulation. P. capillacea polysaccharides significantly down-regulated OCT4, SOX2, ALDH1A3 and vimentin in MDA-MB-231 as well as in MCF-7 cells except for vimentin that was up-regulated in MCF-7 cells. C. officinalis polysaccharides exhibited similar effects except for OCT4 that was up-regulated in MDA-MB-231 cells. Significant suppression of Cyclin D1 gene expression was noted in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells treated with P. capillacea or C. officinalis polysaccharides. β-catenin and c-Myc genes were significantly down-regulated in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with C. officinalis and P. capillacea polysaccharides, respectively, while being up-regulated in MCF-7 cells treated with either of them. Additionally, P. capillacea and C. officinalis polysaccharides significantly down-regulated Hes1 gene in MCF-7 cells despite increasing Notch1 gene expression level. However, significant down-regulation of Notch1 gene was observed in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with P. capillacea polysaccharides. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study provides evidence for the effectiveness of P. capillacea and C. officinalis polysaccharides in targeting BCSCs through interfering with substantial signaling pathways contributing to their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebatallah G Hafez
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rafat M Mohareb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sohair M Salem
- Molecular Genetics and Enzymology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Azza A Matloub
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Emad F Eskander
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanaa H Ahmed
- Hormones Department, Medical Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Ma X, Chen J, Liu J, Xu B, Liang X, Yang X, Feng Y, Liang X, Liu J. IL-8/CXCR2 mediates tropism of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells toward CD133 + /CD44 + Colon cancer stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3114-3128. [PMID: 33078417 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, the most attractive feature of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is it's homing to tumor tissues. MSC is an important part of the "colon cancer stem cell niche", but little research has been done on the tropism of human MSCs toward colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs). In this study, we first compared the effects of three tissue-derived MSCs (bone marrow, adipose tissue, and placenta) in vivo on colon tumor xenograft growth. Then, we analyzed the tropism of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs) toward normal intestinal epithelial cells (NCM460), parental colon cancer cells, CD133- /CD44-, and CD133+ /CD44+ colon cancer cells in vitro. Microarray analysis and in vitro experiments explored the mechanism of mediating the homing of BMSCs toward CCSCs. Compared with the parental and CD133- /CD44- colon cancer cells, CD133+ /CD44+ cells have a stronger ability to recruit BMSCs. In addition, BMSCs were significantly transformed into cancer-associated fibroblasts after being recruited by CCSCs. After coculture of BMSCs and CCSCs, the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-32, and CCL20 was significantly increased. Compared with parental strains, CD133- /CD44- cells, and NCM460, BMSC secreted significantly more IL-8 after coculture with CD133+ /CD44+ cells. Low concentration of IL-8 peptide inhibitors (100 ng/ml) and CXC receptor 2 (CXCR2) inhibitors have little effect on the migration of BMSCs, but can effectively weaken CCSC stemness and promote dormant CSCs in the coculture system to re-enter into the cell cycle. The endogenous IL-8 knockout in BMSCs or BMSCs loaded with IL-8 and/or CXCR2 inhibitors will make the therapy of BMSC targeting CCSCs function at its best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Baixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering & Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Yang Y, Deng X, Li Q, Wang F, Miao L, Jiang Q. Emerging roles of long noncoding RNAs in cholangiocarcinoma: Advances and challenges. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2020; 40:655-680. [PMID: 33142045 PMCID: PMC7743012 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a cancer with a relatively low incidence rate, is usually associated with poor prognosis. Current modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of CCA patients are still far from satisfactory. In recent years, numerous long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified as crucial players in the development of various cancers, including CCA. Abnormally expressed lncRNAs in CCA, regulated by some upstream molecules, significantly influence the biological behavior of tumor cells and are involved in tumor development through various mechanisms, including interactions with functional proteins, participation in competing for endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory networks, activation of cancer‐related signaling pathways and epigenetic modification of gene expression. Furthermore, several lncRNAs are closely associated with the clinicopathological features of CCA patients, and are promising biomarkers for diagnosing and prognostication of CCA. Some of these lncRNAs play an important role in chemotherapy drug resistance. In addition, lncRNAs have also been shown to be involved in the inflammation microenvironment of CCA and malignant outcome of CCA risk factors, such as cholestatic liver diseases. In view of the difficulty of diagnosing CCA, more attention should be paid to detectable lncRNAs in the serum or bile. This review summarizes the recent knowledge on lncRNAs in CCA and provides a new outlook on the molecular mechanisms of CCA development from the perspective of lncRNAs. Moreover, we also discussed the limitations of the current studies and differential expression of lncRNAs in different types of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Deng
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Quanpeng Li
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Lin Miao
- Institute of Digestive Endoscopy and Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China.,Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210000, P. R. China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dongtai People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu, 224000, P. R. China
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4
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Tan X, Zhang C, Gao W, Sun B, Jiang B, Song P. Overexpression of microRNA-124-5p sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to treatment with 5-fluorouracil via AEG-1 regulation. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:5. [PMID: 33240411 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic resistance represents a major obstacle for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, the associated molecular mechanisms underpinning the development of resistance remain poorly characterized. In the current study, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant A549 cells (A549/5-FU) were generated from A549 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to detect microRNA(miR)-124-5p and astrocyte elevated gene 1 (AEG-1) expression levels in cells and tumor tissues. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of 5-FU on the cells was determined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and the Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to validate AEG-1 as a target gene of miR-124-5p. Transfection with a miR-124-5p mimic enhanced inhibition of cell viability induced by 5-FU in A549/5-FU cells, whereas miR-124-5p inhibitor transfection partially reversed 5-FU-induced cell viability inhibition in A549 and H1299 cells. A decrease in miR-124-5p expression level was observed in A549/5-FU cells compared with the parental A549 cells. Furthermore, AEG-1 was predicted as a target gene of miR-124-5p, and its expression was increased in A549/5-FU cells compared with A549 cells. Additionally, the upregulation of miR-124-5p was associated with lower expression levels of AEG-1 in A549/5-FU cells, compared with parental A549 cells. Moreover, the Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed the ability of miR-124-5p to bind directly to the 3'-untranslated region of AEG-1 mRNA. Notably, the overexpression of AEG-1 reversed the ability of the miR-124-5p mimic to increase the sensitivity of A549/5-FU cells to 5-FU treatment. Additionally, a significant negative correlation between miR-124-5p expression and AEG-1 mRNA levels was detected in 40 pairs of NSCLC tissues and their corresponding adjacent paracancerous tissues. The results of the present study indicated that miR-124-5p may regulate the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of NSCLC cells, and may therefore represent a promising biomarker or therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Tan
- Department of Respiration, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong 371312, P.R. China
| | - Chuancui Zhang
- Department of Respiration, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong 371312, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Gao
- Department of Respiration, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong 371312, P.R. China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Respiration, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong 371312, P.R. China
| | - Baozhen Jiang
- Department of Respiration, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong 371312, P.R. China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Respiration, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi City, Linyi, Shandong 371312, P.R. China
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Arthur P, Patel N, Surapaneni SK, Mondal A, Gebeyehu A, Bagde A, Kutlehria S, Nottingham E, Singh M. Targeting lung cancer stem cells using combination of Tel and Docetaxel liposomes in 3D cultures and tumor xenografts. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115112. [PMID: 32540278 PMCID: PMC7437978 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) accounts for recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy in various tumors. Efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs is limited by tumor stromal barriers, which hinder their penetration into deep tumor sites. We have earlier shown telmisartan (Tel) pretreatment prior to Docetaxel (DTX) administration enhances anti-cancer effects in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Herein, we demonstrated for the first time the efficacy of Docetaxel liposomes (DTXPL) in combination with Tel in 3D cultures of H460 cells by using polysaccharide-based hydrogels (TheWell Biosciences) and also in xenograft model of DTX resistant H460 derived CD133+ lung tumors. DTXPL and Tel combination showed enhanced cytotoxicity in H460 WT 3D cultures by two folds. In H460 3D cultures, Tel pretreatment showed increased liposomal uptake. DTXPL and Tel combination treated tumors showed reduction in tumor volume (p < .001), increased apoptosis and downregulation of CSC markers (p < .01) in H460 WT and DTX resistant CD133+ xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Arthur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Nilkumar Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Surapaneni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | | | - Aragaw Gebeyehu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Shallu Kutlehria
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ebony Nottingham
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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ABCG2 Protein Levels and Association to Response to First-Line Irinotecan-Based Therapy for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145027. [PMID: 32708825 PMCID: PMC7404184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the use of cancer cell protein expression of ABCG2 to predict efficacy of systemic first-line irinotecan containing therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). From a Danish national cohort, we identified 119 mCRC patients treated with irinotecan containing therapy in first-line setting. Among these, 108 were eligible for analyses. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed on the primary tumor tissue in order to classify samples as high or low presence of ABCG2 protein. Data were then associated with patient outcome (objective response (OR), progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS)). ABCG2 protein expression in the basolateral membrane was high (score 3+) in 33% of the patients. Exploratory analyses revealed a significant interaction between ABCG2 score, adjuvant treatment and OR (p = 0.041) in the 101 patients with evaluable disease. Patients with low ABCG2 (score 0-2) and no prior adjuvant therapy had a significantly higher odds ratio of 5.6 (Confidence Interval (CI) 1.68-18.7; p = 0.005) for obtaining OR. In contrast, no significant associations between ABCG2 expression and PFS or OS were found. These results suggest that measurement of the ABCG2 drug efflux pump might be used to select patients with mCRC for irinotecan treatment. However, additional studies are warranted before conclusions regarding a clinical use can be made. Moreover, patients with high ABCG2 immunoreactivity could be candidates for specific ABCG2 inhibition treatment in combination with irinotecan.
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7
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Wang Y, Jiang M, Du C, Yu Y, Liu Y, Li M, Luo F. Utilization of lung cancer cell lines for the study of lung cancer stem cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:6791-6798. [PMID: 29731860 PMCID: PMC5920960 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer, and its poor prognosis is primarily due to drug resistance and cancer recurrence. As it is associated with a low five-year survival rate, lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs) have been the subject of numerous recent studies. For these studies of LCSCs, lung cancer cell lines are more commonly used than lung cancer tissues obtained from patients, as they are easier to acquire. The methods utilized for the identification of LCSCs from lung cancer cell lines include fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS), sphere-forming assay and bacterial surface display library screening. As LCSCs have certain proteins expressed on the surface (CD133, CD44 and CD24) or in the cytoplasm (ALDH and ABCG2), which may act as specific markers, the most frequently used technique to identify and obtain LCSCs is FACS. The current lack of recognized biomarkers in LCSCs makes the identification of LCSCs problematic. Furthermore, the various proportions of LCSCs in specific cell lines, as revealed by numerous previous studies, may cause the LCSC model to be questioned with regard to whether the utilization of certain lung cancer cell lines is dependable for LCSC studies. The current review focuses on lung cancer cell lines that are used for the study of LCSCs and the methods available to identify LCSCs with various markers. The present study also aimed to determine the proportion of LCSCs present in specific cell lines reported by various studies, and to discuss the suitability of specific lung cancer cell lines for the study of LCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Chi Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyang Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, Lung Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Westover D, Li F. New trends for overcoming ABCG2/BCRP-mediated resistance to cancer therapies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:159. [PMID: 26714461 PMCID: PMC4696234 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters make up a superfamily of transmembrane proteins that play a critical role in the development of drug resistance. This phenomenon is especially important in oncology, where superfamily member ABCG2 (also called BCRP - breast cancer resistance protein) is known to interact with dozens of anti-cancer agents that are ABCG2 substrates. In addition to the well-studied and well-reviewed list of cytotoxic and targeted agents that are substrates for the ABCG2 transporter, a growing body of work links ABCG2 to multiple photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents, and there is a limited body of evidence suggesting that ABCG2 may also play a role in resistance to radiation therapy. In addition, the focus of ABC transporter research in regards to therapeutic development has begun to shift in the past few years. The shift has been away from using pump inhibitors for reversing resistance, toward the development of therapeutic agents that are poor substrates for these efflux pump proteins. This approach may result in the development of drug regimens that circumvent ABC transporter-mediated resistance entirely. Here, it is our intention to review: 1) recent discoveries that further characterize the role of ABCG2 in oncology, and 2) advances in reversing and circumventing ABC transporter-mediated resistance to anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Westover
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Fengzhi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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9
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Wang Y, Jiang M, Li Z, Wang J, Du C, Yanyang L, Yu Y, Wang X, Zhang N, Zhao M, Wang L, Li M, Luo F. Hypoxia and TGF-β1 lead to endostatin resistance by cooperatively increasing cancer stem cells in A549 transplantation tumors. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:72. [PMID: 26705466 PMCID: PMC4690275 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and treatments for lung cancer have a high failure rate. Anti-angiogenic therapy is also often ineffective because of refractory disease. Endostatin (ES) is one of the most widely-used anti-angiogenic drugs for lung cancer in China, and resistance to it is a barrier that needs to be resolved. It has been shown that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are involved in resistance to ES. Whether other cells and/or cell factors in the tumor microenvironment that have been shown to be related to resistance to other anti-cancer drugs are also involved in ES resistance is unknown. RESULTS In this study, we showed that after continuously treatment with ES for 12 days, volumes of A549 transplantation tumors of mice reached the sizes of tumors which were borne by mice that were treated with normal saline and this meant that resistance to ES appeared. Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have been widely accepted as one of reasons responsible for resistance to many anti-tumor drugs were also being discovered increased proportionally in A549 transplantation tumors after ES treatment for 12 days. During further exploration of reasons for this increase, we discovered that after ES treatment, microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor level was decreased in tumors, whereas transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 level was elevated, and MDSCs, one of the sources of TGF-β1, were also increased. We speculate that hypoxia and TGF-β1 are responsible for the increased CSC number in A549 transplantation tumors. By using cobalt chloride to mimic hypoxia and human recombinant TGF-β1 in vitro, we found that hypoxia and TGF-β1can indeed enhance the stemness of A549 cells. In addition, the inductive effect of hypoxia is stronger than TGF-β1, and the combination of both is stronger than either alone, which is first report of such a finding, to our knowledge. CONCLUSIONS Increased TGF-β1 and strengthened hypoxia in A549 transplantation tumors, as a result of ES therapy, cooperatively increase proportion of CSCs that are involved in ES resistance which was revealed by failure of tumor volume repression after continuously treatment with ES for 12 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantao Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Chi Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of Neijiang, Neijiang, Sichuan 641000 People's Republic of China
| | - Liu Yanyang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 61004 People's Republic of China
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10
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Wang H, Yang M, Lin L, Ren H, Lin C, Lin S, Shen G, Ji B, Meng C. HepG2 cells acquire stem cell-like characteristics after immune cell stimulation. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2015; 39:35-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s13402-015-0249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Ying J, Tsujii M, Kondo J, Hayashi Y, Kato M, Akasaka T, Inoue T, Shiraishi E, Inoue T, Hiyama S, Tsujii Y, Maekawa A, Kawai S, Fujinaga T, Araki M, Shinzaki S, Watabe K, Nishida T, Iijima H, Takehara T. The effectiveness of an anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody combined with chemotherapy to target colon cancer stem-like cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 46:1551-9. [PMID: 25625841 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) can initiate and sustain tumor growth and exhibit resistance to clinical cytotoxic therapies. Therefore, CSCs represent the main target of anticancer therapy. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes cellular proliferation and drug resistance in colorectal cancer, and its serum levels correlate with patient survival. Therefore, IL-6 and its downstream signaling molecule the signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) represent potential molecular targets. In the present study, we investigated the effects of IL-6 and its downstream signaling components on stem cell biology, particularly the chemoresistance of CSCs, to explore potential molecular targets for cancer therapy. The colon cancer cell line WiDr was cultured in serum-free, non-adherent, and three-dimensional spheroid-forming conditions to enrich the stem cell-like population. Spheroid-forming cells slowly proliferated and expressed high levels of Oct-4, Klf4, Bmi-1, Lgr5, IL-6, and Notch 3 compared with adherent cells. Treatment with an anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody reduced spheroid formation, stem cell-related gene expression, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) resistance. In addition, IL-6 treatment enhanced the levels of p-STAT3 (Tyr705), the expression of Oct-4, Klf4, Lgr5, and Notch 3, and chemoresistance to 5-FU. siRNA targeting Notch 3 suppressed spheroid formation, Oct-4 and Lgr5 expression, and 5-FU chemoresistance, whereas STAT3 inhibition enhanced Oct-4, Klf4, Lgr5, and Notch 3 expression and 5-FU chemoresistance along with reduced spheroid growth. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-6 functions in dichotomous pathways involving Notch 3 induction and STAT3 activation. The former pathway is involved in cancer stem-like cell biology and enhanced chemoresistance, and the latter pathway leads to accelerated proliferation and reduced chemoresistance. Thus, an anti-human IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody or Notch 3 inhibition may be superior to STAT3 inhibition for CSC-targeting therapies concomitant with anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ying
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiko Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Motohiko Kato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Akasaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuta Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eri Shiraishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tahahiro Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tsujii
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akira Maekawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Fujinaga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maekawa Araki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Shinzaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Watabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Iijima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Lung cancer stem cell: fancy conceptual model of tumor biology or cornerstone of a forthcoming therapeutic breakthrough? J Thorac Oncol 2014; 9:7-17. [PMID: 24346089 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0000000000000028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer research has received a fresh impetus from the concept of cancer stem cell (CSC) which postulates the existence of a tumor cell population uniquely endowed with self-renewal capacity and therapy resistance. Despite recent progresses including targeted therapy, lung cancer treatment remains a challenge owing largely to disease recurrence. Providing a conceptual model of tumor resistance and disease relapse, the lung CSC has received extensive attention, leading to a flourishing literature and several ongoing clinical trials. In this study, we will discuss the data suggesting the existence of CSC in lung tumors and the potential clinical utility of CSCs as prognostic markers or cellular targets of new therapeutic strategies. We will also touch on the new fundamental developments of the CSC concept that ought to be considered if the integration of the CSC concept into clinical practice is to be successful and impact on lung cancer treatment.
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Freitas DP, Teixeira CA, Santos-Silva F, Vasconcelos MH, Almeida GM. Therapy-induced enrichment of putative lung cancer stem-like cells. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1270-8. [PMID: 24105655 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumour drug resistance is a major issue in the management of lung cancer patients as almost all lung tumours are either intrinsically resistant or quickly develop acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Cancer drug resistance has recently been linked, at least in part, to the existence of cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs), a small sub-population of cells within the tumour that possess stem-like properties. CSLCs are often isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) according to the expression of certain stem-like cell membrane markers. Conflicting results regarding the specificity of particular stem cell surface markers for isolating CSLCs have, however, been recently reported. Therefore, alternative strategies enabling the identification and study of CSLCs should be considered, particularly in tumour types where appropriate stem cell markers are not well established and validated, like in lung cancer. In this article, we review data indicating therapy-selection as a valid approach for putative lung CSLCs enrichment. We believe that this strategy would be determinant for correctly assessing and characterising the sub-populations of CSLCs that are able to survive chemo or radiotherapy regimens and, at the same time, also have the ability to recapitulate and sustain tumour growth. Using therapy-induced enrichment of CSLCs may, therefore, prove to be an extremely useful method for studying CSLCs and provide new clues regarding potential therapeutic targets for their efficient elimination, which will undoubtedly play a decisive role in improving lung cancer patients' survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela P Freitas
- Cancer Drug Resistance Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Expression Regulation in Cancer Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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MicroRNAs regulate both epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:269-78. [PMID: 23455327 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Concepts and experimental models derived from basic research have been successfully applied to the field of molecular oncology, tremendously increasing our knowledge of the nature and the progression of tumors. The process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the cancer stem cell hypothesis, and their functional association and interdependence represent some of the most significant examples. The molecular determinants underlying the plasticity of cancers are currently the object of extensive research efforts, and a substantial body of evidence suggests that these models can be connected by the regulatory role of microRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules with a fundamental role in many cellular functions. This review will highlight and discuss this link and its possible implications for the fight against cancer.
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Autophagy inhibition promotes 5-fluorouraci-induced apoptosis by stimulating ROS formation in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56679. [PMID: 23441212 PMCID: PMC3575481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important option for the treatment of various cancers including lung cancer. However, tumor resistance towards cytotoxic chemotherapy has become more common. It has been reported that autophagy is one of the processes contributing to this resistance. In the present study, we found that the anti-cancer drug 5-fluorouraci(5-FU) could induce autophagy in A549 cells. 5-FU treatment could lead to the conversion of LC3 I/II, the up-regulation of Beclin-1, the down-regulation of p62 and the formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) in A549 cells. Pre-treatment of cancer cells with 3-MA or siAtg7 could enhance 5-FU-induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases, and the caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk rescued the cell viability reduction. Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy also stimulated ROS formation and scavenging of ROS by antioxidant NAC inhibited caspase-3 activity, prevented the release of cyt-c from mitochondria and eventually rescued cancer cells from 5-FU-mediated apoptosis. These results suggest that 5-FU-elicited autophagic response plays a protective role against cell apoptosis and the inhibition of autophagy could sensitize them to 5-FU-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis through the stimulation of ROS formation.
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Hypoxia-induced aggressiveness of pancreatic cancer cells is due to increased expression of VEGF, IL-6 and miR-21, which can be attenuated by CDF treatment. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50165. [PMID: 23272057 PMCID: PMC3521759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is known to play critical roles in cell survival, angiogenesis, tumor invasion, and metastasis. Hypoxia mediated over-expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) has been shown to be associated with therapeutic resistance, and contributes to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Emerging evidence suggest that hypoxia and HIF pathways contributes to the acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cell (CSC) functions, and also maintains the vicious cycle of inflammation-all which lead to therapeutic resistance. However, the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which hypoxia/HIF drives these events are not fully understood. Here, we show, for the first time, that hypoxia leads to increased expression of VEGF, IL-6, and CSC signature genes Nanog, Oct4 and EZH2 consistent with increased cell migration/invasion and angiogenesis, and the formation of pancreatospheres, concomitant with increased expression of miR-21 and miR-210 in human pancreatic cancer (PC) cells. The treatment of PC cells with CDF, a novel synthetic compound inhibited the production of VEGF and IL-6, and down-regulated the expression of Nanog, Oct4, EZH2 mRNAs, as well as miR-21 and miR-210 under hypoxia. CDF also led to decreased cell migration/invasion, angiogenesis, and formation of pancreatospheres under hypoxia. Moreover, CDF decreased gene expression of miR-21, miR-210, IL-6, HIF-1α, VEGF, and CSC signatures in vivo in a mouse orthotopic model of human PC. Collectively, these results suggest that the anti-tumor activity of CDF is in part mediated through deregulation of tumor hypoxic pathways, and thus CDF could become a novel, and effective anti-tumor agent for PC therapy.
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Bao B, Ahmad A, Kong D, Ali S, Azmi AS, Li Y, Banerjee S, Padhye S, Sarkar FH. Hypoxia induced aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells is linked with deregulated expression of VEGF, IL-6 and miRNAs that are attenuated by CDF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43726. [PMID: 22952749 PMCID: PMC3428287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia with deregulated expression of hypoxia inducing factor (HIF) and its biological consequence leads to poor prognosis of patients diagnosed with solid tumors, resulting in higher mortality, suggesting that understanding of the molecular relationship of hypoxia with other cellular features of tumor aggressiveness would be invaluable for developing newer targeted therapy for solid tumors. Emerging evidence also suggest that hypoxia and HIF signaling pathways contributes to the acquisition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), maintenance of cancer stem cell (CSC) functions, and also maintains the vicious cycle of inflammation, all of which contribute to radiation therapy and chemotherapy resistance. However, the detailed mechanisms by which hypoxia/HIF drive these events are not fully understood. Here, we have shown that hypoxia leads to increased expression of VEGF, IL-6, and CSC marker genes such as Nanog, Oct4 and EZH2, and also increased the expression of miR-21, an oncogenic miRNA, in prostate cancer (PCa) cells (PC-3 and LNCaP). The treatment of PCa cells with CDF, a novel Curcumin-derived synthetic analogue previously showed anti-tumor activity in vivo, inhibited the productions of VEGF and IL-6, and down-regulated the expression of Nanog, Oct4, EZH2 mRNAs, as well as miR-21 under hypoxic condition. Moreover, CDF treatment of PCa cells led to decreased cell migration under hypoxic condition. Taken together, these results suggest that the anti-tumor effect of CDF is in part mediated through deregulation of tumor hypoxic pathways, and thus CDF could become useful for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bao
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Asfar S. Azmi
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yiwei Li
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sanjeev Banerjee
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Subhash Padhye
- ISTRA, Department of Chemistry, MCE Society’s Abeda Inamdar Senior College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Pune, India
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bao B, Ahmad A, Li Y, Azmi AS, Ali S, Banerjee S, Kong D, Sarkar FH. Targeting CSCs within the tumor microenvironment for cancer therapy: a potential role of mesenchymal stem cells. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:1041-54. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.714774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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