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Aiduang W, Jatuwong K, Luangharn T, Jinanukul P, Thamjaree W, Teeraphantuvat T, Waroonkun T, Lumyong S. A Review Delving into the Factors Influencing Mycelium-Based Green Composites (MBCs) Production and Their Properties for Long-Term Sustainability Targets. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:337. [PMID: 38921217 PMCID: PMC11202202 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycelium-based green composites (MBCs) represent an eco-friendly material innovation with vast potential across diverse applications. This paper provides a thorough review of the factors influencing the production and properties of MBCs, with a particular focus on interdisciplinary collaboration and long-term sustainability goals. It delves into critical aspects such as fungal species selection, substrate type selection, substrate preparation, optimal conditions, dehydrating methods, post-processing techniques, mold design, sterilization processes, cost comparison, key recommendations, and other necessary factors. Regarding fungal species selection, the paper highlights the significance of considering factors like mycelium species, decay type, hyphal network systems, growth rate, and bonding properties in ensuring the safety and suitability of MBCs fabrication. Substrate type selection is discussed, emphasizing the importance of chemical characteristics such as cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin content, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and the C: N ratio in determining mycelium growth and MBC properties. Substrate preparation methods, optimal growth conditions, and post-processing techniques are thoroughly examined, along with their impacts on MBCs quality and performance. Moreover, the paper discusses the importance of designing molds and implementing effective sterilization processes to ensure clean environments for mycelium growth. It also evaluates the costs associated with MBCs production compared to traditional materials, highlighting potential cost savings and economic advantages. Additionally, the paper provides key recommendations and precautions for improving MBC properties, including addressing fungal strain degeneration, encouraging research collaboration, establishing biosecurity protocols, ensuring regulatory compliance, optimizing storage conditions, implementing waste management practices, conducting life cycle assessments, and suggesting parameters for desirable MBC properties. Overall, this review offers valuable insights into the complex interplay of factors influencing MBCs production and provides guidance for optimizing processes to achieve sustainable, high-quality composites for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawoot Aiduang
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.A.); (K.J.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kritsana Jatuwong
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (W.A.); (K.J.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Thatsanee Luangharn
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Praween Jinanukul
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.J.); (T.W.)
| | - Wandee Thamjaree
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | | | - Tanut Waroonkun
- Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (P.J.); (T.W.)
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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Giraldo LDR, Baez PVX, Forero CZJ, Arango WM. Production, Extraction, and Solubilization of Exopolysaccharides Using Submerged Cultures of Agaricomycetes. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4841. [PMID: 37817899 PMCID: PMC10560690 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrofungi, also known as mushrooms, can produce various bioactive compounds, including exopolysaccharides (EPS) with distinct biological properties and subsequent industrial applications in the preparation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products. EPS are extracellular polymers with diverse chemical compositions and physical properties secreted by macrofungi in the form of capsules or biofilms into the cellular medium. Submerged cultivation is an industrially implemented biotechnological technique used to produce a wide variety of fungal metabolites, which are of economic and social importance due to their food, pharmaceutical, and agronomic applications. It is a favorable technique for cultivating fungi because it requires little space, minimal labor, and low production costs. Moreover, it allows for control over environmental variables and nutrient supply, essential for the growth of the fungus. Although this technique has been widely applied to yeasts, there is limited knowledge regarding optimal growth conditions for filamentous fungi. Filamentous fungi exhibit different behavior compared to yeast, primarily due to differences in cell morphology, reproductive forms, and the type of aggregates generated during submerged fermentation. Furthermore, various growing conditions can affect the production yield of metabolites, necessitating the development of new knowledge to scale up metabolite production from filamentous fungi. This protocol implements the following culture conditions: an inoculum of three agar discs with mycelium, agitation at 150 rpm, a temperature of 28 °C, an incubation time of 72 h, and a carbon source concentration of 40 g/L. These EPS are precipitated using polar solvents such as water, ethanol, and isopropanol and solubilized using water or alkaline solutions. This protocol details the production procedure of EPS using submerged culture; the conditions and culture medium used are described. A detailed description of the extraction is performed, from neutralization to lyophilization. The concentrations and conditions necessary for solubilization are also described. Key features • Production and extraction of EPS from submerged cultures of mycelial forms of macrofungi. • Modification of the method described by Fariña et al. (2001), extending its application to submerged cultures of mycelial forms of the macrofungi. • Determination of EPS production parameters in submerged cultures of mycelial forms of macrofungi. • EPS solubilization using NaOH (0.1 N). Graphical overview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Dávila R. Giraldo
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
- Laboratorio Socio-jurídico en Creación e Innovación - IusLab, Departamento de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Paula Villanueva X. Baez
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Cristian Zambrano J. Forero
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Química de Plantas Colombianas, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y; Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Walter Murillo Arango
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales-GIPRONUT, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
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Marzuki I, Rosmiati R, Mustafa A, Sahabuddin S, Tarunamulia T, Susianingsih E, Hendrajat EA, Sahrijanna A, Muslimin M, Ratnawati E, Kamariah K, Nisaa K, Herlambang S, Gunawan S, Santi IS, Isnawan BH, Kaseng ES, Septiningsih E, Asaf R, Athirah A, Basri B. Potential Utilization of Bacterial Consortium of Symbionts Marine Sponges in Removing Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals, Review. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:86. [PMID: 36671778 PMCID: PMC9855174 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxic materials in waste generally contain several components of the global trending pollutant category, especially PAHs and heavy metals. Bioremediation technology for waste management that utilizes microorganisms (bacteria) has not been fully capable of breaking down these toxic materials into simple and environmentally friendly chemical products. This review paper examines the potential application of a consortium of marine sponge symbionts with high performance and efficiency in removing PAHs and heavy metal contaminants. The method was carried out through a review of several related research articles by the author and published by other researchers. The results of the study conclude that the development of global trending pollutant (GTP) bioremediation technology could be carried out to increase the efficiency of remediation. Several types of marine sponge symbiont bacteria, hydrocarbonoclastic (R-1), metalloclastic (R-2), and metallo-hydro-carbonoclastic (R-3), have the potential to be applied to improve waste removal performance. A consortium of crystalline bacterial preparations is required to mobilize into GTP-exposed sites rapidly. Bacterial symbionts of marine sponges can be traced mainly to sea sponges, whose body surface is covered with mucus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Marzuki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Fajar University, Makassar 90231, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Rosmiati Rosmiati
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Akhmad Mustafa
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sahabuddin Sahabuddin
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tarunamulia Tarunamulia
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Endang Susianingsih
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Erfan Andi Hendrajat
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Andi Sahrijanna
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muslimin Muslimin
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Erna Ratnawati
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Kamariah Kamariah
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Khairun Nisaa
- Research Center for Fishery National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Susila Herlambang
- Soil Science Departement of Agriculture Faculty Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran, Yogyakarta 55283, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sri Gunawan
- Department of Agrotechnology, Institut Pertanian Stiper, Yogyakarta 55283, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Idum Satia Santi
- Department of Agrotechnology, Institut Pertanian Stiper, Yogyakarta 55283, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Bambang Heri Isnawan
- Department of Agrotechnology, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul 55183, DI Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ernawati Syahruddin Kaseng
- Agricultural Technology Education Department, Faculty of Engineering, Makassar State University, Makassar 90222, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Early Septiningsih
- Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ruzkiah Asaf
- Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Admi Athirah
- Research Center for Conservation of Marine and Inland Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Basri Basri
- Institute of Health Science (STIK), Makassar 90231, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
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Robinson JR, Isikhuemhen OS, Anike FN. Fungal-Metal Interactions: A Review of Toxicity and Homeostasis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:225. [PMID: 33803838 PMCID: PMC8003315 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles used as antifungals have increased the occurrence of fungal-metal interactions. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how these interactions cause genomic and physiological changes, which can produce fungal superbugs. Despite interest in these interactions, there is limited understanding of resistance mechanisms in most fungi studied until now. We highlight the current knowledge of fungal homeostasis of zinc, copper, iron, manganese, and silver to comprehensively examine associated mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been widely studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but limited reports exist in filamentous fungi, though they are frequently the subject of nanoparticle biosynthesis and targets of antifungal metals. In most cases, microarray analyses uncovered resistance mechanisms as a response to metal exposure. In yeast, metal resistance is mainly due to the down-regulation of metal ion importers, utilization of metallothionein and metallothionein-like structures, and ion sequestration to the vacuole. In contrast, metal resistance in filamentous fungi heavily relies upon cellular ion export. However, there are instances of resistance that utilized vacuole sequestration, ion metallothionein, and chelator binding, deleting a metal ion importer, and ion storage in hyphal cell walls. In general, resistance to zinc, copper, iron, and manganese is extensively reported in yeast and partially known in filamentous fungi; and silver resistance lacks comprehensive understanding in both.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (J.R.R.); (F.N.A.)
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Anele UY, Anike FN, Davis-Mitchell A, Isikhuemhen OS. Solid-state fermentation with Pleurotus ostreatus improves the nutritive value of corn stover-kudzu biomass. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2020; 66:41-48. [PMID: 32862298 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-020-00817-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A batch culture technique was used to evaluate dry matter (DM) digestibility of corn stover (Zea mays L.) and kudzu, Pueraria montana (Lour.) Merr. after solid-state fermentation (SSF) with a white-rot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm. Five dietary treatments consisting of mixtures of corn stover (C) and kudzu (K) in varying ratios, (1) 100C:0K, (2) 75C:25K, (3) 50C:50K, (4) 25C:75K, and (5) 0C:100K, were inoculated with P. ostreatus (MBFBL 400) and subjected to SSF for 0, 35, and 77 days. The study was arranged as a 5 × 3 factorial design with 3 replicates. Grass hay was included in the study as a control. Interactions (P < 0.05) between treatments and fermentation time were noted for the fermentation kinetics. Asymptotic gas was the highest (P < 0.05) for 0C:100K and 100C:0K on day 77. Treatment effect (P < 0.001) and treatment × fermentation time interaction (P < 0.001) were noted for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). On day 77, treatment 4 had the highest (P < 0.001) IVDMD value, while treatment 1 had the lowest (P < 0.001) IVDMD. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatments 3, 5, and control. Numerically, the ranking of their IVDMD values from the highest to the lowest is 4 > 2 > 5 > control >3 > 1. The results show that the treated corn stover and kudzu mixes were comparable with the control, which is good quality hay. This is the first report that demonstrates the potential use of a combined mixture of corn stover and kudzu in ruminant animal feed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna Y Anele
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Felicia N Anike
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Alexia Davis-Mitchell
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA
| | - Omoanghe S Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC, 27411, USA.
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Gamma irradiation assisted fungal degradation of the polypropylene/biomass composites. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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