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Reynolds D, Caminiti J, Edmundson S, Gao S, Wick M, Huesemann M. Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:855-861. [PMID: 35820048 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population is expected to reach 11 billion people by the year 2100 and will require sustainable sources of dietary protein. Most dietary protein originates from animal and terrestrial plant agriculture, which leads to deforestation, water pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions. Discovering alternative protein sources that are nutritionally adequate for the human diet without harmful environmental effects is imperative. Seaweeds are a promising option as they produce abundant protein with a low carbon footprint. Experimental evidence shows that seaweeds contain high concentrations of the essential amino acids (EAAs) necessary for human consumption, but seaweeds have yet to be evaluated with standardized metrics to compare their nutritional value to other protein sources. In this technical note, independent literature describing the EAA content and protein digestibility of 3 commonly consumed species of seaweeds was evaluated alongside traditional protein sources using a novel hybrid protein quality (HPQ) metric. HPQ is derived from the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score and digestibility indispensable amino acid score but includes modifications to address the lack of in vivo digestibility data for seaweeds. Seaweed proteins are similar in quality to common plant protein sources such as peas, soy, and tree nuts. Furthermore, seaweed proteins from different species have complementary EAA profiles and can be mixed to form protein blends that are nutritionally on par with animal products such as milk and whey. Thus, seaweeds may be viable protein sources with a reduced footprint that provide beneficial ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Reynolds
- Bioenergy Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
| | - Jeff Caminiti
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Scott Edmundson
- Bioenergy Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Bioenergy Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
| | - Macdonald Wick
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Huesemann
- Bioenergy Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Marine and Coastal Research Laboratory, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
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Gmoser R, Fristedt R, Larsson K, Undeland I, Taherzadeh MJ, Lennartsson PR. From stale bread and brewers spent grain to a new food source using edible filamentous fungi. Bioengineered 2021; 11:582-598. [PMID: 32449450 PMCID: PMC8291841 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2020.1768694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By-products from the food sector with a high load of organic matter present both a waste-handling problem related to expenses and to the environment, yet also an opportunity. This study aims to increase the value of stale bread and brewers spent grain (BSG) by re-introducing these residues to the food production chain by converting them to new protein-enriched products using the edible filamentous fungi Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopusoryzae. After 6 days of solid state fermentation (at 35°C, with a95% relative humidity and moisture content of 40% in the substrate) on stale bread, a nutrient-rich fungal-fermented product was produced. The total protein content, as analyzed by total amino acids, increased from 16.5% in stale sourdough bread to 21.1% (on dry weight basis) in the final product with an improved relative ratio of essential amino acids. An increase in dietary fiber, minerals (Cu, Fe, Zn) and vitamin E, as well as an addition of vitamin D2 (0.89 µg/g dry weight sample) was obtained compared with untreated stale bread. Furthermore, addition of BSG to the sourdough bread with the aim to improve textural changes after fermentation showed promising outcomes. Cultivation of N. intermedia or R. oryzae on stale sourdough bread mixed with 6.5% or 11.8% BSG, respectively, resulted in fungal-fermented products with similar textural properties to a commercial soybean burger. Bioconversion of stale bread and BSG by fungal solid state fermentation to produce a nutrient-enriched food product was confirmed to be a successful way to minimize food waste and protein shortage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gmoser
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås , Borås, Sweden
| | - Rikard Fristedt
- Food and Nutrition Science, Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Larsson
- Food and Nutrition Science, Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Undeland
- Food and Nutrition Science, Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology , Gothenburg, Sweden
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Reducing the High Iodine Content of Saccharina latissima and Improving the Profile of Other Valuable Compounds by Water Blanching. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050569. [PMID: 32375299 PMCID: PMC7278854 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Saccharina latissima contains high amounts of iodine in comparison to other seaweeds. The present study aimed to decrease the iodine content of S. latissima (sugar kelp) by water blanching and freezing to avoid an excess intake of iodine by consumption of sugar kelp. Various blanching conditions were investigated (temperature; 30, 45, 60 and 80 °C, and duration; 2, 30, 120 and 300 s). Some conditions resulted in a significant decrease in iodine content (≥45 °C and ≥30 s). Non-processed S. latissima contained on average 4605 mg iodine kg−1 dw−1 which significantly decreased following the treatments. The lowest content obtained was 293 mg iodine kg−1·dw−1 by water blanching at 80 °C for 120 s. The study also investigated if other valuable compounds were affected during the processing conditions. No significant changes were observed for total lipid and protein, but significant changes were seen for ash. A significant loss of two non-essential amino acids (glutamic acid and alanine) due to the blanching process was found. This also resulted in a protein quality increase as the essential amino acid to total amino acid ratio changed from 42.01 ± 0.59% in fresh seaweed to 48.0 ± 1.2% in blanched seaweed. Moreover, the proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids (%FAME), and the omega-3 to omega-6 fatty acids ratio was significantly higher in the samples blanched at 60 °C for 300 s compared to the fresh and samples blanched at 45 °C for 30 s. The total phenolic content (TPC) and the radical scavenging activity were significantly higher in treated samples. The results indicate that the processing did not compromise the valuable compounds in focus in this study for S. latissima; they did, however, result in biomass with an improved profile of health beneficial compounds.
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Issa A, Ali E, Abdel-Basset R, Awad M, Ebied A, Hassan S. The impact of nitrogen concentrations on production and quality of food and feed supplements from three cyanobacteria and potential application in biotechnology. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Issa A, Ali E, Abdel-Basset R, Hassan S, Awad M, Ebied AEB. Application of Three Cyanobacteria in Foods and Feeds Biotechnology: Phosphorus Affects. Pak J Biol Sci 2020; 23:55-62. [PMID: 31930883 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2020.55.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cyanobacteria grown under abiotic stress affect on some metabolites that used as promising for foods and feeds biotechnology. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the 3 local cyanobacteria isolates for production of foods and feeds under various concentration of phosphorus. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cyanobacteria namely; Anabaena sp., Merismopedia tenuissima and Spirulina platensis were grown photoautotrophically in modified medium. The growth pattern in the medium containing various phosphorus concentrations were followed and harvested around 14 days. RESULTS A decrease in phosphorus concentrations by 50% led to an increase in chlorophyll-a of M. tenuissima and S. platensis. The application of high concentration of phosphorus (+100%) to the culture of Anabaena sp. led to an increase in dry weight and growth rate by 0.382 mg mL-1 and 0.013 h-1, respectively. The deficiency of phosphorus concentrations led to a decrease in carbohydrate contents of Anabaena, Merismopedia and Spirulina with compared to the control culture. In general, the total lipid contents of Anabaena sp. and M. tenuissima were stimulated by phosphorus deficiency. The phosphorus-free media and increase in phosphorus concentration by 100% resulted in an increase in protein fractions such as soluble, insoluble, globulins, prolamines, glutelins and total protein content of Anabaena sp. The application of high concentration of phosphorus (+100%) to the culture of S. platensis led to an increase in total lipid contents in comparison to control. The highest phycobiliprotein contents of S. platensis were recorded at 50% phosphorus deficiency. CONCLUSION Cyanobacteria has a soft cell wall that makes it especially easy to digest and is additionally full of live active enzymes which further enhances metabolism and the efficient intake of nutrients.
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Bak UG, Nielsen CW, Marinho GS, Gregersen Ó, Jónsdóttir R, Holdt SL. The seasonal variation in nitrogen, amino acid, protein and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors of commercially cultivated Faroese Saccharina latissima. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hamid SS, Wakayama M, Ichihara K, Sakurai K, Ashino Y, Kadowaki R, Soga T, Tomita M. Metabolome profiling of various seaweed species discriminates between brown, red, and green algae. PLANTA 2019; 249:1921-1947. [PMID: 30891648 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Among seaweed groups, brown algae had characteristically high concentrations of mannitol, and green algae were characterised by fructose. In red algae, metabolite profiles of individual species should be evaluated. Seaweeds are metabolically different from terrestrial plants. However, general metabolite profiles of the three major seaweed groups, the brown, red, and green algae, and the effect of various extraction methods on metabolite profiling results have not been comprehensively explored. In this study, we evaluated the water-soluble metabolites in four brown, five red, and two green algae species collected from two sites in northern Japan, located in the Sea of Japan and the Pacific Ocean. Freeze-dried seaweed samples were processed by methanol-water extraction with or without chloroform and analysed by capillary electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for metabolite characterisation. The metabolite concentration profiles showed distinctive characteristic depends on species and taxonomic groups, whereas the extraction methods did not have a significant effect. Taxonomic differences between the various seaweed metabolite profiles were well defined using only sugar metabolites but no other major compound types. Mannitol was the main sugar metabolites in brown algae, whereas fructose, sucrose, and glucose were found at high concentrations in green algae. In red algae, individual species had some characteristic metabolites, such as sorbitol in Pyropia pseudolinearis and panose in Dasya sessilis. The metabolite profiles generated in this study will be a resource and provide guidance for nutraceutical research studies because the information about metabolites in seaweeds is still very limited compared to that of terrestrial plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahlizah Sahul Hamid
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2, Kakuganji-Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan
| | - Masataka Wakayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2, Kakuganji-Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Ichihara
- Muroran Marine Station, Field Science Centre for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, 1-133-31, Funami-cho, Muroran, Hokkaido, 051-0013, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Sakurai
- Yamagata Prefecture Fisheries Experiment Station, Kamo Ookuzure 594, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-1204, Japan
| | - Yujin Ashino
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan
| | - Rie Kadowaki
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2, Kakuganji-Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2, Kakuganji-Mizukami, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-8520, Japan
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Krul ES. Calculation of Nitrogen‐to‐Protein Conversion Factors: A Review with a Focus on Soy Protein. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine S. Krul
- PresidentEKSci, LLC 594 Gederson Lane, Saint Louis MO 63122 USA
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Xie T, Xia Y, Zeng Y, Li X, Zhang Y. Nitrate concentration-shift cultivation to enhance protein content of heterotrophic microalga Chlorella vulgaris: Over-compensation strategy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 233:247-255. [PMID: 28285215 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein production from microalgae requires both high cell density during cultivation and high protein content in cells. Heterotrophic microalgae can achieve high cell density, and yet are confronted with the problem of low protein content. Based on over-compensation strategy, a new concentration-shift method was proposed to cultivate heterotrophic Chlorella vulgaris, aiming to increase protein content. With a prior starvation period, microalgae utilized more nitrate and accumulated more proteins compared to one-stage cultivation. Considering the convenience of operation, nitrate-added culture was adopted for producing heterotrophic microalgae, rather than sterile centrifugal culture. Operating parameters including nitrate concentration in N-deficient medium, N-starved time and nitrate concentration in N-rich medium were optimized, which were 0.18gl-1, 38h and 2.45gl-1, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, protein content in heterotrophic Chlorella reached 44.3%. Furthermore, the heterotrophic microalga was suggested to be a potential single-cell protein source according to the amino acid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghui Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yun Xia
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yu Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xingrui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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van Eenennaam JS, Wei Y, Grolle KCF, Foekema EM, Murk AJ. Oil spill dispersants induce formation of marine snow by phytoplankton-associated bacteria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 104:294-302. [PMID: 26781957 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Unusually large amounts of marine snow, including Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), were formed during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill. The marine snow settled with oil and clay minerals as an oily sludge layer on the deep sea floor. This study tested the hypothesis that the unprecedented amount of chemical dispersants applied during high phytoplankton densities in the Gulf of Mexico induced high EPS formation. Two marine phytoplankton species (Dunaliella tertiolecta and Phaeodactylum tricornutum) produced EPS within days when exposed to the dispersant Corexit 9500. Phytoplankton-associated bacteria were shown to be responsible for the formation. The EPS consisted of proteins and to lesser extent polysaccharides. This study reveals an unexpected consequence of the presence of phytoplankton. This emphasizes the need to test the action of dispersants under realistic field conditions, which may seriously alter the fate of oil in the environment via increased marine snow formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine S van Eenennaam
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Yuzhu Wei
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C F Grolle
- Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin M Foekema
- IMARES, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 57, 1780 AB, Den Helder, The Netherlands
| | - AlberTinka J Murk
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Templeton DW, Laurens LM. Nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors revisited for applications of microalgal biomass conversion to food, feed and fuel. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Olischläger M, Iñiguez C, Gordillo FJL, Wiencke C. Biochemical composition of temperate and Arctic populations of Saccharina latissima after exposure to increased pCO2 and temperature reveals ecotypic variation. PLANTA 2014; 240:1213-24. [PMID: 25156486 PMCID: PMC4228115 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2143-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous research suggested that the polar and temperate populations of the kelp Saccharina latissima represent different ecotypes. The ecotypic differentiation might also be reflected in their biochemical composition (BC) under changing temperatures and pCO2. Accordingly, it was tested if the BC of Arctic (Spitsbergen) and temperate S. latissima (Helgoland) is different and if they are differently affected by changes in temperature and pCO2. Thalli from Helgoland grown at 17 °C and 10 °C and from Spitsbergen at 10 °C and 4 °C were all tested at either 380, 800, or 1,500 µatm pCO2, and total C-, total N-, protein, soluble carbohydrate, and lipid content, as well as C/N-ratio were measured. At 10 °C, the Arctic population had a higher content of total C, soluble carbohydrates, and lipids, whereas the N- and protein content was lower. At the lower tested temperature, the Arctic ecotype had particularly higher contents of lipids, while content of soluble carbohydrates increased in the Helgoland population only. In Helgoland-thalli, elevated pCO2 caused a higher content of soluble carbohydrates at 17 °C but lowered the content of N and lipids and increased the C/N-ratio at 10 °C. Elevated pCO2 alone did not affect the BC of the Spitsbergen population. Conclusively, the Arctic ecotype was more resilient to increased pCO2 than the temperate one, and both ecotypes differed in their response pattern to temperature. This differential pattern is discussed in the context of the adaptation of the Arctic ecotype to low temperature and the polar night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Olischläger
- Department of Functional Ecology, Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Center for Marine and Polar Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570, Bremerhaven, Germany,
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Nascimento A, Coelho-Gomes C, Barbarino E, Lourenço SO. Temporal Variations of the Chemical Composition of Three Seaweeds in Two Tropical Coastal Environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/ojms.2014.42013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Safi C, Charton M, Ursu AV, Laroche C, Zebib B, Pontalier PY, Vaca-Garcia C. Release of hydro-soluble microalgal proteins using mechanical and chemical treatments. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2013.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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