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Kim YJ, Joo SC, Shi J, Hu C, Quan S, Hu J, Sukweenadhi J, Mohanan P, Yang DC, Zhang D. Metabolic dynamics and physiological adaptation of Panax ginseng during development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:393-410. [PMID: 29150823 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of metabolites from leaves to roots of Panax ginseng during development has revealed the tissue-specific and year-specific metabolic networks. Being an essential Oriental medicinal plant, ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a slow-growing perennial herb-accumulating pharmaceutically active metabolites such as ginsenosides in roots during growth. However, little is known about how ginseng plants survive in the harsh environments such as winter cold and summer heat for a longer period and accumulates those active metabolites as the plant grows. To understand the metabolic kinetics in both source and sink organs such as leaves and roots of ginseng plant, respectively, and to assess the changes in ginsenosides biosynthesis during ginseng growth, we investigated the metabolic profiles from leaves and roots of 1-, 4-, and 6-year-old field-grown ginseng plants. Using an integrated non-targeted metabolomic approach, we identified in total 348 primary and secondary metabolites, which provided us for the first time a global metabolomic assessment of ginseng during growth, and morphogenesis. Strikingly, the osmoprotectants and oxidized chemicals were highly accumulated in 4- and 6-year-old ginseng leaves suggested that ginseng develop a wide range of metabolic strategies to adapt unfavorable conditions as they mature. In 6-year-old plants, ginsenosides were decreased in leaves but increased in roots up to 1.2- to sixfold, supporting the view that there is a long-distance transport of ginsenosides from leaves to roots as ginseng plants mature. Our findings provide insights into the metabolic kinetics during the development of ginseng plant and this could complement the pharmacological importance of ginseng and its compounds according to their age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China.
| | - Sung Chul Joo
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoyang Hu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Quan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Hu
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Johan Sukweenadhi
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Ginseng Bank, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dabing Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 20040, People's Republic of China.
- Crop Biotech Institute and Department of Plant Molecular Systems Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Republic of Korea.
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He JM, Zhang YZ, Luo JP, Zhang WJ, Mu Q. Variation of Ginsenosides in Ginseng of Different Ages. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng has been used in traditional oriental medicine for thousands of years. Ginsenosides, the major chemical components of the roots, are considered to be responsible for the medicinal properties of ginseng. Ginsenosides increase with the age of ginseng root in general knowledge, and in this study the content of ginsenosides in ginseng of different ages was quantified. Separation and determination of eight main ginsenosides, Rgl, Re, Rbl, Re, Rg2, Rb2, Rb3 and Rd, was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection at 203 nm. The content of Rgl, Re, Rbl, Re, Rg2 and Rd increased from 5 to 16-year-old ginseng and then decreased, while Rb2 and Rb3 increased in the range of 5-12 years, but then slowly decreased. However, the total eight ginsenosides in 16 year old ginseng had a higher content than that in any other from 5-18 years old. As a result, the content of ginsenosides and total ginsenosides was not positively related to age from 5-18 years, which is not in full agreement with the general knowledge of ginseng. Thus, this study suggests that the older wild ginseng may not result in better medicinal ginseng for herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming He
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan university, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yi-Zhen Zhang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jian-Ping Luo
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wen-Ju Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing Mu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan university, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Sun M, van Wijk R, van Wijk E, Wang M, van Wietmarschen H, Hankemeier T, van der Greef J. Delayed luminescence: an experimental protocol for Chinese herbal medicines. LUMINESCENCE 2016; 31:1220-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.3094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Sun
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden University; LACDR; Department of Analytical Biosciences; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Roeland van Wijk
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Meluna Research; Geldermalsen The Netherlands
| | - Eduard van Wijk
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden University; LACDR; Department of Analytical Biosciences; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Meluna Research; Geldermalsen The Netherlands
| | - Mei Wang
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden University; LACDR; Department of Analytical Biosciences; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- TNO Innovation for Life; P.O. Box 360 3700 AJ Zeist The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine; Utrechtseweg 48 3700 AJ Zeist The Netherlands
| | - Herman van Wietmarschen
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- TNO Innovation for Life; P.O. Box 360 3700 AJ Zeist The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden University; LACDR; Department of Analytical Biosciences; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Greef
- Sino Dutch Centre for Preventive and Personalized Medicine; Leiden University; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden University; LACDR; Department of Analytical Biosciences; P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- TNO Innovation for Life; P.O. Box 360 3700 AJ Zeist The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine; Utrechtseweg 48 3700 AJ Zeist The Netherlands
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Tanvir R, Sajid I, Hasnain S, Kulik A, Grond S. Rare actinomycetes Nocardia caishijiensis and Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans as endophytes, their bioactivity and metabolites evaluation. Microbiol Res 2016; 185:22-35. [PMID: 26946375 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two strains identified as Nocardia caishijiensis (SORS 64b) and Pseudonocardia carboxydivorans (AGLS 2) were isolated as endophytes from Sonchus oleraceus and Ageratum conyzoides respectively. The analysis of their extracts revealed them to be strongly bioactive. The N. caishijiensis extract gave an LC50 of 570 μg/ml(-1) in the brine shrimp cytotoxicity assay and an EC50 of 0.552 μg/ml(-1) in the DPPH antioxidant assay. Antimicrobial activity was observed against Methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (14 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 706003 (13 mm), S. aureus ATCC 25923 (11 mm) and Candida tropicalis (20 mm). For the extract of P. carboxydivorans the EC50 was 0.670 μg/ml(-1) and it was observed to be more bioactive against Bacillus subtilis DSM 10 ATCC 6051 (21 mm), C. tropicalis (20 mm), S. aureus ATCC 25923 (17 mm), MRSA (17 mm), E. coli K12 (W1130) (16 mm) and Chlorella vulgaris (10 mm). The genotoxicity testing revealed a 20 mm zone of inhibition against the polA mutant strain E. coli K-12 AB 3027 suggesting damage to the DNA and polA genes. The TLC and bioautography screening revealed a diversity of active bands of medium polar and nonpolar compounds. Metabolite analysis by HPLC-DAD via UV/vis spectral screening suggested the possibility of stenothricin and bagremycin A in the mycelium extract of N. caishijiensis respectively. In the broth and mycelium extract of P. carboxydivorans borrelidin was suggested along with α-pyrone. The HPLC-MS revealed bioactive long chained amide derivatives such as 7-Octadecenamide, 9, 12 octadecandienamide. This study reports the rare actinomycetes N. caishijiensis and P. carboxydivorans as endophytes and evaluates their bioactive metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Tanvir
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Institut fur Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18A, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Imran Sajid
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shahida Hasnain
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, 54590, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Mikrobiologie/Biotechnologie, Interfakultäres Institut für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsmedizin, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Grond
- Institut fur Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18A, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Spectral Analysis of Chinese Medicinal Herbs Based on Delayed Luminescence. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:8469024. [PMID: 27478482 PMCID: PMC4958485 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8469024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) plays a critical role in healthcare; however, it lacks scientific evidence to support the multidimensional therapeutic effects. These effects are based on experience, and, to date, there is no advanced tool to evaluate these experience based effects. In the current study, Chinese herbal materials classified with different cold and heat therapeutic properties, based on Chinese medicine principles, were investigated using spectral distribution, as well as the decay probability distribution based on delayed luminescence (DL). A detection system based on ultraweak biophoton emission was developed to determine the DL decay kinetics of the cold and heat properties of Chinese herbal materials. We constructed a mathematical model to fit the experimental data and characterize the properties of Chinese medicinal herbs with different parameters. The results demonstrated that this method has good reproducibility. Moreover, there is a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the spectral distribution and the decay probability distribution of Chinese herbal materials with cold and heat properties. This approach takes advantage of the comprehensive nature of DL compared with more reductionist approaches and is more consistent with TCM principles, in which the core comprises holistic views.
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