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Ahluwalia V, Pandey N, Mishra BB, Kumar J. Isolation, optimized extraction, and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array method for quantitative analysis of chiratol in Swertia paniculata. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3904-3913. [PMID: 34463429 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The global natural product-based industry is growing fast with the introduction of new phytochemicals and herbal extract products from different geographical regions. Swertia paniculata is a well-known plant with medicinal properties; however, the quality control for its major phytochemical constituents from the Himalayan geographical region is nevertheless reported. Therefore, the first objective of this investigation was to characterize and optimize the extraction process while the second objective was to validate a quantitative analytical method for chiratol from S. paniculata herbal extract. The chiratol was characterized with spectral analysis. The optimum extraction condition for the highest yield of metabolite was realized in chloroform as a solvent system under ultrasonication. The ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection method for analytical quantification was validated for specificity, linearity, limits of detection, limits of quantification, precision, repeatability, recovery, and robustness using Eclipse Plus C18 column (100 mm × 4.6 mm × 3.5 μm id). The gradient elution of water/acetonitrile as mobile phase was used at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The recovery percentage was very satisfactory with values within specification. The robustness parameters showed no substantial influence of evaluated parameters by the Youden test. The developed method was ascertained to be appropriate for the proposed purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Ahluwalia
- Bioproduct Chemistry Laboratory, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, India
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology (IPFT), Gurugram, India
| | - Nishant Pandey
- Bioproduct Chemistry Laboratory, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, India
| | - Bhuwan B Mishra
- Bioproduct Chemistry Laboratory, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Institute of Pesticide Formulation Technology (IPFT), Gurugram, India
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Biotechnological interventions and genetic diversity assessment in Swertia sp.: a myriad source of valuable secondary metabolites. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4427-4451. [PMID: 34037841 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The genus Swertia (Family: Gentianaceae) has cosmopolitan distribution which is present in almost all the continents except South America and Australia. Swertia genus has been renowned as one of the potent herbal drugs in the British, American, and Chinese Pharmacopeias as well as well-documented in the Indian traditional medicinal systems, viz. Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. Many species of this genus have therapeutic properties and have been used traditionally in the treatment of a number of health ailments viz. hepatitis, diabetes, inflammation, bacillary dysentery, cancer, malaria, fever etc. This genus is industrially important medicinal plant that has been used as a principal component in numerous marketed herbal/ polyherbal formulations. Medicinal usage of Swertia is endorsed to the miscellaneous compounds viz. xanthones, irridoids, seco-irridoids, and triterpenoids. A chain of systematic isolation of bio-active compounds and their diverse range of pharmacological effects during last 15-20 years proved this genus as industrially important plant. Due to the various practices of the Swertia species, annual demand is more than 100 tons per year for this important herb which is continuously increasing 10% annually. The market value rises 10% by the year as there is increased demand in national and international market resulted in adulteration of many Swertia spp. due to paucity of agricultural practices, exomorphological, phytochemical, and molecular characterization. Thus, efficient biotechnology methods are prerequisite for the mass production of authentic species, sustainable production of bio-active compounds and ex situ conservation. A chain of systematic biotechnological interventions in Swertia herb during last 20 years cover the assessment of genetic diversity, in vitro sustainable production of bio-active compounds and mass propagation of elite genotypes via direct and indirect organogenesis. This review attempts to present the comprehensive assessment on biotechnological process made in Swertia over the past few years. KEY POINTS: • Critical and updated assessment on biotechnological aspects of Swertia spp. • In vitro propagation and genetic diversity assessment in Swertia spp. • Biosynthesis and sustainable production of secondary metabolites in Swertia spp.
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Kaur P, Gupta RC, Dey A, Malik T, Pandey DK. Validation and quantification of major biomarkers in 'Mahasudarshan Churna'- an ayurvedic polyherbal formulation through high-performance thin-layer chromatography. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:184. [PMID: 32527318 PMCID: PMC7291524 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mahasudarshan Churna (MC) is a polyherbal Ayurvedic medicine that is employed in fever (especially chronic type), cold and malaria, improvement of digestion and appetite, removes toxins from the blood, boosts immunity and protects against common bacterial infections. METHODS Validation and quantification of oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), mangiferin (M), gallic acid (GA), quercetin (Q) and curcumin (C) in commercial MC formulations by HPTLC method. Mobile phase, hexane: ethyl acetate: acetone (16.4: 3.6: 0.2, v/v) was used for the separation of OA and UA; ethyl acetate: glacial acetic acid: formic acid: water (20: 2.2: 2.2: 5.2 v/v) for the development of M; and toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (13.5: 9: 0.6 v/v) for the separation of GA, Q and C in crude sample extracts. Visualization and scanning were performed at λ = 530 nm for OA and UA, at λ = 254 nm for M and at λ = 366 nm for GA, Q and C. In addition, HPLC-PDA analysis was used to confirm the HPTLC results. RESULTS Major bio-active compounds in MC formulations were oleanolic acid (1.54-1.78%), mangiferin (1.38-1.52%) and gallic acid (1.01-1.15%); followed by ursolic acid (0.79-0.98%), curcumin (0.45-0.67%) and quercetin (0.22-0.34%). CONCLUSION Analysis of bio-active compounds in the present study was performed using HPTLC methods and later HPTLC results were compared with HPLC. These two methods give comparable results and there was no statistically significant difference between the mean values for all extracts. Present study concluded that this HPTLC technique is low cost, fast, precise, and accurate which can be employed for the quantification of xanthonoid (M), triterpenoids (OA, UA) and phenolics (GA, Q and C) in samples/formulations. Furthermore, present HPTLC method can be conveniently employed for routine quality control analysis of all the six marker compounds in marketed Ayurvedic/herbal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - R C Gupta
- Department of Botany, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - Tabarak Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
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Biological Evaluation of Different Extracts of Aerial Parts of Nepeta deflersiana and Standardization of Active Extracts Using 8-Epi-7-Deoxyloganic Acid and Ursolic Acid by Validated HPTLC Method. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:8790769. [PMID: 30302119 PMCID: PMC6158929 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8790769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nepeta deflersiana (Lamiaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant that grows in Saudi Arabia. This plant is used in Saudi and Yemeni folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory, carminative, and antirheumatic agent. In order to prove its use in folk medicine, four different extracts from the aerial parts of the plant: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol extracts were subjected to biological assays to screen PPARα and PPARϒ agnostic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities. Ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts of N. deflersiana NDEE and NDBE, respectively, showed a decrease in oxidative stress and inhibition of both NF-kB and iNOS activities with no cytotoxic effects on four human cancer cell lines. Both active extracts were standardized using two bioactive metabolites which were isolated from the aerial parts of the same plant [8-epi-7-deoxyloganic acid (compound 1) and Ursolic acid (compound 2)] by developing a validated HPTLC method. It was found to provide a sharp and compact band of compound 1 at Rf = 0.07 and Rf = 0.57 for compound 2, using chloroform, methanol, and formic acid (8.9:0.8:0.3, v/v/v) as mobile phase at 550 nm. Compounds 1 and 2 were found in NDEE by 9.59 %, w/w, and 84.63 %, w/w, respectively, and by 11.97 %, w/w, and 21.26 %, w/w, respectively, in NDBE.
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Pandey DK, Kaur P. Optimization of extraction parameters of pentacyclic triterpenoids from Swertia chirata stem using response surface methodology. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:152. [PMID: 29492371 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, pentacyclic triterpenoids were extracted from different parts of Swertia chirata by solid-liquid reflux extraction methods. The total pentacyclic triterpenoids (UA, OA, and BA) in extracted samples were determined by HPTLC method. Preliminary studies showed that stem part contains the maximum pentacyclic triterpenoid and was chosen for further studies. Response surface methodology (RSM) has been employed successfully by solid-liquid reflux extraction methods for the optimization of different extraction variables viz., temperature (X1 35-70 °C), extraction time (X2 30-60 min), solvent composition (X3 20-80%), solvent-to-solid ratio (X4 30-60 mlg-1), and particle size (X5 3-6 mm) on maximum recovery of triterpenoid from stem parts of Swertia chirata. A Plackett-Burman design has been used initially to screen out the three extraction factors viz., particle size, temperature, and solvent composition on yield of triterpenoid. Moreover, central composite design (CCD) was implemented to optimize the significant extraction parameters for maximum triterpenoid yield. Three extraction parameters viz., mean particle size (3 mm), temperature (65 °C), and methanol-ethyl acetate solvent composition (45%) can be considered as significant for the better yield of triterpenoid A second-order polynomial model satisfactorily fitted the experimental data with the R2 values of 0.98 for the triterpenoid yield (p < 0.001), implying good agreement between the experimental triterpenoid yield (3.71%) to the predicted value (3.79%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Faculty of Technology and Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411 India
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Kshirsagar PR, Chavan JJ, Umdale SD, Nimbalkar MS, Dixit GB, Gaikwad NB. Highly efficient in vitro regeneration, establishment of callus and cell suspension cultures and RAPD analysis of regenerants of Swertia lawii Burkill. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 6:79-84. [PMID: 28626699 PMCID: PMC5466263 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Highly efficient in vitro regeneration system has been developed for Swertia lawii Burkill, an important herb used as substitute for Swertia chirayita. Shoot tips explants were cultured on MS medium with various phytohormones for multiple shoot production. The best shoot production frequency (100%) and maximum shoots (10.4 ± 0.8) were obtained on MS media containing TDZ (3.0 mg l-1) in combination with IBA (0.3 mg l-1). Maximum callus induction (95 ± 4.8%) and callus growth (1.7 ± 0.4 gm) was achieved on MS medium with 2, 4-D (3.0 mg l-1). Cell suspension cultures were established and studied for their growth kinetics. Shoots were rooted best (22.1 ± 2.5) in 1/2 MS medium with IAA (3.0 mg l-1). The genetic uniformity of the micropropagated clones was assessed using RAPD markers. Out of 405 bands, 400 (98.76%) were monomorphic and rest 5 (1.24%) were polymorphic. High multiplication frequency and low risk of genetic instability ensures the efficacy of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaykumar J. Chavan
- Department of Botany, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara 415 001, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Yashavantrao Chavan Institute of Science, Satara 415 001, India
| | - Suraj D. Umdale
- Department of Botany, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416 004, India
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Kshirsagar PR, Pai SR, Nimbalkar MS, Gaikwad NB. Quantitative determination of three pentacyclic triterpenes from five Swertia L. species endemic to Western Ghats, India, using RP-HPLC analysis. Nat Prod Res 2015; 29:1783-8. [PMID: 25613495 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to identify pentacyclic triterpenoids betulinic acid (BA), oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) from five Swertia species endemic to Western Ghats, which are used as substitutes as well as adulterants to Swertia chirayita. Our results indicate that the concentration of active compound vary largely among and within the species from different localities. OA was found in a higher amount in all species compared to BA and UA. From the results, it was clear that BA, OA and UA are present in the endemic species collected from Western Ghats, thus advocating the use of these species as alternate sources to S. chirayita. This in due course may release pressure of exploitation from natural resources of S. chirayita and help to bring it out from an endangered category from conservation point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthraj R Kshirsagar
- a Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding, Department of Botany , Shivaji University , Kolhapur 416 004 , MS , India
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