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Plana-Ruiz S, Gómez-Pérez A, Budayova-Spano M, Foley DL, Portillo-Serra J, Rauch E, Grivas E, Housset D, Das PP, Taheri ML, Nicolopoulos S, Ling WL. High-Resolution Electron Diffraction of Hydrated Protein Crystals at Room Temperature. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24802-24813. [PMID: 37890869 PMCID: PMC10753879 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization is crucial to understanding protein function. Compared with X-ray diffraction methods, electron crystallography can be performed on nanometer-sized crystals and can provide additional information from the resulting Coulomb potential map. Whereas electron crystallography has successfully resolved three-dimensional structures of vitrified protein crystals, its widespread use as a structural biology tool has been limited. One main reason is the fragility of such crystals. Protein crystals can be easily damaged by mechanical stress, change in temperature, or buffer conditions as well as by electron irradiation. This work demonstrates a methodology to preserve these nanocrystals in their natural environment at room temperature for electron diffraction experiments as an alternative to existing cryogenic techniques. Lysozyme crystals in their crystallization solution are hermetically sealed via graphene-coated grids, and their radiation damage is minimized by employing a low-dose data collection strategy in combination with a hybrid-pixel direct electron detector. Diffraction patterns with reflections of up to 3 Å are obtained and successfully indexed using a template-matching algorithm. These results demonstrate the feasibility of in situ protein electron diffraction. The method described will also be applicable to structural studies of hydrated nanocrystals important in many research and technological developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Plana-Ruiz
- NanoMegas
SRPL, Rue Emile Claus
49, Brussels 1050, Belgium
- Servei
de Recursos Científics i Tècnics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona 43007, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Daniel L. Foley
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | - Edgar Rauch
- SIMAP,
Grenoble INP, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | - Mitra L. Taheri
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns
Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | | | - Wai Li Ling
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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2
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Singh A, Singh AK, Sinha SRP. Fermi-Level Modulation of Chemical Vapor Deposition-Grown Monolayer Graphene via Nanoparticles to Macromolecular Dopants. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:744-751. [PMID: 35036740 PMCID: PMC8756573 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to modulate the Fermi level of graphene for the development of high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we have demonstrated the modulation of the Fermi level of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer graphene (MLG) via doping with nanoparticles to macromolecules such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), nitric acid (HNO3), octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayer (SAM), and poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). The electronic properties of pristine and doped graphene samples were investigated by Raman spectroscopy and electrical transport measurements. The right shifting of G and 2D peaks and reduction in 2D to G peak intensity ratio (I 2D/I G) assured that the dopants induced a p-type doping effect. Upon doping, the shifting of the Dirac point towards positive voltage validates the increment of the hole concentration in graphene and thus downward shift of the Fermi level. More importantly, the combination of HNO3/TiO2 NP doping on graphene yields a substantially larger change in the Fermi level of MLG. Our study may be useful for the development of graphene-based high-performance flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand
Kumar Singh
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow 226021, India
| | - Arun Kumar Singh
- Department
of Pure and Applied Physics, Guru Ghasidas
Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur 495009, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Sita Ram Prasad Sinha
- Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow 226021, India
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5
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Levchenko I, Ostrikov KK, Zheng J, Li X, Keidar M, B K Teo K. Scalable graphene production: perspectives and challenges of plasma applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:10511-10527. [PMID: 26837802 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06537b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a newly discovered and extensively investigated material, has many unique and extraordinary properties which promise major technological advances in fields ranging from electronics to mechanical engineering and food production. Unfortunately, complex techniques and high production costs hinder commonplace applications. Scaling of existing graphene production techniques to the industrial level without compromising its properties is a current challenge. This article focuses on the perspectives and challenges of scalability, equipment, and technological perspectives of the plasma-based techniques which offer many unique possibilities for the synthesis of graphene and graphene-containing products. The plasma-based processes are amenable for scaling and could also be useful to enhance the controllability of the conventional chemical vapour deposition method and some other techniques, and to ensure a good quality of the produced graphene. We examine the unique features of the plasma-enhanced graphene production approaches, including the techniques based on inductively-coupled and arc discharges, in the context of their potential scaling to mass production following the generic scaling approaches applicable to the existing processes and systems. This work analyses a large amount of the recent literature on graphene production by various techniques and summarizes the results in a tabular form to provide a simple and convenient comparison of several available techniques. Our analysis reveals a significant potential of scalability for plasma-based technologies, based on the scaling-related process characteristics. Among other processes, a greater yield of 1 g × h(-1) m(-2) was reached for the arc discharge technology, whereas the other plasma-based techniques show process yields comparable to the neutral-gas based methods. Selected plasma-based techniques show lower energy consumption than in thermal CVD processes, and the ability to produce graphene flakes of various sizes reaching hundreds of square millimetres, and the thickness varying from a monolayer to 10-20 layers. Additional factors such as electrical voltage and current, not available in thermal CVD processes could potentially lead to better scalability, flexibility and control of the plasma-based processes. Advantages and disadvantages of various systems are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Levchenko
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia.
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry, Physics, and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia. and Joint CSIRO - QUT Sustainable Materials and Devices Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, P.O. Box 218, Lindfield, New South Wales 2070, Australia. and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xingguo Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Michael Keidar
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Kenneth B K Teo
- AIXTRON Nanoinstruments, Buckingway Business Park, Swavesey, Cambridge CB24 4FQ, UK
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6
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Levchenko I, Fang J, Ostrikov K(K, Lorello L, Keidar M. Morphological Characterization of Graphene Flake Networks Using Minkowski Functionals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/graphene.2016.51003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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