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Shen H, Li C, Sun H, Chen W, Chen B, Yi Y, Mei J, Zhang Y, Ying G. Generation and Characterization of an Anti-diclazuril Monoclonal Antibody and Development of a Diagnostic Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Poultry. Front Nutr 2022; 9:910876. [PMID: 35651507 PMCID: PMC9149080 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.910876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An anti-diclazuril monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based detection of diclazuril with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used to measure anti-coccidial drug residues. The anti-diclazuril mAb had a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.449–0.517 ng/mL. The mAb cross-reactivity with toltrazuril, toltrazuril 18 sulfone, clozaril, monesin, madurmycin, and salinomycin was very minimal (< 0.1%). The detection limit of the ELISA using this mAb was 0.10 ng/mL and the sensitivity was 0.05 ng/mL. A standard curve generated in the range of 0.05–16.2 ng/mL had a linear correlation coefficient value of ≥ 0.99. The average recoveries of diclazuril from chicken and duck samples ranged from 85.0 to 102.5%.Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 5.9 to 8.5% and 9.2 to 12.6%, respectively. Using the International Immunogenetics Information System®, the VH domain of the mAb was found to be encoded by an IGHV3 family gene and had the following complementarity determining region (CDR) sequences: GFTFSRY (CDR1), SRGGS (CDR2), and GDDNYAFAY (CDR3). The VL domain was encoded by an IGKV1 family gene and had the following CDR sequences: KSSQSLLNSRTRKNYLA (CDR1), WASTRES (CDR2), and KQSYNLHT (CDR3). This study provides a method to generate anti-diclazuril mAbs and determine their variable region sequences. The diagnostic ELISA developed using this mAb may drive additional studies on the monitoring and detection of food and veterinary drug residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wanqin Chen
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bilian Chen
- Department of Biological Inspection, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Yi
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Mei
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanlu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Ying
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqing Ying,
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Zheng J, Shang Y, Wu Y, Wu J, Chen J, Wang Z, Sun X, Xu G, Deng Q, Qu D, Yu Z. Diclazuril Inhibits Biofilm Formation and Hemolysis of Staphylococcus aureus. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1690-1701. [PMID: 34019393 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation and hemolysis induced by Staphylococcus aureus are closely related to pathogenicity. However, no drugs exist to inhibit biofilm formation or hemolysis induced by S. aureus in clinical practice. This study found diclazuril had antibacterial action against S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) at 50 μM for both methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Diclazuril (at 1/4× or 1/8× MICs) significantly inhibited biofilm formation of S. aureus under static or flow-based conditions and also inhibited hemolysis induced by S. aureus. The RNA levels of transcriptional regulatory genes (agrA, agrC, luxS, sarA, sigB, saeR, saeS), biofilm formation-related genes (aur, bap, ccpA, cidA, clfA, clfB, fnbA, fnbB, icaA, icaB, sasG), and virulence-related genes (hla, hlb, hld, hlg, lukDE, lukpvl-S, spa, sbi, alpha-3 PSM, beta PSM, coa) of S. aureus were decreased when treated by diclazuril (at 1/4× MIC) for 4 h. The diclazuril nonsensitive clones of S. aureus were selected in vitro by induction of wildtype strains for about 90 days under the pressure of diclazuril. Mutations in the possible target genes of diclazuril against S. aureus were detected by whole-genome sequencing. This study indicated that there were three amino acid mutations in the diclazuril nonsensitive clone of S. aureus, two of which were located in genes with known function (SMC-Scp complex subunit ScpB and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1, respectively) and one in a gene with unknown function (hypothetical protein). Diclazuril showed a strong inhibition effect on planktonic cells and biofilm formation of S. aureus with the overexpression of the scpB gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yongpeng Shang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Junwen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Zhanwen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Xiang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Guangjian Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Qiwen Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Science and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhijian Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and the Key Lab of Endogenous Infection, Shenzhen Nanshan People’s Hospital and the 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
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Ye XW, Deng YL, Xia LT, Ren HM, Zhang JL. Uncovering the mechanism of the effects of Paeoniae Radix Alba on iron-deficiency anaemia through a network pharmacology-based strategy. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:130. [PMID: 32345291 PMCID: PMC7189569 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-02925-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paeoniae Radix Alba, the root of the plant Paeonia lactiflora Pall, is a common blood-enriching drug in traditional Chinese medicine. Its effectiveness in the clinical treatment of anaemia is remarkable, but its potential pharmacologic mechanism has not been clarified. METHODS In this study, the potential pharmacologic mechanism of Paeoniae Radix Alba in the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia was preliminarily elucidated through systematic and comprehensive network pharmacology. RESULTS Specifically, we obtained 15 candidate active ingredients from among 146 chemical components in Paeoniae Radix Alba. The ingredients were predicted to target 77 genes associated with iron-deficiency anaemia. In-depth analyses of these targets revealed that they were mostly associated with energy metabolism, cell proliferation, and stress responses, suggesting that Paeoniae Radix Alba helps alleviate iron-deficiency anaemia by affecting these processes. In addition, we conducted a core target analysis and a cluster analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. The results showed that four pathways, the p53 signalling pathway, the IL-17 signalling pathway, the TNF signalling pathway and the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, may be major pathways associated with the ameliorative effects of Paeoniae Radix Alba on iron-deficiency anaemia. Moreover, molecular docking verified the credibility of the network for molecular target prediction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study predicted the functional ingredients in Paeoniae Radix Alba and their targets and uncovered the mechanism of action of this drug, providing new insights for advanced research on Paeoniae Radix Alba and other traditional Chinese medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Wen Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Ya-Ling Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Lan-Ting Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Hong-Min Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China
| | - Jin-Lian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, 330004, China.
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Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is one of the most important causes of foodborne illnesses and inflammatory complications, as well as congenital disorders. Promiscuous Toxoplasma is transmitted by contaminated food and animal produce, water, vegetations, fruits and sexually through semen. Toxoplasma infects nucleated cells with a unique tropism for muscles and central nervous system and a mind bugging malicious effect. Pregnant women with acute or reactivated toxoplasmosis can transmit Toxoplasma via transplacental to the fetus. The severity of congenital toxoplasmosis depends on the gestation period, as infection in early pregnancy causes more severe consequences. Congenital toxoplasmosis complications include miscarriage, encephalitis, neurological retardation, mental illnesses, auditory and visual inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular abnormalities, and pains. Current therapies are inefficient for congenital and chronic toxoplasmosis or have severe side effects with life threatening complications. There is an urgent need for effective and safe therapeutic modalities to treat complications of toxoplasmosis and effective vaccines to eliminate the infectious agent. This investigation will discuss pathogenesis of feto-maternal, congenital and pediatric toxoplasmosis, the current available therapies in practice, and explore those therapeutic modalities in experimental stages for promising future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helieh S. Oz
- Address for correspondence: Helieh S. Oz, DVM, PhD, AGAF, Department of Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, United States ()
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Stock ML, Elazab ST, Hsu WH. Review of triazine antiprotozoal drugs used in veterinary medicine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:184-194. [PMID: 28833212 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Triazines are relatively new antiprotozoal drugs that have successfully controlled coccidiosis and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. These drugs have favorably treated other protozoal diseases such as neosporosis and toxoplasmosis. In this article, we discuss the pharmacological characteristics of five triazines, toltrazuril, ponazuril, clazuril, diclazuril, and nitromezuril which are used in veterinary medicine to control protozoal diseases which include coccidiosis, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, neosporosis, and toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Stock
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - S T Elazab
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura, Egypt
| | - W H Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Selective Induced Altered Coccidians to Immunize and Prevent Enteritis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016; 2016:3952534. [PMID: 27721824 PMCID: PMC5046156 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3952534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiomic flora in digestive tract is pivotal to the state of our health and disease. Antibiotics affect GI, control composition of microbiome, and shift equilibrium from health into disease status. Coccidiosis causes gastrointestinal inflammation. Antibiotic additives contaminate animal products and enter food chain, consumed by humans with possible allergic, antibiotic resistance and enigmatic side effects. Purposed study induced nonpathogenic, immunogenic organisms to protect against disease and abolish antibiotics' use in food animals and side effects in man. Diverse species of Coccidia were used as model. Immature organisms were treated with serial purification procedure prior to developmental stages to obtain altered strains. Chicks received oral gavage immunized with serial low doses of normal or altered organisms or sham treatment and were challenged with high infective normal organisms to compare pathogenicity and immunogenicity. Mature induced altered forms of E. tenella and E. necatrix lacked developmental stage of "sporocysts" and contained free sporozoites. In contrast, E. maxima progressed to normal forms or did not mature at all. Animals that received altered forms were considerably protected with higher weight gain and antibody titers against challenge infection compared to those that received normal organisms (p < 0.05). This is the first report to induce selected protective altered organisms for possible preventive measures to minimize antibiotic use in food animals.
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Oz HS. Toxoplasmosis complications and novel therapeutic synergism combination of diclazuril plus atovaquone. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:484. [PMID: 25309522 PMCID: PMC4164033 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a major cause of foodborne disease, congenital complication, and morbidity. There is an urgent need for safe and effective therapies to encounter congenital and persisting toxoplasmosis. The hypothesis was: combination diclazuril plus atovaquone to exert a novel therapeutic synergy to prevent toxoplasmosis syndromes. Methods: Pregnant dams were treated with diclazuril and atovaquone monotherapy or combination therapy and infected i.p with Toxoplasma tachyzoites. Results: Infected dams developed severe toxoplasmosis associated syndrome with increases in the abdominal adiposity surrounding uteri, gansterointestinal and other internal organs and excessive weight gain. Numerous organisms along with infiltration of inflammatory cells were detected scattered into adipose tissues. Combination therapy (p < 0.01) and to a lesser extent diclazuril (p < 0.05) protected dams from inflammatory fat and excess weight gains. This was consistent with pancreatitis development in infected dams (versus normal p < 0.05) with infiltration of inflammatory cells, degeneration and necrosis of pancreatic cells followed by the degeneration and loss of islets. Combination and monotherapy protected dams from these inflammatory and pathological aspects of pancreatitis. Infected dams exhibited severe colitis, and colonic tissues significantly shortened in length. Brush border epithelial cells were replaced with infiltration of lymphocytes, granulocytes, and microabscess formations into cryptic microstructures. Combination therapy synergistically preserved colonic structure and normalized pathological damages (p < 0.001) and to a lesser degree diclazuril monotherapy protected dams from colitis (p < 0.05) and gastrointestinal toxoplasmosis. Other complications included severe splenitis (p < 0.001) and hepatitis (p < 0.001) which were normalized with combination therapy. Conclusion: Combination diclazuril plus atovaquone was safe and with a novel therapeutic synergism protected dams and fetuses from toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helieh S Oz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center Lexington, KY, USA
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Oz HS. Toxoplasmosis, Pancreatitis, Obesity and Drug Discovery. PANCREATIC DISORDERS & THERAPY 2014; 4:138. [PMID: 25530920 PMCID: PMC4270089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, an infectious and inflammatory syndrome, is one of the most important foodborne diseases causing hospitalization and death in U.S.A. Toxoplasma infects nucleated cells including pancreatic and destroys the β cells. Toxoplasma is a Category B classified infection by CDC and NIH, which once infected the organisms reside in tissues in cysts form for the host's lifelong awaiting reactivation. Congenital toxoplasmosis occurs by transplacental transmission during maternal infection or reactivation of organisms and manifests with spontaneous abortion, or severe physical and mental defects. Currently, there is no safe and effective therapeutic modality against congenital toxoplasmosis or the persistent chronic infection. Here, toxoplasmosis and possible involvement of infection in induction of pancreatitis, and an experimental drug efficacy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helieh S. Oz
- Corresponding author: Helieh S. Oz, DVM, PhD, AGAF, University of Kentucky Medical Center, USA, Tel: 859-277-0988,
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Oz HS. Maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis, currently available and novel therapies in horizon. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:385. [PMID: 25104952 PMCID: PMC4109466 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over one billion people worldwide are predicted to harbor Toxoplasma infection frequently with unknown lifelong health consequences. Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of foodborne, inflammatory illnesses, as well as congenital abnormalities. Ubiquitous Toxoplasma has a unique tropism for central nervous system with a mind-bugging effect and is transmitted sexually through semen. Currently available therapies are ineffective for persistent chronic disease and congenital toxoplasmosis or have severe side effects which may result in life-threatening complications. There is an urgent need for safe and effective therapies to eliminate or treat this cosmopolitan infectious and inflammatory disease. This investigation discusses pathogenesis of maternal and congenital toxoplasmosis, the currently available therapies in practice, and the experimental therapeutic modalities for promising future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helieh S Oz
- Department of Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center Lexington, KY, USA
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Oz HS. Novel Synergistic Protective Efficacy of Atovaquone and Diclazuril on Fetal-Maternal Toxoplasmosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 5:921-932. [PMID: 25210646 DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2014.515124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over 1 billion people globally are estimated to be infected with Toxoplasma gondii with severe or unknown consequences and no safe and effective therapies are available against congenital or persistent chronic infection. We propose that atovaquone and diclazuril synergistically protect against fetal-maternal toxoplasmosis. METHODS Programmed pregnant mice were treated with atovaquone and diclazuril monotherapy, or combined (atovaquone + diclazuril) therapy and infected with tachyzoites (0, 300, 600) and the course of infection was studied. RESULTS Infected dams with low dose (300) developed moderate toxoplasmosis complications and treatments were similarly effective with minor differences between monotherapies. In contrast, major differences were observed amongst varied treatments during high-dose (600) infection and severe related- toxoplasmosis complications as follows. Dams developed hydrothorax, ascities and excess weight gain. Combined therapy (P < 0.01) and to a lesser extent diclazuril monotherapy (P < 0.05) protected dams from excess weight, hydrothorax, and ascities. Infected dams exhibited splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and severe hepatitis. Combined therapy synergistically normalized pathology (P < 0.001) and to a lesser degree monotherapy (diclazuril P < 0.01, and atovaquone P < 0.05) protected dams from hepatitis and splemomegaly. Additionally, behavioral response to pain stimuli and fetal weight and fetal numbers were significantly preserved in treated dams. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report describing combined atovaquone and diclazuril therapy (a) to be safe in pregnancy, (b) to exert novel synergistic effects, and (c) to protect dams and their nested fetuses against adverse effects of severe toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helieh S Oz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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