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Richardson RJ, Fink JK, Glynn P, Hufnagel RB, Makhaeva GF, Wijeyesakere SJ. Neuropathy target esterase (NTE/PNPLA6) and organophosphorus compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN). ADVANCES IN NEUROTOXICOLOGY 2020; 4:1-78. [PMID: 32518884 PMCID: PMC7271139 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inhibition of neuropathy target esterase (NTE) with certain organophosphorus (OP) compounds produces OP compound-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN), a distal degeneration of axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS), thereby providing a powerful model for studying a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. Axonopathies are important medical entities in their own right, but in addition, illnesses once considered primary neuronopathies are now thought to begin with axonal degeneration. These disorders include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Moreover, conditional knockout of NTE in the mouse CNS produces vacuolation and other degenerative changes in large neurons in the hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum, along with degeneration and swelling of axons in ascending and descending spinal cord tracts. In humans, NTE mutations cause a variety of neurodegenerative conditions resulting in a range of deficits including spastic paraplegia and blindness. Mutations in the Drosophila NTE orthologue SwissCheese (SWS) produce neurodegeneration characterized by vacuolization that can be partially rescued by expression of wild-type human NTE, suggesting a potential therapeutic approach for certain human neurological disorders. This chapter defines NTE and OPIDN, presents an overview of OP compounds, provides a rationale for NTE research, and traces the history of discovery of NTE and its relationship to OPIDN. It then briefly describes subsequent studies of NTE, including practical applications of the assay; aspects of its domain structure, subcellular localization, and tissue expression; abnormalities associated with NTE mutations, knockdown, and conventional or conditional knockout; and hypothetical models to help guide future research on elucidating the role of NTE in OPIDN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy J. Richardson
- Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Corresponding author:
| | - John K. Fink
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul Glynn
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert B. Hufnagel
- Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Galina F. Makhaeva
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Sanjeeva J. Wijeyesakere
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Pemberton JG, Kim YJ, Balla T. Integrated regulation of the phosphatidylinositol cycle and phosphoinositide-driven lipid transport at ER-PM contact sites. Traffic 2019; 21:200-219. [PMID: 31650663 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the structural phospholipids that form the bulk of eukaryotic cell membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the common precursor for low-abundance regulatory lipids, collectively referred to as polyphosphoinositides (PPIn). The metabolic turnover of PPIn species has received immense attention because of the essential functions of these lipids as universal regulators of membrane biology and their dysregulation in numerous human pathologies. The diverse functions of PPIn lipids occur, in part, by orchestrating the spatial organization and conformational dynamics of peripheral or integral membrane proteins within defined subcellular compartments. The emerging role of stable contact sites between adjacent membranes as specialized platforms for the coordinate control of ion exchange, cytoskeletal dynamics, and lipid transport has also revealed important new roles for PPIn species. In this review, we highlight the importance of membrane contact sites formed between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membrane (PM) for the integrated regulation of PPIn metabolism within the PM. Special emphasis will be placed on non-vesicular lipid transport during control of the PtdIns biosynthetic cycle as well as toward balancing the turnover of the signaling PPIn species that define PM identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yeun Ju Kim
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Pemberton JG, Balla T. Polyphosphoinositide-Binding Domains: Insights from Peripheral Membrane and Lipid-Transfer Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1111:77-137. [PMID: 30483964 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within eukaryotic cells, biochemical reactions need to be organized on the surface of membrane compartments that use distinct lipid constituents to dynamically modulate the functions of integral proteins or influence the selective recruitment of peripheral membrane effectors. As a result of these complex interactions, a variety of human pathologies can be traced back to improper communication between proteins and membrane surfaces; either due to mutations that directly alter protein structure or as a result of changes in membrane lipid composition. Among the known structural lipids found in cellular membranes, phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is unique in that it also serves as the membrane-anchored precursor of low-abundance regulatory lipids, the polyphosphoinositides (PPIn), which have restricted distributions within specific subcellular compartments. The ability of PPIn lipids to function as signaling platforms relies on both non-specific electrostatic interactions and the selective stereospecific recognition of PPIn headgroups by specialized protein folds. In this chapter, we will attempt to summarize the structural diversity of modular PPIn-interacting domains that facilitate the reversible recruitment and conformational regulation of peripheral membrane proteins. Outside of protein folds capable of capturing PPIn headgroups at the membrane interface, recent studies detailing the selective binding and bilayer extraction of PPIn species by unique functional domains within specific families of lipid-transfer proteins will also be highlighted. Overall, this overview will help to outline the fundamental physiochemical mechanisms that facilitate localized interactions between PPIn lipids and the wide-variety of PPIn-binding proteins that are essential for the coordinate regulation of cellular metabolism and membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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