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Gu Y, Han X. Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Immune Regulatory Lymphocytes in Periodontal Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093329. [PMID: 32397173 PMCID: PMC7247565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is known to be initiated by periodontal microbiota derived from biofilm formation. The microbial dysbiotic changes in the biofilm trigger the host immune and inflammatory responses that can be both beneficial for the protection of the host from infection, and detrimental to the host, causing tissue destruction. During this process, recognition of Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) by the host Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an essential role in the host–microbe interaction and the subsequent innate as well as adaptive responses. If persistent, the adverse interaction triggered by the host immune response to the microorganisms associated with periodontal biofilms is a direct cause of periodontal inflammation and bone loss. A large number of T and B lymphocytes are infiltrated in the diseased gingival tissues, which can secrete inflammatory mediators and activate the osteolytic pathways, promoting periodontal inflammation and bone resorption. On the other hand, there is evidence showing that immune regulatory T and B cells are present in the diseased tissue and can be induced for the enhancement of their anti-inflammatory effects. Changes and distribution of the T/B lymphocytes phenotype seem to be a key determinant of the periodontal disease outcome, as the functional activities of these cells not only shape up the overall immune response pattern, but may directly regulate the osteoimmunological balance. Therefore, interventional strategies targeting TLR signaling and immune regulatory T/B cells may be a promising approach to rebalance the immune response and alleviate bone loss in periodontal disease. In this review, we will examine the etiological role of TLR signaling and immune cell osteoclastogenic activity in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. More importantly, the protective effects of immune regulatory lymphocytes, particularly the activation and functional role of IL-10 expressing regulatory B cells, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhi Gu
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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Regulatory B cells in infection, inflammation, and autoimmunity. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104076. [PMID: 32143836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells are characterized by differential expression of CD5 and CD1d in mouse and CD24 and CD38 in human immune systems. The Breg family also includes LAG-3+CD138hi plasma cells, CD1d CD5 CD21 CD23 cells, Tim1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CD200- expressing B cells, and CD39hiKi67+ cells originating from the transitional, marginal zone or germinal centre of the spleen. Breg cells produce IL10 and IL35 and to cause immunosuppression. These cells respond to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 agonists, CD40 ligands, IL12p35 and heat shock proteins. Emerging evidence suggests that TLR signalling component Myd88 impacts the modulation of Breg cell responses and the host's susceptibility to infection. Breg cells are found to reduce relapsing-remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. However, the Breg-mediated mechanism used to control T cell-mediated immune responses is still unclear. Here, we review the existing literature to find gaps in the current knowledge and to build a pathway to further research.
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Hu Y, Yu P, Yu X, Hu X, Kawai T, Han X. IL-21/anti-Tim1/CD40 ligand promotes B10 activity in vitro and alleviates bone loss in experimental periodontitis in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2149-2157. [PMID: 28583714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-expressing regulatory B cells (B10) play an essential role in immune system balance by suppressing excessive inflammatory responses. In this study, we investigated induction of B 10 cell's IL-10 competency in vitro and its effect on ligature-induced experimental periodontitis in vivo. Spleen B cells were isolated from C57BL/6J mice and cultured for 48h under the following conditions: control, CD40L, IL-21, anti-Tim1, CD40L+IL-21, CD40L+anti-Tim1, CD40L+IL-21+anti-Tim1. Silk ligatures were tied around both maxillary second molars of C57BL/6J mice for two weeks. Optimized combination of CD40L, IL-21 and anti-Tim1 and vehicle were injected into contralateral side of palatal gingiva on days 3, 6 and 9. The palatal gingival tissues and maxillary bone were collected on day 14 to determine expressions of IL-10 and periodontal bone resorption respectively. Our results demonstrated that IL-10 expressions of cultured spleen B cells were significantly increased in the presence of CD40L, IL-21 and anti-Tim1 combination when compared with control groups. Gingival IL-10 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly increased after injection of CD40L, IL-21 and anti-Tim1 combination, when compared to the control side. The gingival RANKL expression and periodontal bone loss were significantly decreased on the combination treatment side, as compared to the control side. These results suggest that combination of IL-21, anti-Tim1 and CD40L treatment induced B10 cell's IL-10 competency in vitro and inhibited periodontal bone loss in ligature-induced experimental periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Pei Yu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinbo Yu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Periodontology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xingxue Hu
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, MA, United States; Harvard University, School of Dental Medicine, Cambridge, MA, United States.
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Liu Z, Hu Y, Yu P, Lin M, Huang G, Kawai T, Taubman M, Wang Z, Xiaozhe H. Toll-like receptor agonists Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS and CpG differentially regulate IL-10 competency and frequencies of mouse B10 cells. J Appl Oral Sci 2017; 25:90-100. [PMID: 28198981 PMCID: PMC5289405 DOI: 10.1590/1678-77572016-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-10 expressing regulatory B cells (B10) play a key role in immune system balance by limiting excessive inflammatory responses. Effects of toll-like receptor signaling and co-stimulatory molecules on B10 activity during innate and adaptive immune responses are not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Capital Medical University, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Department of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Pei Yu
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Sichuan University, West China School of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Lin
- Capital Medical University, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Department of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Grace Huang
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Toshihisa Kawai
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Martin Taubman
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Zuomin Wang
- Capital Medical University, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Department of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Han Xiaozhe
- The Forsyth Institute, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
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Geng XR, Qiu SQ, Yang LT, Liu ZQ, Yang G, Liu JQ, Zeng L, Li XX, Mo LH, Liu ZG, Yang PC. Allergen-specific immune response suppresses interleukin 10 expression in B cells via increasing micro-RNA-17-92 cluster. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:449-54. [PMID: 27491928 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rui Geng
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Shu-Qi Qiu
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Li-Tao Yang
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Liu
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Gui Yang
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Jiang-Qi Liu
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Lu Zeng
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
| | - Li-Hua Mo
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
- Longgang ENT Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liu
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
| | - Ping-Chang Yang
- ENT Institute of the Research Center of Allergy & Immunology; Shenzhen University School of Medicine; Shenzhen China
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