Modulation of Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity in bovine intestinal epithelial cells by lactic acid bacteria isolated from feedlot cattle

The ability of lactobacilli isolated from feedlot cattle environment to differentially modulate the innate immune response triggered by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation in bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cells was evaluated. BIE cells were stimulated with Lactobacillus mucosae CRL2069, Lactobacillus acidophilus CRL2074, Lactobacillus fermentum CRL2085 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL2084 and challenged with heat-stable pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) to induce the activation of TLR4 or with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) to activate TLR3. Type I interferons, cytokines, chemokines and negative regulators of TLR signalling were studied by RT-PCR. L. mucosae CRL2069 significantly reduced the expression of interleukin (IL)-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in BIE cells in the context of TLR3 activation. L. mucosae CRL2069 also reduced the expression of tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-β, MCP-1, and IL-8 in heat-stable ETEC PAMPs-challenged BIE cells. In addition, reduced expressions of IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-8 were found in BIE cells stimulated with L. rhamnosus CRL2084, although its effect was significantly lower than that observed for the CRL2069 strain. The reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors in BIE cells induced by the CRL2069 and CRL2085 strains was related to their ability of increasing the expression of TLR negative regulators. L. mucosae CRL2069 significantly improved the expression of A20-binding inhibitor of NFκ-B activation 3 (ABIN-3), interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M (IRAK-M) and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MKP-1) while L. rhamnosus CRL2084 augmented ABIN-3 expression in BIE cells. The results of this work suggest that among the studied strains, L. mucosae CRL2069 was able to regulate TLR3-mediated innate immune response and showed a remarkable capacity to modulate TLR4-mediated inflammation in BIE cells. The CRL2069 strain induce the up-regulation of three TLR negative regulators that would influence nuclear factor kB and mitogen-activated protein kinases signalling pathways while reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Therefore, L. mucosae CRL2069 is an interesting immunobiotic candidate for the protection of the bovine host against TLR-mediated intestinal inflammatory damage.

Regulation of toll-like receptors-mediated inflammation by immunobiotics in bovine intestinal epitheliocytes: role of signaling pathways and negative regulators

Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) detect bacterial and viral associated molecular patterns via germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and are responsible for maintaining immune tolerance to the communities of resident commensal bacteria while being also capable to mount immune responses against pathogens. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of PRRs expressed on IECs and immune cells, which are involved in the induction of both tolerance and inflammation. In the last decade, experimental and clinical evidence was generated to support the application of probiotics with immunoregulatory capacities (immunobiotics) for the prevention and treatment of several gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders in which TLRs exert a significant role. The majority of these studies were performed in mouse and human cell lines, and despite the growing interest in the bovine immune system due to the economic importance of cattle as livestock, only few studies have been conducted on cattle. In this regard, our group has established a bovine intestinal epithelial (BIE) cell line originally derived from fetal bovine intestinal epitheliocytes and used this cell line to evaluate the impact of immunobiotics in TLR-mediated inflammation. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge of the beneficial effects of immunobiotics in the regulation of intestinal inflammation/infection in cattle. Especially, we discuss the role of TLRs and their negative regulators in both the inflammatory response and the beneficial effects of immunobiotics in bovine IECs. This review article emphasizes the cellular and molecular interactions of immunobiotics with BIE cells through TLRs and gives the scientific basis for the development of immunomodulatory feed for bovine healthy development.

Probiotic Bifidobacterium species stimulate human SLC26A3 gene function and expression in intestinal epithelial cells

SLC26A3, or downregulated in adenoma (DRA), plays a major role in mediating Cl(-) absorption in the mammalian intestine. Disturbances in DRA function and expression have been implicated in intestinal disorders such as congenital Cl(-) diarrhea and gut inflammation. We previously showed that an increase in DRA function and expression by Lactobacillus acidophilus and its culture supernatant (CS) might underlie antidiarrheal effects of this probiotic strain. However, the effects of Bifidobacterium species, important inhabitants of the human colon, on intestinal Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) exchange activity are not known. Our current results demonstrate that CS derived from Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium infantis, and Bifidobacterium bifidum increased anion exchange activity in Caco-2 cells (∼1.8- to 2.4-fold). Consistent with the increase in DRA function, CS also increased the protein, as well as the mRNA, level of DRA (but not putative anion transporter 1). CS of all three Bifidobacterium sp. increased DRA promoter activity (-1,183/+114 bp) in Caco-2 cells (1.5- to 1.8-fold). Furthermore, the increase in DRA mRNA expression by CS of B. breve and B. infantis was blocked in the presence of the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D (5 μM) and the ERK1/2 MAPK pathway inhibitor U0126 (10 μM). Administration of live B. breve, B. infantis, and B. bifidum by oral gavage to mice for 24 h increased DRA mRNA and protein levels in the colon. These data demonstrate an upregulation of DRA via activation of the ERK1/2 pathway that may underlie potential antidiarrheal effects of Bifidobacterium sp.