1
|
Chikweto A, Alhassan A, Su C, Macpherson C, Bhaiyat MI, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii clonal type III is the dominant genotype identified in Grenadian pigs. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:2005-2011. [PMID: 35809056 PMCID: PMC9514473 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread zoonotic protozoan parasite capable of infecting all warm-blooded animals. Although the genotypes of T. gondii in pigs have been reported worldwide, there is no information on the genotypes and diversity of T. gondii in pigs in Grenada, West Indies. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were to isolate, genotype and determine the diversity of T. gondii genotypes in pigs. METHODS We carried out a modified agglutination test (MAT) on blood from 149 pig hearts collected from a local meat market. Myocardial tissue homogenate from pigs that tested positive for T. gondii was homogenized and inoculated into mice for isolation of the parasite. We collected mouse tissues and extracted DNA for genotyping based on 11 polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG 3, BTUB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22-8, C 29-2 and Apico). RESULTS Out of the 149 pig hearts, 31 (20.8%) tested positive for T. gondii on MAT. Bioassays in mice yielded 12 isolates designated TgpgGr1 to TgpgGr12. Molecular characterisation of T. gondii revealed four genotypes as follows: ToxoDB #2-clonal type III (seven isolates); ToxoDB #7 (three isolates); ToxoDB #13 (one isolate); ToxoDB #30 (1 isolate). Overall, ToxoDB #2 was the most common (58%). Toxo database (DB) # 13, which causes interstitial pneumonia in affected mice, has also been reported. CONCLUSION The genetic diversity of T. gondii in pigs in Grenada is lower than that in other surrounding Caribbean areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Chikweto
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenada
| | - Andy Alhassan
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenada
| | - Chunlei Su
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Calum Macpherson
- Windward Islands Research FoundationSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenada
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Bhaiyat
- Department of PathobiologySchool of Veterinary MedicineSt. George's UniversitySt. George'sGrenada
| | - Jitender P. Dubey
- Animal Parasitic Diseases LaboratoryBeltsville Agricultural Research CenterUnited States Department of AgricultureAgricultural Research ServiceBeltsvilleMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rodrigues AA, Reis SS, Sousa MLD, Moraes EDS, Garcia JL, Nascimento TVC, Cunha IALD. A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of risk factors for Neospora caninum seroprevalence in goats. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105176. [PMID: 33129022 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to estimate N. caninum seroprevalence in goats worldwide to determine the main risk factors for seropositivity that could be associated with parasite infection in herds. Four electronic databases were searched: PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and the VHL Regional Portal. Firstly, 367 articles were identified. After removing duplicates and non-eligible papers. A total of 36 articles were selected, which contained information concerning 22,234 goats, between 2004-2019. The combined seroprevalence of infection using a meta-analysis of the random effects model was 5.99 % (95 %, CI 4.38-7.83). The overall estimated N. caninum seroprevalence showed high heterogeneity, I2 = 97 %. The present study showed that seropositive goats were 3.07 times more likely to abort (OR 3.07; 95 % CI 1.02-9.22) than seronegative animals. The presence of dogs on farms also increased the odds of N. caninum seropositivity (OR 1.40; 95 % CI 1.01-1.94). In addition, male animals had higher odds of being seropositive to neosporosis than females (OR 1.31; 95 % CI 1.00-1.71). N. caninum seroprevalence in goats is widely distributed worldwide, with the American continent having a higher proportion of seropositive animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arlan Araujo Rodrigues
- Applied Parasitology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil
| | - Sara Silva Reis
- Applied Parasitology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil
| | - Milenne Lima de Sousa
- Applied Parasitology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil
| | - Elinalva da Silva Moraes
- Applied Parasitology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Protozoology Laboratory, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Ivo Alexandre Leme da Cunha
- Applied Parasitology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, Federal University of Maranhão, Chapadinha, MA, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Does Neospora caninum cause reproductive problems in pigs? Vet Parasitol 2019; 275:108934. [PMID: 31600613 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neospora caninum is known to cause reproductive disturbances in several animal species, such as cattle, sheep, and goats. However, research on the effects of N. caninum on reproduction in pigs is limited. The objective of this study was to verify the transplacental transmission of N. caninum in pigs during several gestational stages. Twelve healthy Toxoplasma gondii and N. caninum seronegative female pigs were selected and separated into four groups of three animals each. Group A was maintained as a control group. Groups B, C, and D were inoculated intravenously with 2.9 × 107 tachyzoites of the N. caninum strain Nc1, 30 days before conception and at 45 and 90 days of gestation, respectively. Blood samples were collected from females periodically through IFAT for IgG and IgM screening to confirm the infection. At birth, after blood samples were collected from the piglets, they were then euthanized for the collection of the brain, heart, lung, liver, and diaphragm, which were then subjected to PCR. All inoculated gilts seroconverted (IgG) from the seventh day after inoculation. Nine of the 12 females expelled 24 mummified fetuses at the time of delivery, two in group A (eight), two in group B (four), three in group C (nine), and two in group D (three). Of the 24 mummified fetuses, nine were positive for N. caninum (one (25%) fetus of group B, seven (77.8%) of group C, and one (33.3%) of group D). A total of 126 live piglets were born. When the organs of the piglets from the inoculated females were analyzed by PCR for N. caninum, 88 (93.61%) were positive. All gilts inoculated produced at least one positive piglet. This demonstrates that there is transplacental transmission of N. caninum in all phases of gestation, regardless of the time of infection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Foroutan M, Fakhri Y, Riahi SM, Ebrahimpour S, Namroodi S, Taghipour A, Spotin A, Gamble HR, Rostami A. The global seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Parasitol 2019; 269:42-52. [PMID: 31079827 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is an important disease with worldwide distribution. Infection can occur from ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat, and among food animal species, pork is known to be one of the main sources of meat-borne infection. Here, we present results of the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched for relevant studies published between January 1, 1990 and October 25, 2018. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalence estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and analyzed data from five continents. We also conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses to evaluate the effects of geographical and climate variables on pooled seroprevalence rates. Among 1542 publications identified, 148 studies containing 150 datasets were included in the meta-analysis, and comprised 148,092 pigs from 47 countries. The pooled global T. gondii seroprevalence in pigs was estimated to be 19% (95%CI, 17-22%; 23,696/148,092), with the lowest seroprevalence in Europe (13%; 10-15%) and highest seroprevalence in Africa (25%; 17-34%) and North America (25%; 19-33%). The seropositivity rates in Asia and South America regions were (21%, 16-26%) and (23%; 17-30%), respectively. A significantly higher T. gondii seroprevalence was associated with higher mean annual temperature and lower geographical latitude. The presence of cats on farms was identified as a potential risk factor for T. gondii seropositivity (OR, 1.41; 95%CI, 1.00-2.02). Our findings highlight the importance of pigs as a possible source of human T. gondii infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Foroutan
- Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Somayeh Namroodi
- Department of Environmental sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences & Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Ray Gamble
- National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; mmunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Serosurvey for Infectious Agents Associated with Subfertility and Abortion in Dairy Cattle in Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies. Vet Sci 2018; 5:vetsci5020051. [PMID: 29751649 PMCID: PMC6024791 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite frequent reports of subfertility and abortion in dairy cattle in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), little is known about the potential infectious and non-infectious causes. This study set out to investigate possible infectious causes of reproductive problems by measuring the seroprevalence of four of the most significant reproductive pathogens in dairy cattle worldwide: Brucella abortus (B. abortus); Neospora caninum (N. caninum), Bovine Viral Diarrhoea virus (BVDV), and Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV). These four reproductive pathogens have been suspected to be present in dairy cattle in T&T for some time but, previously, studies have not been carried out to confirm their presence. Bulk milk samples were collected from 92 dairy farms across Trinidad, representing a total of 1177 dairy cattle. Four dairy farms were selected for individual milk sampling to assess in-farm seroprevalence levels. Milk samples were tested for antibodies to the four pathogens by commercial ELISA kits. The overall farm seroprevalence was 62% for N. caninium and 23% for IBRV, and no antibodies were detected in any of the bulk milk samples for B. abortus or BVDV. Mixed infections for IBRV and N. caninum were common. Seroprevalence levels were between 8% and 65% for N. caninum and between 3% and 53% IBRV on the four individual farms. These results reveal the presence of IBRV and N. caninum for the first time on the island of Trinidad and importantly reveal no evidence for the circulation of BVDV or B. abortus in dairy cattle in Trinidad.
Collapse
|
6
|
Herrero L, Gracia MJ, Pérez-Arquillué C, Lázaro R, Herrera M, Herrera A, Bayarri S. Toxoplasma gondii: Pig seroprevalence, associated risk factors and viability in fresh pork meat. Vet Parasitol 2016; 224:52-59. [PMID: 27270390 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted on 161 fattening pig farms located in Aragón (Northeast Spain). Serum samples from 1200 pigs were tested for antibodies against T. gondii by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Antibodies to T. gondii (≥1:20) were detected in 301 pigs (24.52%). The seroprevalence observed in the present study indicates a widespread exposure to T. gondii, as seropositive pigs were found in 96.67% of the farms studied although low pig titers were determined. Risk factors associated with T. gondii seroprevalence were presence of cats in or around the farms, presence of dogs around the facilities, low number of animals in the farms, poor hygiene and bad maintenance of the farms. Finally, it was observed that where rodent baits were used, Toxoplasma prevalence was lower. Risk management measures including control of cats and rodents on the farms, among others, could help to reduce the observed prevalence levels. By mouse bioassay, T. gondii was detected in 73.7% and isolated from 42.1% of seropositive pigs and a significant relation between the titers of pigs and the presence and viability of T. gondii in the tissues was found. The detection of T. gondii is not possible by currently practiced meat inspection. Nevertheless, the increased probability of detecting viable forms of T. gondii in tissues of pigs with titers ≥1: 80 could be used as the cutoff for discriminating higher risk animals, and could be used as an effective control tool for the industry of cured meat products. In practical terms, we propose that this value could be used as a critical limit in the HACCP system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herrero
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Jesús Gracia
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Consuelo Pérez-Arquillué
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Regina Lázaro
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Herrera
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Herrera
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Susana Bayarri
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2-(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|