1
|
Alamil JMR, Xenaki D, Manandhar B, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, Oliver BG, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Agarwood oil nanoemulsion attenuates production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8 in human bronchial epithelial cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:681-685. [PMID: 37662712 PMCID: PMC10471838 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dikaia Xenaki
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2137, Australia
| | - Bikash Manandhar
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Center for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Philip Michael Hansbro
- Center for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Brian Gregory Oliver
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2137, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Australian Research Center in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Siraitia grosvenorii Extract Attenuates Airway Inflammation in a Murine Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Induced by Cigarette Smoke and Lipopolysaccharide. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020468. [PMID: 36678340 PMCID: PMC9865488 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the activities of Siraitia grosvenorii extracts (SGE) on airway inflammation in a mouse model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) stimulated by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as well as in LPS-treated human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). SGE improved the viability of LPS-incubated BEAS-2B cells and inhibited the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines. SGE also attenuated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling activated by LPS stimulation in BEAS-2B cells. In mice stimulated by CSE and LPS, we observed the infiltration of immune cells into the airway after COPD induction. SGE reduced the number of activated T cells, B cells, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF), lung tissue, mesenteric lymph node, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as inhibited infiltration into organs and mucus production. The secretion of cytokines in BALF and the expression level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mucin 5AC, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, and Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in lung tissue were alleviated by SGE. In addition, to investigate the activity of SGE on expectoration, we evaluated phenol red secretions in the trachea of mice. SGE administration showed the effect of improving expectoration through an increase in phenol red secretion. Consequently, SGE attenuates the airway inflammatory response in CSE/LPS-stimulated COPD. These findings indicate that SGE may be a potential herbal candidate for the therapy of COPD.
Collapse
|
3
|
Gene Networks and Pathways Involved in LPS-Induced Proliferative Response of Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122342. [PMID: 36553609 PMCID: PMC9778113 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria involved in the pathogenic processes leading to mastitis and metritis in animals such as dairy cattle. LPS causes cell proliferation associated with endometrium inflammation. Former in vitro studies have demonstrated that LPS induces an intense stimulation of the proliferation of a pure population of bovine endometrial epithelial cells. In a follow-up transcriptomic study based on RNA-sequencing data obtained after 24 h exposure of primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells to 0, 2, and 8 μg/mL LPS, 752 and 727 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the controls and LPS-treated samples that encode proteins known to be associated with either proliferation or apoptosis, respectively. The present bioinformatic analysis was performed to decipher the gene networks involved to obtain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the proliferative and apoptosis processes. Our findings have revealed 116 putative transcription factors (TFs) and the most significant number of interactions between these TFs and DEGs belong to NFKβ1, TP53, STAT1, and HIF1A. Moreover, our results provide novel insights into the early signaling and metabolic pathways in bovine endometrial epithelial cells associated with the innate immune response and cell proliferation to Escherichia coli-LPS infection. The results further indicated that LPS challenge elicited a strong transcriptomic response, leading to potent activation of pro-inflammatory pathways that are associated with a marked endometrial cancer, Toll-like receptor, NFKβ, AKT, apoptosis, and MAPK signaling pathways. This effect may provide a mechanistic explanation for the relationship between LPS and cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jendrišek G, Nikolić A, Dragičević S. Inflammatory modulation of the response of bronchial epithelial cells to lipopolysaccharide with pretreatment by montelukast. KRAGUJEVAC JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/kgjsci2244115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, is the most prescribed nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used as an add-on therapy for asthma. Besides its effect on blocking leukotriene action, montelukast has been proposed to have secondary anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to investigate the modulatory effect of montelukast on the expression of major genes involved in airway inflammation (TNF, IL6) and remodeling (MMP9, TGFB1) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. The expression of selected genes was measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction 0h and 24h after LPS stimulation in cells pretreated with montelukast. Montelukast was found to significantly attenuate increased TNF and IL6 gene expression, to have a mild effect on MMP9 and have no effect on TGFB1 expression upon stimulation with LPS. The results of our study indicate that patients on montelukast therapy would have an adequate response to acute microorganism-induced inflammation, so additional anti-inflammatory effects of montelukast should be better exploited.
Collapse
|
5
|
Inhibitory Effects of Gyeji-Tang on MMP-9 Activity and the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in IL-4- and TNF-α-Stimulated BEAS-2B Cells. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050951. [PMID: 34068739 PMCID: PMC8151808 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gyeji-tang (GJT), a traditional herbal formula composed of five herbal medicines, is commonly used to treat the common cold, exogenous febrile disease, fever and headaches in Korea, China and Japan. Although various pharmacological activities of GJT have been reported in several studies, the effect of GJT water extract (GJTWE) on airway inflammation has not yet been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of GJTWE on airway inflammation-related factors using human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells, and to identify the phytochemicals in GJTWE by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis. GJTWE significantly decreased the production of chemokines, including eotaxin-3, eotaxin-1, regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and the expression of the adhesion molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, in interleukin-4 + tumor necrosis factor-α (IT)-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. In the UPLC-DAD-MS/MS analysis, 21 phytochemicals, including six flavonoids, two chalcones, five terpenoids, six phenolics, one phenylpropanoid and one coumarin, were identified in GJTWE. The findings suggested that GJTWE might exhibit anti-inflammatory effects on airway inflammation by regulating the expression of inflammatory response-related factors in IT-stimulated BEAS-2B cells; further studies are required to determine the bioactive compounds involved in the inhibition of airway inflammation.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hulina-Tomašković A, Grdić Rajković M, Jelić D, Bosnar M, Sladoljev L, Žanić Grubišić T, Rumora L. Pro-inflammatory effects of extracellular Hsp70 on NCI-H292 human bronchial epithelial cell line. Int J Exp Pathol 2019; 100:320-329. [PMID: 31828837 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular Hsp70 (eHsp70) exerts its biological actions via Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, and is increased in sera of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. The aim of this study was to explore the pro-inflammatory effects and cytotoxicity of eHsp70 alone and in combination with bacterial components lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on NCI-H292 airway epithelial cells. NCI-H292 cells were treated with recombinant human Hsp70 protein (rhHsp70), LPS, LTA and their combinations for 4, 12, 24 and 48 hours. IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α levels were measured by an ELISA method. Cell viability was determined by the MTS method, and caspase-3/7, caspase-8 and caspase-9 assays. rhHsp70 induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, with the highest secretion at 24 hours. rhHsp70 combined with LTA had antagonistic and with LPS synergistic effect on IL-6 secretion, while the interactions between rhHsp70 and LPS or LTA on IL-8 were synergistic. TNF-α was not detected in the applied conditions. rhHsp70, LPS or LTA did not affect cell viability, and rhHsp70 even suppressed caspase-3/7 activities. We suggest that pro-inflammatory effects of eHsp70, together with other damaging molecules and/or COPD risk factors, might contribute to the aggravation of chronic inflammation in human bronchial epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hulina-Tomašković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Grdić Rajković
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Lucija Sladoljev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tihana Žanić Grubišić
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lada Rumora
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nath Neerukonda S, Mahadev-Bhat S, Aylward B, Johnson C, Charavaryamath C, Arsenault RJ. Kinome analyses of inflammatory responses to swine barn dust extract in human bronchial epithelial and monocyte cell lines. Innate Immun 2018; 24:366-381. [PMID: 30092684 PMCID: PMC6830909 DOI: 10.1177/1753425918792070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exacerbated inflammation upon persistent barn organic dust exposure is a key
contributor to the pathogenesis of lung inflammation and lung function decline.
Barn dust constituents and the mechanisms contributing to the exacerbated
inflammation are not clearly known. We set out to understand the inflammatory
effects of Swine Barn Dust Extracts (SBDE) on human lung epithelial (BEAS2B) and
macrophage (THP-1 monocyte derived) cell lines on a kinome array to determine
phosphorylation events in the inflammatory signaling pathways. Upon identifying
events unique to SBDE or those induced by innate immune ligands in each cell
line, we validated the signaling pathway activation by transcriptional analyses
of downstream inflammatory cytokines. Our findings indicate that SBDE-mediated
pro-inflammatory effects are predominantly due to the induction of neutrophilic
chemokine IL-8. Differentially phosphorylated peptides implicated in IL-8
induction in BEAS2B cell line include, TLR2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, PKC, MAP kinases
(p38, JNK), inflammasomes (NLRP1, NLRP3), NF-κB and AP-1. In the THP-1 cell
line, in addition to the aforementioned peptides, peptides corresponding to
RIG-I-like receptors (RIG-I, MDA5) were found. This is the first report to
demonstrate the application of a kinome array to delineate key inflammatory
signaling pathways activated upon SBDE exposure in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjana Mahadev-Bhat
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, USA
| | - Bridget Aylward
- 1 Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Casey Johnson
- 1 Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Arsenault
- 1 Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Piras C, Guo Y, Soggiu A, Chanrot M, Greco V, Urbani A, Charpigny G, Bonizzi L, Roncada P, Humblot P. Changes in protein expression profiles in bovine endometrial epithelial cells exposed to E. coli LPS challenge. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:392-405. [PMID: 28070584 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00723f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
E. coli is one of the most frequently involved bacteria in uterine diseases. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria involved in pathogenic processes leading to post-partum metritis and endometritis in cattle. It also causes inflammation of the endometrium. The increase of cell proliferation by LPS is part of the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to investigate possible changes in protein expression in relation to the proliferative response of bEECs after challenge with E. coli-LPS. In vitro culture of bEECs was performed from cow genital tracts collected at a slaughterhouse. In passage 5, bEECs from each of 9 cows (3 series of 3 cows) were exposed to 0, 8, and 16 μg ml-1 LPS for 72 h. At time 0 and 72 h later, attached cells/living cells were counted and for each time and LPS dosage, cells were frozen for proteomic analyses. All samples from the 3 series were analyzed by 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled to MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. The samples from the first series were subjected to shotgun nLC-MS/MS analysis. From the whole differential proteomics analysis, 38 proteins were differentially expressed (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001) following exposure to LPS. Among them, twenty-eight were found to be up-regulated in the LPS groups in comparison to control groups and ten were down-regulated. Differentially expressed proteins were associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis, transcription, destabilization of cell structure, oxidative stress, regulation of histones, allergy and general cell metabolism pathways. The de-regulations induced by LPS were consistent with the proliferative phenotype and indicated strong alterations of several cell functions. In addition, some of the differentially expressed proteins relates to pathways activated at the time of implantation. The specific changes induced through those signals may have negative consequences for the establishment of pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Piras
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yongzhi Guo
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Sweden
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Metasu Chanrot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Sweden and Rajamangala University of Srivijaya (RMUTSV), Thungyai, Thailand
| | - Viviana Greco
- Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit Fondazione Santa Lucia - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Urbani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica, Roma, Italy
| | - Gilles Charpigny
- INRA, Biologie du Développement et Reproduction, 78350, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy and Istituto Sperimentale Italiano L. Spallanzani, Milano and TechnologieS srl, via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Patrice Humblot
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jang HH, Cho SY, Kim MJ, Kim JB, Lee SH, Lee MY, Lee YM. Anti-inflammatory effects of Salvia plebeia R. Br extract in vitro and in ovalbumin-induced mouse model. Biol Res 2016; 49:41. [PMID: 27716424 PMCID: PMC5053040 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-016-0102-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an increasing global health problem, and novel strategies to prevent or ameliorate the condition are needed. Here, the effects of 80 % ethanol extracts of Salvia plebeia R. Br. (SE) on an induced inflammatory response were investigated. RESULTS Salvia plebeia R. Br. inhibited production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, as well as nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. NO and pro-inflammatory cytokine production was suppressed more effectively by SE of the aerial parts (SE-A) than of the roots (SE-R) of S. plebeia. In BEAS-2B cells, both SE-A and SE-R inhibited the increase in production of the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. We also investigated the anti-asthmatic effects of SE in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced BALB/c mouse model. SE-A treatment significantly reduced the number of airway eosinophils, IL-4 and IL-13 levels, mucus production, and inflammatory infiltration, as compared with the corresponding levels in the untreated, OVA-induced mice, and had similar effects to dexamethasone. CONCLUSIONS Salvia plebeia ethanol extract ameliorated the induced inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B cells, with more effective inhibition noted for SE-A than for SE-R. SE-A treatment was effective in improving the histopathological changes in the lungs of asthma model mice via modulation of eosinophils and Th2 cytokines. These results suggest that SE-A can be considered as a therapeutic agent that can potentially relieve asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwan-Hee Jang
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Su-Yeon Cho
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ju Kim
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Jung-Bong Kim
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hyen Lee
- Functional Food & Nutrition Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju, 565-851, South Korea
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine EBM Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, South Korea
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 139-774, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim JH, Jeon WY, Lee MY, Seo CS, Lim HS, Shin HK. Inhibitory activity of Socheongryong‑tang and its constituent components against the production of RANTES, eotaxin, eotaxin‑3 and MMP‑9 from BEAS‑2B cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3035-46. [PMID: 25323950 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Socheongryeong‑tang (SCRT) is a herbal formula previously used to treat pulmonary diseases primarily caused by the common cold virus, including airway inflammation, asthma and allergy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of SCRT water extract and its 13 constituent components on chemokine and enzyme production in the human bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS‑2B when induced by tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑4. The chemokines examined included regulated on activation of normal T‑cell‑expressed‑and‑secreted (RANTES), eotaxin and eotaxin‑3. The SCRT water extract demonstrated a dose‑dependent inhibition of RANTES, eotaxin, eotaxin‑3 and matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP‑9) in BEAS‑2B cells. The 13 constituent compounds of SCRT water extract were quantitatively determined, and it was found that gallic acid, 6‑gingerol and methyl eugenol produced the most potent inhibition of RANTES, eotaxin and eotaxin‑3 as well as MMP‑9 activity regardless of their concentration in SCRT water extract. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect of these three compounds contributed to that of SCRT water extract. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that the inhibitory effects of SCRT on chemokine and enzyme production in BEAS‑2B cells was associated with three of its constituent compounds, gallic acid, 6‑gingerol and methyl eugenol. This therefore suggested the potential use of these compounds as anti‑inflammatory agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junh-Hoon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Young Jeon
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Mee-Young Lee
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Seob Seo
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Sun Lim
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Kyoo Shin
- Herbal Medicine Formulation Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 305‑811, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|