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Kapri A, Gupta N, Nain S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Xanthines: A Short Review. SCIENTIFICA 2022; 2022:8239931. [PMID: 36398136 PMCID: PMC9666039 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8239931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Xanthine and its derivatives are considered a pharmacologically potential moiety that manifests immense biological activities. Owing to this much diversity in the biological field, this scaffold has fascinated the attention of many researchers around the globe to scrutinize its basic structure chemically as well as biologically. In recent years, xanthine derivatives have been used therapeutically in different pathological conditions due to their presence in day-to-day life. Herein, we review the recent progress in the synthesis of xanthine and its derivatives. Some of the widely used synthetic strategies such as (a) Traube's synthesis, (b) one-pot synthesis, (c) xanthine-anneleated synthesis, and (d) miscellaneous synthesis were compiled in this review paper. The results obtained from this review paper highlight the significance of various xanthine derivatives as possible leads to the development of new drugs. The data compiled in this review paper could help the medicinal chemist in designing new active compounds from the modification of the already existing compounds in the search for novel drug leads. This report concludes that the various synthetic procedures exemplified in this review paper may serve as a support system for the designing of new molecules with a xanthine scaffold. Thus, we hope that this molecule may serve as the prototype in order to find out more active xanthine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anandi Kapri
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
| | - Nitin Gupta
- Agilent Technologies Pvt. Ltd., 181/46, Industrial Area, Phase-1, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumitra Nain
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, India
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Akentjew TL, Terraza C, Suazo C, Maksimcuka J, Wilkens CA, Vargas F, Zavala G, Ocaña M, Enrione J, García-Herrera CM, Valenzuela LM, Blaker JJ, Khoury M, Acevedo JP. Rapid fabrication of reinforced and cell-laden vascular grafts structurally inspired by human coronary arteries. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3098. [PMID: 31308369 PMCID: PMC6629634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Design strategies for small diameter vascular grafts are converging toward native-inspired tissue engineered grafts. A new automated technology is presented that combines a dip-spinning methodology for depositioning concentric cell-laden hydrogel layers, with an adapted solution blow spinning (SBS) device for intercalated placement of aligned reinforcement nanofibres. This additive manufacture approach allows the assembly of bio-inspired structural configurations of concentric cell patterns with fibres at specific angles and wavy arrangements. The middle and outer layers were tuned to structurally mimic the media and adventitia layers of native arteries, enabling the fabrication of small bore grafts that exhibit the J-shape mechanical response and compliance of human coronary arteries. This scalable automated system can fabricate cellularized multilayer grafts within 30 min. Grafts were evaluated by hemocompatibility studies and a preliminary in vivo carotid rabbit model. The dip-spinning-SBS technology generates constructs with native mechanical properties and cell-derived biological activities, critical for clinical bypass applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara L Akentjew
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Claudia Terraza
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Cristian Suazo
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Jekaterina Maksimcuka
- School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Camila A Wilkens
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Francisco Vargas
- Departamento de Cirugía Vascular y Endovascular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernando O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 8331150, Chile
| | - Gabriela Zavala
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Macarena Ocaña
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Javier Enrione
- Biopolymer Research and Engineering Lab (BiopREL), School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Claudio M García-Herrera
- Departmento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernando O'Higgins 3363, Estación Central, Santiago, 9170022, Chile
| | - Loreto M Valenzuela
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Libertador Bernando O'Higgins 340, Macul, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
- Center of Nanotechnology Research and Advanced Materials "CIEN -UC", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernando O'Higgins 340, Macul, Santiago, 7820436, Chile
| | - Jonny J Blaker
- Bio-Active Materials Group, School of Materials, MSS Tower, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
- Consorcio Regenero, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Acevedo
- Laboratory of Nano-Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, San Carlos de Apoquindo 2200, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620001, Chile.
- Cells for Cells, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile.
- Consorcio Regenero, Avda. Plaza 2501, Las Condes, Santiago, 7620157, Chile.
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